NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 20a0205n.06
No. 19-1884
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED
Apr 13, 2020
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
CYNTHIA HUNTER, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v. ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN
) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
GENERAL MOTORS LLC, )
)
OPINION
Defendant-Appellee. )
Before: MOORE, McKEAGUE, and READLER, Circuit Judges.
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. The district court granted summary
judgment on Appellant Cynthia Hunter’s discrimination claims. She appeals, arguing that
Defendant-Appellee, General Motors LLC (“GM”), engaged in sex discrimination when it
discharged her, created a hostile work environment, and retaliated against her. We AFFIRM.
I. BACKGROUND
Hunter, a black woman, was hired on March 1, 2013 as a Mainframe Technical Specialist
at GM’s Warren Technical Center in Michigan. R. 25-1 (Hunter Dep. at 36, 39–40) (Page ID
#157, 160–61). Samuel Rurka, her supervisor and a white male, began to harass Hunter in 2014.
Id. at 30, 61 (Page ID #154, 171). For example, he speculated during a team meeting what a child
between Hunter and a white male coworker would look like. Id. at 62–64 (Page ID #172–74).
Rurka also began to report that Hunter had performance issues. See R. 25-2 (2014 Performance
Review at 2–3) (Page ID #299–300).
No. 19-1884, Cynthia Hunter v. General Motors LLC
On September 24, 2014, Hunter was found to be partially at fault for a data-loss incident.
See R. 25-2 (Overview of Mainframe Data Loss at 1) (Page ID #303). Although Hunter explained
to her team members that she would address a problem regarding the capacity of the mainframe’s
tape libraries, R. 25-1 (Hunter Dep. at 116–18) (Page ID #208–10), Rurka ordered that the files be
deleted without consulting her, see R. 25-3 (Rurka Dep. at 24) (Page ID #394). A disciplinary
memorandum was placed in her personnel file. R. 25-2 (Disciplinary Mem. Jan. 5, 2015) (Page
ID #305). On September 20, 2015, Hunter and Jorge Diaz were making “change requests,” and
Diaz failed to follow directions, “caus[ing] some corruption.” R. 27-12 (Gurchiek Dep. at 11–12)
(Page ID #578). Hunter was disciplined, see R. 25-2 (Disciplinary Mem. Oct. 1, 2015) (Page ID
#312), but Diaz was not, R. 25-1 (Hunter Dep. at 151) (Page ID #234). Hunter was involved in
other incidents in 2015 as well. See, e.g., R. 25-2 (Disciplinary Mem. Oct. 1, 2015) (Page ID
#312); R. 25-7 (Rurka Decl. at 4) (Page ID #486).
GM received an anonymous email complaint on September 30, 2015, alleging that Rurka
did not treat female employees fairly and made inappropriate comments about women. R. 25-2
(GM Awareline Case Detail Report at 1) (Page ID #313). Hunter and the other female employee
on her team were interviewed in response to the complaint. See R. 25-2 (GM Global Security
Investigation Report at 8) (Page ID #322). They explained that Rurka complimented their male
coworkers but not them, treated them disrespectfully, refused to let them work from home,
excluded them from meetings, and made inappropriate comments about women. GM concluded
that “[t]he allegations of discrimination and harassment are unsubstantiated.” Id. Afterwards,
Hunter complained to HR about Rurka’s treatment. R. 25-1 (Hunter Dep. at 155) (Page ID #237).
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Hunter was discharged on February 18, 2016, after she made a change request on February
4, 2016, which Rurka asked her to undo. Id. at 100, 167, 171–72 (Page ID #197, 245, 249–50).
Rurka recommended her discharge. R. 25-7 (Rurka Decl. at 5) (Page ID #487). Hunter filed an
“open door” complaint about her termination, but the investigation concluded that her claims of
discrimination were unsubstantiated. R. 25-2 (Open Door Appeal Letter) (Page ID #333).
Hunter raised race and sex discrimination and hostile work environment claims under Title
VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Michigan’s Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act of 1976
(“ELCRA”) as well as race- and sex-based retaliation claims under ELCRA in state court, and GM
removed the case to federal court. R. 1 (Notice of Removal) (Page ID #10–23). GM filed a motion
for summary judgment, R. 23 (Mot. for Summary J. at 1–2) (Page ID #108–09), which the district
court, through the magistrate judge, granted, R. 33 (Op. & Order Granting Mot. for Summary J. at
1–36) (Page ID #624–59); R. 21 (Notice, Consent, & Reference of a Civil Action to a Magistrate
Judge) (Page ID #103). Hunter filed a motion for relief from judgment and/or reconsideration, R.
36 (Mot. for Recons. at 1–27) (Page ID #665–91), which was denied. R. 37 (Op. & Order Den.
Mot. for Recons. at 1–12) (Page ID #692–703). This appeal followed.
II. Standard of Review
When we address a state-law claim, we apply the federal rules of procedure. See Hanna v.
Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 473–74 (1965). We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary
judgment and denial of a motion to reconsider that decision. Med. Ctr. at Elizabeth Place, LLC v.
Atrium Health Sys., 922 F.3d 713, 723 n.6 (6th Cir. 2019). Summary judgment is warranted “if
the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). Facts are viewed in the light most favorable
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No. 19-1884, Cynthia Hunter v. General Motors LLC
to the nonmoving party, and all justifiable inferences are drawn in the nonmoving party’s favor.
