NUMBER 13-19-00093-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
IN RE THE COMMITMENT OF ROBERT FLORES
On appeal from the 148th District Court
Of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Longoria and Perkes
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria
Robert Flores, appellant, was found to be a sexually violent predator (SVP) by a
unanimous jury. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 841.001–.153. The trial court
signed a final judgment and an order of civil commitment. See id. § 841.081. By five
issues, Flores contends that: the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support a
finding that Flores has a behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a
predatory act of sexual violence (issues two and three); the trial court erred by not allowing
Flores’s expert to express an opinion in “more understandable terms” (issue one); the trial
court erred in granting a partial directed verdict (issue four); and the trial court erred in
refusing Flores’s requested jury charge (issue five). We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In July 2004, Flores pleaded guilty to the offense of sexual assault of a child and
was sentenced to five years’ incarceration in the Institutional Division of the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ). See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.011(a)(2). In
August 2015, Flores pleaded guilty to the offense of indecency with a child and was
sentenced to five years in the TDCJ. See id. § 21.11. While incarcerated for his second
offense, the State, appellee, filed its petition to have Flores declared an SVP under the
SVP Act, alleging that Flores was a repeat sexually violent offender who suffers from a
behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual
violence. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 841.003(a).
At trial, Dr. Stephen Thorne, a licensed psychologist, testified that he evaluated
Flores for a behavioral abnormality, and based on his education, training, experience,
and the forensic psychological methodology that he used in this case, it is his expert
opinion that Flores suffers from a behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to engage
in a predatory act of sexual violence.
Thorne explained that a behavioral abnormality is “a congenital or acquired
condition[,] that by affecting a person’s emotion[al] or volitional capacity[,] predisposes
that person to commit a sexual[ly] violent offense to the extent they become a menace to
the health and safety of another person.” In his career, he has performed this type of
evaluation between 225–250 times. In this particular case, he was called upon by the
TDCJ to conduct an evaluation of Flores. In order to conduct his evaluation, Thorne
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testified that he reviews the records provided, speaks with the individual, does a clinical
review, and performs different psychology or actuarial testing. For his evaluation of
Flores, he met with Flores once and he reviewed Flores’s TDCJ records, police reports,
court records relating to prior convictions, medical records, Flores’s deposition testimony,
forensic interviews of the victims, and the deposition of Flores’s expert, Dr. Marisa Mauro.
In making his determination that Flores has a behavioral abnormality, Thorne
looked for risk factors and protective factors that indicate how likely a person is to reoffend
in the future. According to Thorne, research has shown that the two “big” areas to consider
when looking at risk factors are: sexual deviancy and antisocial behavior. Thorne testified
that sexual deviance “in general” is “when you engage in sexual behavior that is harmful
to yourself or to others, that violates the rights of others.” Thorne did not diagnose Flores
with pedophilic disorder, though based on his sexual offenses against a fourteen-year-
old girl and a seven-year-old girl, Thorne did diagnose Flores as a sexual deviant. Thorne
noted that after the first offense, while Flores was incarcerated, he attended—but did not
complete—a sex offender treatment program, and he still reoffended after he was
released. Thorne further opined that Flores is an SVP not just because he committed
multiple sexual offenses, but also because there are certain characteristics that are “more
associated with the person reoffending than others.” In regard to Flores’s first offense in
which he pleaded guilty to sexual assault of a child, Thorne indicated that a fourteen-year-
old underage victim, the presence of alcohol, and the extrafamilial victim are all statistical
risk factors in reoffending. In Thorne’s evaluation of Flores, Flores’s account of what
happened with his first offense was not the same as the victim’s account. While the victim,
the daughter of the woman Flores’s father was dating, expressed that Flores raped her,
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Flores stated that the initial sexual contact was consensual, but that the girl told him to
stop and he did not listen. Thorne stated that Flores was not taking full responsibility for
his actions.
Thorne further testified that a significant risk factor is that Flores reoffended after
being convicted and punished for his first offense. At age twenty-nine, Flores was again
convicted of a sexual offense against a child. This offense involved a seven-year-old child,
the daughter of Flores’s wife. Again, Flores gave a significantly different account of what
happened than his victim. Flores was convicted for having the child touch his penis,
however, in his evaluation with Thorne, Flores stated that he only “grabbed [the seven-
year-old’s] butt outside of her clothes.” Thorne stated that Flores’s failure to acknowledge
the incident could be impeding his ability to successfully complete a treatment program.
Thorne also stated that Flores’s impulsivity or inability to control himself likely contributed
to his reoffending.
During his sentence for his second offense, Flores attended sex offender
treatment, but again was unable to complete the program, though Thorne admitted there
was potential for him to complete it if given additional time. Thorne reviewed the notes of
the treatment provider and stated that minimizing and denying his offenses was part of
the reason Flores could not complete the treatment. Flores’s inability to successfully
complete sex offender treatment is also an increased risk factor for reoffending.
