The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions
constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by
the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be
cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division.
Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion
should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.
SUMMARY
April 9, 2020
2020COA66
No. 19CA0806, Adoption of J.D. — Juvenile Court —
Dependency and Neglect — Termination of the Parent-Child
Legal Relationship — Stepparent Adoption; Indian Law —
ICWA— Definitions — Indian Child
In this stepparent adoption proceeding, biological mother
contends that the juvenile court erred by not applying the Indian
Child Welfare Act (ICWA) after finding that the child and father were
eligible for enrollment. A division of the court of appeals disagrees.
An “Indian child” means “any unmarried person who is under
age eighteen and is either (a) a member of an Indian tribe or (b) is
eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is the biological child
of a member of an Indian tribe[.]” 25 U.S.C. § 1903(4) (2018).
Thus, although the child is eligible for enrollment, because the child
is not a biological child of a member of an Indian tribe, the child
does not meet ICWA’s definition of Indian child.
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2020COA66
Court of Appeals No. 19CA0806
Weld County District Court No. 18JA31
Honorable Ryan L. Kamada, Judge
In re the Petition of M.G.,
Appellee,
for the Adoption of J.D., a Child,
and Concerning C.D.,
Appellant.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED
Division IV
Opinion by JUDGE FURMAN
Welling and Pawar, JJ., concur
Announced April 9, 2020
Melanie Jordan, Office of Respondent Parents’ Counsel, Golden, Colorado, for
Appellee
Cynthia Jones Fletcher, Centennial, Colorado, for Appellant
¶1 In this stepparent adoption proceeding, biological mother
contends that the juvenile court erred by not applying the Indian
Child Welfare Act (ICWA) after finding that the child and father were
eligible for enrollment in an Indian tribe. We disagree. Although
the child is eligible for enrollment, because the child is not a
biological child of a member of an Indian tribe, the child does not
meet ICWA’s definition of Indian child. 25 U.S.C. § 1903(4) (2018).
I. The Petition for Adoption
¶2 The child was born in 2006 to mother and J.G. (father).
¶3 Stepmother filed a petition for stepparent adoption and a
motion to terminate mother’s parental rights. Stepmother alleged
that the child may be eligible to enroll in a tribe under ICWA, 25
U.S.C. §§ 1901 to 1963 (2018). Stepmother sent notice to various
tribes, and the Comanche Nation responded that the child was
eligible for enrollment.
¶4 After a hearing, the juvenile court terminated mother’s
parental rights and entered an adoption decree. The court found
that mother had abandoned the child. Regarding ICWA, the court
found that it did not apply because, although the child was eligible
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for membership, she was not residing with a parent who was an
enrolled member.
II. ICWA
¶5 We review the juvenile court’s interpretation of ICWA de novo.
People in Interest of A.R., 2012 COA 195M, ¶ 17.
¶6 ICWA applies to stepparent adoptions even where a child
remains with one biological parent. People in Interest of N.B., 199
P.3d 16, 19-20 (Colo. App. 2007).
¶7 For ICWA’s substantive provisions to apply, the child must be
an Indian child. People in Interest of N.D.C., 210 P.3d 494, 499
(Colo. App. 2009). An “Indian child” means “any unmarried person
who is under age eighteen and is either (a) a member of an Indian
tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is the
biological child of a member of an Indian tribe[.]” 25 U.S.C. §
1903(4). Thus, eligibility for membership, in and of itself, is not
enough to meet the definition of an Indian child. People in Interest
of K.R., 2020 COA 35, ¶ 5 (citing State in Interest of P.F., 405 P.3d
755, 762 (Utah Ct. App. 2017)).
¶8 If the party asserting the applicability of ICWA does not
establish, on the record, that the child meets one or both of these
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criteria, ICWA does not apply. See People in Interest of A.G-G., 899
P.2d 319, 321 (Colo. App. 1995).
¶9 Based on the record, we conclude that the child did not meet
ICWA’s definition of “Indian child” under 25 U.S.C. section 1903(4).
The child was not a member of the Comanche Nation. And even
though the child was eligible to enroll, her father was not a member
of the Tribe. Rather, he was only eligible for enrollment.
¶ 10 And mother does not assert that she is affiliated with any
Tribe.
¶ 11 Because the child was not an “Indian child” under ICWA, we
further conclude that the juvenile court did not have to use the
higher burden of proof (beyond a reasonable doubt).
¶ 12 We note that mother does not challenge the evidence or the
juvenile court’s findings regarding the termination of her parental
rights.
¶ 13 Accordingly, we discern no basis for reversal.
III. Conclusion
¶ 14 The judgment is affirmed.
JUDGE WELLING and JUDGE PAWAR concur.
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