Thorne stated that there is nothing that Flores “can point to that says [he’s]
changed.” Some protective factors include age and completion of sex offender treatment,
but neither of these apply to Flores. Thorne also discussed Flores’s drug and alcohol use
as risk factors. Flores admitted to having been under the influence when he committed
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his first offense and admitted that he had a substance abuse issue. Thorne testified that
illegal drug use can be indicative of an antisocial personality, though he did not diagnose
Flores with antisocial personality disorder. While Flores demonstrated many antisocial
traits, Thorne testified that he could not definitively state that Flores had the pervasive
pattern before he was fifteen years old, as a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder
requires. However, Thorne testified that it was his opinion that Flores has a behavioral
abnormality, unspecified, with features of antisocial personality, because he has “shown
[a] pattern of antisocial behavior, a [sic] rule violation, a [sic] manipulation, deception, and
he has a well-documented history of sexually deviant behavior over time against multiple
underaged victims.”
Thorne employed the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), which is typically
engaged by psychologists, to gauge Flores’s level of psychopathy. Thorne initially scored
Flores at 15 based on what records and information he had at the time, but testified that
he has since received “a whole slew of records” that would add “three or four points” to
Flores’s score. According to Thorne, “[y]ou can score anywhere from 0 to a 40 on it
depending on who you read. It’s thought that a score of 25 up to 30 or higher is indicative
of somebody being a psychopath.” Based on the score Flores received, Thorne stated
that it was a neutral factor that did not have a big impact on his opinion.
Thorne also scored Flores on the Static-99, which Thorne testified is an actuarial
instrument to estimate the risk of being convicted for a sexual offense in the future. Flores
scored a three, though he acknowledged that Flores had been scored a four by others,
and he would not disagree with that assessment. Thorne testified that a score of three or
four indicates Flores is more likely to reoffend as compared to a “typical sex offender.”
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The lowest possible score on the Static-99 is negative three, with the highest possible
score being twelve.
Thorne testified as to some protective factors as well, which are indicative of a
lower risk of reoffending. Flores did not have a history of victimizing strangers, he has
some family and social support, and he has the ability to maintain a job, though Thorne
commented that Flores has yet to show that ability. While these do not increase his risk
to reoffend, Thorne does not believe they decrease his risk either, as he has already
reoffended with the same positive factors in place.
Dr. Michael Arambula, a medical doctor board certified in general and forensic
psychiatry, testified that he has evaluated approximately 150 sex offenders to determine
if they have a behavioral abnormality, all of which have been requested by the Special
Prosecution Unit of the TDCJ. Of the 150, he has found that sixteen or seventeen
individuals did not have a behavioral abnormality. Based on his review of the records and
his evaluation, he found that Flores suffers from a behavioral abnormality that makes him
likely to engage in predatory acts of sexual violence. Arambula testified that he reviewed
the same kind of records and documents reviewed by Thorne. The time period the records
covered began in Flores’s youth. Arambula also interviewed Flores as part of his forensic
evaluation. Based on his review of the records available to him and his interview of Flores,
he found that Flores was sexually deviant, which “infers that somebody has something
that’s abnormal or pathologic regarding their sexual interests, their arousal satisfaction.”
Arambula noted that Flores’s two sexual offenses differed in types of sexually
deviant behaviors, the first being a fourteen-year-old girl, likely more developed as a
woman, and the second being a young child. Arambula does not just look at an
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individual’s convictions as part of his assessment, but rather he “evaluate[s] symptoms
and behavior of people.” Arambula reiterated the views of Thorne when he explained that
it was important for Flores to admit to the details of his offenses, not just admit that they
occurred, in order to learn from his past behavior. Flores’s inability to successfully
complete either of the two treatment programs he attended is an indicator that he is at
risk to reoffend. Arambula testified that Flores currently lacks the tools necessary to
control his sexual deviance in the outside world. Arambula’s testimony was similar to that
of Thorne’s regarding Flores’s juvenile misbehavior, antisocial traits, and deviancy.
Arambula did not administer the Static-99 or the PCL-R tests, as he is not trained
to administer them. His research findings “allow [him] to look at these risk factors and to
determine their clinical weight, so to say, in looking at the seriousness of a person’s
condition, which then sets the stage for recidivism in a way.” Further, Arambula did not
test Flores’s brain function; rather, he performed an assessment of Flores’s mental status.
Flores also testified at trial. He stated that he dropped out of school in the ninth
grade and first got in legal trouble when he was fourteen years old for transporting illegal
immigrants over the United States–Mexico border. He stated that he has never been
diagnosed with depression, though he self-diagnosed himself with depression in or about
2004. He has never had suicidal thoughts, though he admitted that he lied about having
suicidal thoughts in order to get out of prison during his incarceration for his first sex
offense. Flores was eleven years old when he began to experiment with drugs and
alcohol, and approximately thirteen years old when he began to sell drugs. He admitted
to having “a problem” with both drugs and alcohol, and that he took a course called
“Changes” during his current incarceration to address his issues.
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Flores stated that his first sexual encounter was when he was eleven years old
and that he has had close to 200 sexual partners. While he agreed that his first offense
involved a sexual encounter with a fourteen-year-old girl, he did not agree that he raped
her in the way the victim described. Flores did not see an issue with him being eighteen
having sexual intercourse with a fourteen-year-old; he only believes it was wrong
“[b]ecause she said no and I said yes.” Flores also testified regarding his second sexual
offense, admitting that he touched the seven-year-old girl for his own sexual gratification.
Again, while he did not agree with the State regarding how the incident occurred, he
admitted that he touched the child.
On direct examination, Flores discussed his relationship with his father, and
explained that his father left the family and he was never able to reconnect with him,
setting a bad example for Flores. Flores has a son, and he believes he has not set a good
example for his own son, though he believes he has a good relationship with him. He
stated that he regrets his actions toward both victims and that he has learned a lot from
treatment on how to avoid these situations in the future. He testified that while he has
been incarcerated for the second offense, he has realized that he needs to “break that
circle” of reoffending. At the time of trial, he believed that he was still in good standing
with his therapy for sex offender treatment. He expressed that he did not plan to reoffend
and did not plan to be incarcerated again. He testified that he will no longer be taking
drugs and intends to attend treatment programs once he is released. He further believes
that his support system through his family will keep him from reoffending.
Dr. Marisa Mauro, a psychologist testifying as a defense expert, was the only
witness called by Flores. Mauro was previously licensed as a sex offender treatment
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provider, and though her license is inactive now, she stated that she keeps herself up to
date on the latest sex offender research. She currently has her own private practice,
specializing in forensic examinations, including behavioral abnormality cases. She has
done approximately 200 behavioral abnormality evaluations, in which she estimates that
she found that 70 percent had a behavioral abnormality. According to her understanding,
a behavioral abnormality is “a congenital or acquired condition by affecting a person’s
emotional or volitional capacity predisposes [sic] them to commit a sexually violent
offense to the extent that they become a menace to the health and safety of another
person.”
In order to conduct her evaluation, Mauro explained that she relied on the entirety
of the statute related to SVPs. Mauro used a “clinically adjusted actuarial approach,”
essentially looking at risk assessments to determine if Flores suffered from a behavioral
abnormality. She reviewed the records, conducted an interview with Flores, and
completed a Static-99R, Static-2002R, and PCL-R to form her opinion. She discussed
Flores’s two convictions for sexually violent offenses. Based on her evaluation, she
opined that Flores does not suffer from a behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to
engage in a predatory act of sexual violence.
Mauro diagnosed Flores with cannabis use disorder in a controlled environment,
cocaine use disorder in a controlled environment, alcohol use disorder in a controlled
environment, and other specified personality disorder with antisocial traits. Mauro
believes that Flores has “antisocial traits” but he does not “predictably respond in an
antisocial way to the environment.” She further testified that Flores does not have a
persistent abnormal pattern of sexual arousal or behavior.
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In order to assess whether Flores was a psychopath, she employed the PCL-R, a
psychopathy checklist. She explained that
Traditionally, psychopathy might get them defied [sic] on this measure when
somebody reaches this score of 30. Scoring is from zero to 40. He has a
14. In my opinion, he’s not psychopathic. So further in my opinion, I do not
believe that psychopathy is something in this particular case that will—that
he needs to be looked at for risk. I don’t think that he has psychopathy. So
as compared to other people who do have psychopathy, it makes him less
risky [sic] to sexually reoffend.
Mauro also employed the Static-99R and Static-2002R to measure Flores’s future
risk of sexual offending. She scored Flores as a four on the Static-99R and a six on the
Static-2002R. Mauro explained that the most common score for a sex offender on the
Static-99R is a two, meaning Flores would have “about twice the risk of your typical sex
offender.” However, she explained that “89 percent of the people with a score of four
would not reoffend in a five-year period.” Flores’s score of six on the Static-2002R is
similar in that it is twice as high as a typical sex offender but does not necessarily indicate
reoffending within a five-year period. Outside of the Static-99R and Static-2002R, there
are other risk factors to consider such as: whether an individual has a paraphilia
personality disorder, specific antisocial personality disorder, and substance use at the
time of the offenses. Mauro did find that Flores has a personality disorder with some
antisocial traits and acknowledges that substance use was part of both of his offenses.
She further noted that she was aware that he had a history of poor prognosis in sex
offender treatment, but that if he completes the current treatment he is in, it would be a
protective factor in his favor. Mauro spoke with Flores’s treatment provider and learned
that Flores was expected to complete treatment, if a request to extend his treatment was
confirmed, but it was noted that he still had some issues with denial. Mauro does not
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consider Flores to have failed the second sex offender treatment program.
Additionally, Mauro found that Flores’s lack of paraphilia personality disorder is an
important neutral factor. She does not believe that having antisocial traits, as she has
found with Flores, is the same as having antisocial personality disorder. She agrees that
both of his prior convictions were acts of sexual deviancy and that if he were to engage
in alcohol or drug use, it would increase his risk of reoffending.
The jury found Flores to be an SVP beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial court
ordered that upon release from the TDCJ, Flores should be immediately transported “by
a representative of the Texas Civil Commitment Office to a contracted residential facility”
where he will “participate and comply with the sex offender treatment program provided
by the office, and shall comply with all the written requirements imposed by the office.”
Final judgment and an order of commitment were entered on December 6, 2018. Flores
filed a motion for new trial on December 21, 2018, which was overruled by operation of
law. This appeal followed.
II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
In his second and third issues, which we address first, Flores contends that there
was legally and factually insufficient evidence to support a finding beyond a reasonable
doubt that he has a behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a predatory
act of sexual violence.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
We review sexually violent predator civil commitment proceedings for legal
sufficiency of the evidence using the appellate standard of review applied in criminal
cases. In re Commitment of Short, 521 S.W.3d 908, 911 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2017,
11
no pet.). We assess the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine
whether any rational trier of fact could find the statutory elements required for commitment
beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.
“When reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support a civil
commitment order, we weigh all the evidence to determine whether a verdict that is
supported by legally sufficient evidence nevertheless reflects a risk of injustice that would
compel ordering a new trial.” Id. We do so by viewing all of the evidence in a neutral light
and asking whether a jury was rationally justified in finding guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. See In re Commitment of Day, 342 S.W.3d 193, 206 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2011,
pet. denied).
Chapter 841 of the Texas Health and Safety Code (the SVP Act) provides a
procedure for the involuntary civil commitment of a sexually violent predator. See TEX.
HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 841.001–.153; see also In re Commitment of Hull, No.
13-17-00378-CV, 2019 WL 3241883, at *1 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg July 18,
2019, pet. filed) (mem. op.) (detailing the background and purpose of SVP statutes in
Texas). A person can only be civilly committed if the factfinder determines, by a
unanimous verdict and beyond a reasonable doubt, that the person is an SVP. See TEX.
HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 841.062, 841.081. An SVP is a person that (1) is a repeat
sexually violent offender, and (2) suffers from a behavioral abnormality that makes him
likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. Id. § 841.003(a). A person is a
repeat sexually violent offender if the person is convicted of more than one sexually
violent offense and a sentence is imposed on at least one of those convictions. Id.
§ 841.003(b). A behavioral abnormality is defined as “a congenital or acquired condition
12
that, by affecting a person’s emotional or volitional capacity, predisposes the person to
commit a sexually violent offense, to the extent that the person becomes a menace to the
health and safety of another person.” Id. § 841.002(2).
The Legislature did not define “likely” in the context of the SVP Act. When a term
is not defined by statute, we typically give that term its ordinary meaning, unless a different
or more precise definition is apparent from the context of the statute. State Office of Risk
Mgmt. v. Carty, 436 S.W.3d 298, 302 (Tex. 2014) (quoting TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co.
v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 439 (Tex. 2011)). The Texas Supreme Court, in considering
the different language of “likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence” and
“predisposes the person to commit a sexually violent offense,” stated that “the import of
predisposition and likelihood is exactly the same: increased risk.” In re Commitment of
Bohannan, 388 S.W.3d 296, 303 (Tex. 2012). The court further stated, “An increased
likelihood of misconduct indicates a predisposition, and a predisposition threatens
increased likelihood.” Id. The court thus concluded that “whether a person ‘suffers from a
behavioral abnormality that makes the person likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual
violence’ is a single, unified issue.” Id. (quoting TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN.
§ 841.003(a)(2)); see also In re Commitment of Williams, 539 S.W.3d 429, 439 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, no pet.).
B. Analysis
Flores does not challenge the first prong of the SVP act. 1 His challenge to the legal
sufficiency of the evidence argues that “the [S]tate experts incorrectly defined behavioral
1 Flores challenges the trial court’s granting of a directed verdict on the first prong of the SVP act,
but he does not allege that there was a fact issue relating to the first prong, he only argues that a directed
verdict had a negative influence on the jury. This issue is addressed below.
13
abnormality to mean just an increased risk of offending” and “assuming that these experts
applied the correct legal definition of behavioral abnormality, the basis offered for their
opinions that Mr. Flores has a behavioral abnormality does not support these opinions.”
1. Legal Sufficiency
Flores’s first complaint is that the State’s experts incorrectly defined behavioral
abnormality. In one sentence, he argues “the state experts incorrectly defined behavioral
abnormality to mean just an increased risk of offending.” Flores contends that the State
did not prove that he is the “worst of the worst” or an “extremely dangerous” sex offender
that Chapter 841 is meant to address. However, the State does not need to prove those
things; instead, the State only needs to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Flores is
an SVP. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 841.062(a). Thus, the State needed to
prove that Flores (1) is a repeat sexually violent offender, and (2) suffers from a behavioral
abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. Id.
§ 841.003(a). Because Flores does not dispute the first prong, the only fact issue that
needed to be resolved is whether Flores had a behavioral abnormality. Id. § 841.002(2).
“Behavioral abnormality” means a congenital or acquired condition that, by
affecting a person's emotional or volitional capacity, predisposes the person to commit a
sexually violent offense, to the extent that the person becomes a menace to the health
and safety of another person. Id. Thorne testified to the exact definition, explaining that a
behavioral abnormality is a “congenital or acquired condition that by affecting a person’s
emotion[al] or volitional capacity[,] predisposes that person to commit a sexual[ly] violent
offense to the extent they become a menace to the health and safety of another person.”
Arambula testified similarly,
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Q.[The State]: Okay. And you’ve seen the definition for behavioral
abnormality as defined by the Texas Health and Safety
Code of the congenital or acquired condition by
affecting a person’s emotional or volitional capacity
predisposes the person to commit a sexually wrong
offense. Do you believe that Mr. Flores has this
behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to engage
in a predatory act of sexual violence?
A. [Arambula]: Yes, I do.
Both of the State’s experts used the precise statutory definition of behavioral
abnormality. Therefore, Flores’s contention that neither of the State’s experts used or
relied on the correct definition of behavioral abnormality is incorrect. However, Flores
further contends that even if the experts used the correct definition, their opinions “cannot
be considered probative evidence because the basis offered for these opinions
(essentially that Mr. Flores is able to control himself most of the time) does not support
these opinions making them conclusory with no probative value.” Bare, baseless opinions
will not support a judgment even if there is no objection to their admission in evidence.
See City of San Antonio v. Pollock, 284 S.W.3d 809, 816 (Tex. 2009); see also In re
Commitment of Rogers, No. 05-17-00010-CV, 2018 WL 360047, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas
Jan. 11, 2018, pet. filed) (mem. op.). When a scientific opinion is admitted in evidence
without objection, it may be considered probative evidence even if the basis for the
opinion is unreliable. Pollock, 284 S.W.3d at 818. But if no basis for the opinion is offered,
or the basis offered provides no support, the opinion is merely a conclusory statement
and cannot be considered probative evidence, even if no objection was made. Id.
Flores did not object at trial that Thorne’s or Arambula’s opinions were unreliable,
thus, to prevail on his legal sufficiency claim, he must show that the evidence offers no
basis to support their opinions. See In re Commitment of Barbee,192 S.W.3d 835, 843
15
(Tex. App.—Beaumont 2006, no pet.).; see also In re Commitment of Sawyer, No. 05-17-
00516-CV, 2018 WL 3372924, at *7 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 11, 2018, pet. denied) (mem.
op.). Thorne is a licensed psychologist who has performed between 225–250 evaluations
of the type performed in this case. He testified that he used the same methodology
followed by other experts in this field. He discussed in detail the risk assessment
measuring tools that he implemented in his evaluation, as well as the documents he
reviewed and the interview he had with Flores. Arambula, a medical doctor board certified
in general and forensic psychiatry, testified that he has evaluated approximately 150 sex
offenders to determine if they have a behavioral abnormality. He also testified that his
methodology aligned with other experts in this field. He explained how his review of the
documents, interview with Flores, and research in the area of behavioral abnormality
allowed him to form his opinion.
After reviewing the record, we conclude it supports Thorne’s and Arambula’s
opinions and that their opinions cannot be characterized as wholly conclusory or without
any foundation. See Pollock, 284 S.W.3d at 817; Rogers, 2018 WL 360047, at *6. Viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that a rational jury
could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Flores suffers from a behavioral
abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. The
evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Flores is an SVP. See In re
Commitment of H.L.T., 549 S.W.3d 656, 664 (Tex. App.—Waco 2017, pet denied). We
overrule Flores’s second issue.
2. Factual Sufficiency
In his third issue, Flores contends that the evidence is factually insufficient to
16
support a finding that he suffers from a behavioral abnormality. Flores compares himself
to the defendant In re Commitment of Stoddard to argue that the evidence in this case is
factually insufficient. See In re Commitment of Stoddard, No. 02-17-00364-CV, 2019 WL
2292981, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 30, 2019, pet. filed) (mem. op. on reh’g).
However, we do not agree that Flores should be directly compared to Stoddard in order
to determine if the evidence was factually sufficient. Each case should be evaluated on
its own merits based on the governing standards of review. Id. at 2019 WL 2292981, at
*25 n.3 (Gabriel, J., dissenting). Accordingly, we turn to the evidence presented in this
case to determine if it is factually sufficient to find that Flores had a behavioral
abnormality.
In his self-comparison to Stoddard, Flores contends that he has a low history of
sexual offenses against children; his plea-bargain with the State resulted in reduced
prison time for his offenses; he was not diagnosed with pedophilic disorder; he was not
diagnosed as a psychopath; his scores on the PLC-R, Static-99R, and Static-2002R
evaluations were low; he made some progress in sex offender treatment; and while he
has antisocial traits, he also has protective factors. The jury heard from three experts, all
of which scored Flores similarly on risk evaluation assessments, but one of which did not
find he had a behavioral abnormality. The jury heard significant testimony regarding
Flores’s juvenile behaviors, including drug use, alcohol use, sexual relations with
prostitutes, illegally transporting non-United States citizens across the United States–
Mexico border, and truancy. There was testimony regarding Flores’s two convictions for
violent sexual offenses against a fourteen-year-old girl and a seven-year-old girl. Each
expert agreed that Flores showed antisocial traits and was assessed to have a personality
17
disorder. The experts testified that his drug and alcohol use could also create instability
in Flores’s life. Flores admitted to having an alcohol problem but stated that his drug use
was only a result of his drinking.
Weighing all of the evidence in a neutral light and applying the relevant factual
sufficiency standard, we conclude that a rational jury could have found beyond a
reasonable doubt that Flores was a repeat sexually violent offender who suffered from a
behavioral abnormality that made him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual
violence because he had serious difficulty in controlling his behavior. See In re
Commitment of Dever, 521 S.W.3d 84, 88 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2017, no pet.) (finding
evidence factually sufficient where expert testified “that Dever suffers from a behavioral
abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence,
identifying and discussing in detail the various “risk factors” that he relied upon to form
and to support his opinion, including Dever’s sexual criminal history, his lifestyle instability
and criminality, his response to treatment or supervision, his age at onset of offending,
and the presence of sexual deviance.”); Williams, 539 S.W.3d at 440–41 (holding that
evidence was factually sufficient to find Williams to be an SVP even though the Static-
99R presented him with a “low-moderate” risk range where expert testified regarding his
opinion based on the risk factors and his diagnosis that Williams had a behavioral
abnormality). Accordingly, we do not find that the jury’s verdict reflected a risk of injustice
that would compel ordering a new trial. Because we find that factually sufficient evidence
supports the jury’s verdict that Flores is an SVP, we overrule his third issue. See In re
Commitment of Renshaw, __ S.W.3d __, __, No. 06-19-00069-CV, 2020 WL 559292, at
*8 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Feb. 5, 2020, no pet. h.).
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III. EXPERT TESTIMONY
In his first issue, Flores argues that the trial court erred by not permitting his expert,
Mauro, to “express an opinion that Mr. Flores does not have a ‘behavioral abnormality’ in
more understandable terms.” Specifically, Flores wanted to elicit testimony from Mauro
“that he is not a ‘worst of the worst’ or ‘extremely dangerous’ sex offender.” Flores argues
that the terms “behavioral abnormality” and “worst of the worst” or “extremely dangerous”
mean the same thing and Mauro should have been allowed to discuss them as such in
front of the jury.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. U-Haul Int’l,
Inc. v. Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d 118, 132 (Tex. 2012). “A trial court abuses its discretion when
it acts without regard for guiding rules or principles.” Id. Even if a trial court abused its
discretion in making an evidentiary ruling, reversal is only appropriate if the error probably
resulted in an improper judgment. Id.; see In re Commitment of Colantuono, 536 S.W.3d
549, 559 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017, no pet.); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1.
The legislature finds that a small but extremely dangerous group of
sexually violent predators exists and that those predators have a behavioral
abnormality that is not amenable to traditional mental illness treatment
modalities and that makes the predators likely to engage in repeated
predatory acts of sexual violence.
TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 841.001. While the legislative intent is to commit for
long-term supervision those “extremely dangerous” SVPs specified, the State need only
prove what the statute requires: that Flores (1) is a repeat sexually violent offender, and
(2) suffers from a behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a predatory
act of sexual violence. Id. § 841.003(a). The State argued against the admission of
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testimony relating to “worst of the worst” and “extremely dangerous” under Texas Rule
of Evidence 403, stating that the testimony could have confused or misled the jury. See
TEX. R. EVID. 403.
B. Analysis
At the conclusion of Mauro’s testimony, Flores made an offer of proof by
questioning Mauro outside the presence of the jury. 2 During this offer of proof, Mauro
was asked “What does the Legislative intent of Chapter 841 indicate?” Mauro replied,
“That there is a small but extremely dangerous group of sex offenders that are not
amenable to traditional mental health treatment.” Mauro continued on to state that the
legislative intent shows that a typical sex offender is not going to fall into the group of
those SVPs and specifically that the SVPs would not be amenable to traditional
treatment. She then explained that she believed that Flores was amenable to traditional
treatment.
Flores contends that Mauro should have been able to express that those who
suffer from behavioral abnormalities are members of a small and extremely dangerous
group, as that is her understanding of the legal definition. However, the definition of
behavioral abnormality does not include that language. As mentioned above, “behavioral
abnormality” means a congenital or acquired condition that, by affecting a person's
emotional or volitional capacity, predisposes the person to commit a sexually violent
offense, to the extent that the person becomes a menace to the health and safety of
another person. TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 841.002(2).
Mauro testified, in front of the jury, that she did not believe that Flores suffered
2 The State contends that Flores did not preserve this issue for our review. We disagree.
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from a behavioral abnormality that would make him likely to commit a sexually violent
offense. She explained why she reached her opinion on that and the risk and protective
factors that guided her decision. She was allowed to clearly explain her position to the
jury in regard to the definition of behavioral abnormality and why she did not believe
Flores met the criteria.
While Flores believes it would have been “simpler and more understandable” to
use the phrase “worst of the worst” in describing those with behavioral abnormalities,
that testimony was objected to by the State as having the potential to be confusing or
misleading to the jury. See TEX. R. EVID. 403 (“The court may exclude relevant evidence
if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the
following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, or
needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.”). Because it is not part of the definition of
behavioral abnormality, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that the
additional description or language that Flores sought to present to the jury would confuse
or mislead the jury into thinking the definition included these terms. Therefore, we
conclude that the trial court did not err in sustaining the State’s objection.
Moreover, even if the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s objection, any error
is harmless. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a)(1) (explaining that no judgment may be reversed
on appeal on the ground the trial court made an error of law unless the court of appeals
concludes the error complained of probably caused the rendition of an improper
judgment). The jury had already heard evidence from all three experts regarding the
meaning of behavioral abnormality, the risk assessments performed, and why the
experts believed that Flores did or did not suffer from a behavioral abnormality. In
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addition to having already heard evidence about behavioral abnormalities, the jury heard
Mauro’s expert opinion that Flores was not likely to commit another sexually violent
offense. We cannot conclude any error probably caused the rendition of an improper
judgment. See id.; Colantuono, 536 S.W.3d at 560.
We overrule Flores’s first issue.
IV. DIRECTED VERDICT
By his fourth issue, Flores argues that the trial court erred in granting a partial
directed verdict that Flores was a “repeat sexually violent offender.”
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
“In reviewing the granting of a directed verdict, we follow the standard of review
for assessing the legal sufficiency of the evidence.” Ibarra v. Nat’l Constr. Rentals, Inc.,
199 S.W.3d 32, 37 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, no pet.). “[W]e examine the evidence
in the light most favorable to the person suffering an adverse judgment and decide
whether there is any evidence of probative value to raise an issue of material fact on the
question presented.” Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., 348 S.W.3d 194, 217 (Tex.
2011). We review the proper construction of a statute de novo. Hoskins v. Hoskins, 497
S.W.3d 490, 493 (Tex. 2016). “When statutory text is clear and unambiguous, we
construe that text according to its plain and common meaning unless a contrary intention
is apparent from the statute’s context.” Id. at 493–94.
A person is a “repeat sexually violent offender” if the person “is convicted of more
than one sexually violent offense and a sentence is imposed for at least one of the
offenses.” TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 841.003(b). Chapter 841 defines a
“sexually violent offense” as including sexual assault and indecency with a child by
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contact. See id. § 841.002(8)(A), (C) (defining “sexually violent offense” to include
offenses under penal code §§ 21.11(a)(1), 22.011, and 30.02(a), (d)).
B. Analysis
Flores does not object to the directed verdict on the ground that there was a fact
issue regarding whether he was a “repeat sexually violent offender”; rather, he argues
that allowing a directed verdict as to that prong of the statute “negatively influences the
jury to come to an incorrect decision as essentially the Court has just rubber stamped
half of the State’s case.” We disagree.
The rules of civil procedure permit directed verdicts. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 268.
There was no dispute that Flores was in fact convicted of two prior sexually violent
offenses. The evidence of each was presented to the jury and there was no objection
when the trial court took judicial notice that each conviction was for a sexually violent
offense as defined under the SVP Act. Flores’s contention that the jury could have
viewed the partial directed verdict as instructing them that Flores was an SVP is
essentially making the argument that the trial court erred by granting the State’s motion
taking the issue of whether or not he is a “repeat sexually violent offender” away from
the jury. Partial directed verdicts may be granted on the question whether a person is a
repeat sexually violent offender because the SVP Act is civil, not punitive. See In re
Commitment of Talley, 522 S.W.3d 742, 749–50 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017,
no pet.); see also In re Commitment of Hood, No. 01-16-00866-CV, 2018 WL 1633330,
at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 5, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Because the
record conclusively establishes Flores’s prior convictions are convictions for a “sexually
violent offenses” under chapter 841, we conclude the trial court did not err by granting a
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partial directed verdict on the issue of whether appellant is a repeat sexually violent
offender. See In re Commitment of Black, 522 S.W.3d 2, 5–6 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2017, pet. denied); see also In re Commitment of Anderson, No. 05-17-00769-CV, 2018
WL 3968499, at *7 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 20, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.). We overrule
appellant’s fourth issue.
V. JURY CHARGE
By his fifth and final issue, Flores argues that the trial court erred in refusing his
requested jury charge instruction that would allow the jury to render a verdict in his favor
“by a 10-2 vote in accordance with Rule 292(a) of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.”
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
“We review a trial court’s decision to submit or refuse to submit a particular jury
instruction for an abuse of discretion.” City of Austin v. Chandler, 428 S.W.3d 398, 413
(Tex. App.—Austin 2014, no pet.) (citing In re V.L.K., 24 S.W.3d 338, 341 (Tex. 2000)).
But because a trial court has no discretion to misstate the law, we review de novo
whether an instruction in a jury charge misstates the law based on improper statutory
construction. See St. Joseph Hosp. v. Wolff, 94 S.W.3d 513, 525 (Tex. 2002). When
interpreting a statute to determine what the law is, our primary objective is to give effect
to the legislature’s intent, and “the Legislature expresses its intent by the words it enacts
and declares to be the law.” Bosque Disposal Sys., LLC v. Parker Cty. Appraisal Dist.,
555 S.W.3d 92, 94 (Tex. 2018) (quoting Molinet v. Kimbrell, 356 S.W.3d 407, 414 (Tex.
2011)).
The statute at issue states: “A jury determination that the person is a sexually
violent predator must be by unanimous verdict.” TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN.
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§ 841.062(b). The jury charge in this case tracked the statute.
B. Analysis
Flores argues that our sister courts have held that it is appropriate to instruct the
jury that a “no” answer requires only ten members to agree appropriate. See In re
Commitment of Gipson, 580 S.W.3d 476, 486 (Tex. App.—Austin 2019, no pet.); see
also In re Commitment of Garcia, No. 03-18-00331-CV, 2019 WL 3367547, at *2 (Tex.
App.—Austin July 26, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.). In both Gipson and Garcia, the trial
court included in the charge that ten votes would be sufficient to find beyond a
reasonable doubt that someone is not an SVP. See Gipson, 580 S.W.3d at 481; Garcia,
2019 WL 3367547, at *2. In those cases, the State’s arguments that the instructions were
erroneous were overruled. In In re Commitment of Jones, it was argued “that the trial
court erred by declining to issue a jury instruction that the jury could render a verdict in
Jones’s favor nonunanimously, by a vote of 10-2.” In re Commitment of Jones, 571
S.W.3d 880, 889 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2019, pet. filed). The court held that it was error
to decline to instruct the jury that it may render a “no” finding with ten jurors’ concurrence.
Id. at 891. We agree with these courts and find that the trial court erred by not including
the requested instruction. See id.; see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 292(a) (providing generally
that “a verdict may be rendered in any cause by the concurrence, as to each and all
answers made, of the same ten or more members of an original jury of twelve”); In re
Commitment of Shelton, No. 02-19-00033-CV, 2020 WL 719443, at *12 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth Feb. 13, 2020, no pet. h.) (mem. op.).
Our inquiry does not end here; to obtain a reversal of a judgment on the basis of
trial-court error in civil cases, the appellant must show that the error probably caused
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rendition of an improper judgment or probably prevented the appellant from properly
presenting the case to this court. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a); Romero v. KPH Consol., Inc.,
166 S.W.3d 212, 225 (Tex. 2005). Charge error is generally considered harmful if it
relates to a “contested, critical issue.” Transcont’l Ins. Co. v. Crump, 330 S.W.3d 211,
225 (Tex. 2010) (quoting Columbia Rio Grande Healthcare, L.P. v. Hawley, 284 S.W.3d
851, 856 (Tex. 2009)). Unless the appellate court is reasonably certain that the jury was
not significantly influenced by issues erroneously submitted to it, the error is reversible.
Romero, 166 S.W.3d at 227–28.
In Jones, the court determined that there was harm because, even though the
record did not demonstrate exactly how the vote among the jurors was split during
deliberations, the record revealed a split definitely existed. Jones, 571 S.W.3d at 891.
Indeed, in Jones, the jury issued four notes concerning the substance of the case: three
requested portions of the record to review testimony of definitions of certain terms; and
one, issued four-and-a-half hours after jury deliberations began, declared that the jury
was deadlocked. Id. About an hour and fifteen minutes after the trial court delivered a
modified Allen charge urging the jury to continue deliberating, the jury returned a
unanimous verdict. Id. The court held that given that record, it could not be reasonably
certain that the verdict was not significantly influenced by the trial court’s error. Id.
Unlike in Jones, the jury in this case did not issue any notes. In short, Flores has
pointed to nothing in the record, and we find nothing, indicating that the jury was split in
its decision. Thus, we are reasonably certain that the verdict was not significantly
influenced by the trial court’s error. See Renshaw, __ S.W.3d at __, 2020 WL 559292,
at *11 (“Unlike in Jones, there was no evidence of a split decision. Instead, the jury’s only
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correspondence with the trial court said that it had reached a unanimous verdict.”); cf.
Jones, 571 S.W.3d at 891; see also Shelton, 2020 WL 719443, at *13; In re Commitment
of Driggers, No. 13-19-00158-CV, 2019 WL 6769878, at *9 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–
Edinburg Dec. 12, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (finding no harm where there was no
evidence of a split decision).
Like the defendant in Shelton, Flores argues that under the guidance of the
Supreme Court of New Jersey’s decision in State v. Brown, this court should presume
harm in this case. 138 N.J. 481, 509 (1994); Shelton, 2020 WL 719443, at *13. We agree
with the court’s analysis in Shelton that this argument is misguided:
Not only are we not bound by decisions of other state’s high courts, the
Supreme Court of New Jersey overruled Brown in State v. Cooper to the
extent that Brown suggested that the non-unanimous instruction was
required during the guilt phase of trial, concluding that such an instruction
was only required during the penalty phase of a criminal trial. 151 N.J. 326,
331 (1997). This civil-commitment proceeding is not a criminal trial, and we
decline the invitation to apply nonbinding, overruled caselaw from another
state.
Shelton, 2020 WL 719443, at *13. Accordingly, we overrule Flores’s fifth issue.
VI. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
NORA L. LONGORIA
Justice
Delivered and filed the
2nd day of April, 2020.
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