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587–88 (1986).
III. ANALYSIS1
A. Discrimination
An employer cannot discharge an employee based on her sex under Title VII or ELCRA.
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1); MICH. COMP. LAWS § 37.2202(1)(a). A plaintiff may demonstrate sex
discrimination with direct or indirect evidence. White v. Columbus Metro. Hous. Auth., 429 F.3d
232, 238 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing DiCarlo v. Potter, 358 F.3d 408, 414 (6th Cir. 2004), overruled
on other grounds by Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 180 (2009)). Hunter contends
that she has produced both.
Direct evidence is evidence that “requires no inferences or circumstantial evidence to
create an inference of discrimination.” Peeples v. City of Detroit, 891 F.3d 622, 633 (6th Cir.
2018) (citing Jacklyn v. Schering-Plough Healthcare Prods. Sales Corp., 176 F.3d 921, 926 (6th
Cir. 1999)). Hunter points to Rurka’s differential treatment of male employees, Appellant Br. at
33–35, but this evidence requires us to draw inferences that the differential treatment reflects a
bias against women and that this bias motivated Hunter’s discharge. Therefore, Hunter does not
provide direct evidence of sex discrimination.
When a plaintiff seeks to demonstrate discrimination through indirect evidence, we utilize
the McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), framework. White, 429 F.3d at 238.
A plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of discrimination. Shazor v. Prof’l Transit Mgmt.,
1
We apply the following analysis to both the ELCRA claims and the Title VII claims unless otherwise noted.
See Ondricko v. MGM Grand Detroit, LLC, 689 F.3d 642, 652 (6th Cir. 2012).
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Ltd., 744 F.3d 948, 957 (6th Cir. 2014). To establish a prima facie case of sex discrimination, “a
plaintiff normally must show that he or she: 1) is a member of a protected class; 2) was qualified
for the position; 3) suffered an adverse employment action; and 4) suffered such action under
circumstances which give rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination.” See Macy v. Hopkins
Cty. Sch. Bd. of Educ., 484 F.3d 357, 364–65 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing cases), abrogated on other
grounds by Lewis v. Humboldt Acquisition Corp., 681 F.3d 312, 315 (6th Cir. 2012) (en banc); see
also Birch v. Cuyahoga Cty. Prob. Ct., 392 F.3d 151, 166 (6th Cir. 2004). Only the fourth prong
is at issue here, and Hunter fails to show a material fact dispute exists.
First, Hunter appears to argue that Rurka’s discriminatory motive manifested itself in his
scapegoating of her for her male coworker’s mistakes. See, e.g., Appellant Br. at 14–15. She
points to two incidents for which she was disciplined for a male colleague’s mistakes: the
September 2014 mainframe data-deletion incident and the September 2015 incident involving
Diaz. Id. at 25. However, she does not specifically identify the mistakes made by her male
coworkers during the data-deletion incident for which she alone was blamed. The record shows
only that her male team members were present during the team meeting. And although Hunter
shows that she was blamed for the later incident, one instance of scapegoating during a three-year
tenure does not permit an inference of discrimination.
Second, Hunter relies on a differential-treatment theory. Appellant Br. at 26–31. To
succeed, she must show that a similarly situated non-protected person was treated more favorably,
Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp., Inc., 814 F.3d 769, 776 (6th Cir. 2016), or that the
comparator received a different disciplinary outcome when “the plaintiff and his proposed
comparator . . . engaged in acts of ‘comparable seriousness,’” Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.,
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No. 19-1884, Cynthia Hunter v. General Motors LLC
455 F.3d 702, 710 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Clayton v. Meijer, Inc., 281 F.3d 605, 611 (6th Cir.
2002)). Hunter does neither.
Hunter argues that her male coworkers were not disciplined as she was for the September
2014 or September 2015 incidents, that she was fired despite making fewer mistakes than her male
coworkers, and that Rurka called only women “uneducated,” “sloppy,” or “lazy.” Appellant Br.
at 29–31. As discussed above, Hunter does not argue that she and her male colleagues engaged in
the same conduct during the September 2014 and September 2015 incidents. To support her
assertion that she made fewer mistakes than her male coworkers, she points to a coworker’s
statement that she had the lowest percentage of mistakes. See id. at 29–30. However, this
datapoint does not indicate whether Hunter’s male counterparts were making the same mistakes
as she was. Finally, Rurka’s comments by themselves do not demonstrate differential treatment.
We have held that comments may be so probative “of a decision-maker’s discriminatory animus
that a plaintiff’s failure to satisfy the fourth element of the McDonnell Douglas prima facie case
is not fatal to her claim,” Birch, 392 F.3d at 166, but we have never held that mere rude statements
are sufficient. Accordingly, Hunter’s sex discrimination claim cannot survive summary judgment.
B. Hostile Work Environment
Under Title VII and ELCRA, Hunter must establish a prima facie case of a sex-based
hostile work environment by demonstrating
that (1) she is a member of a protected class (female), (2) she was subjected to
harassment, either through words or actions, based on sex, (3) the harassment had
the effect of unreasonably interfering with her work performance and creating an
objectively intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment; and (4) there
exists some basis for liability on the part of the employer.
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Grace v. USCAR, 521 F.3d 655, 678 (6th Cir. 2008); Betts v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 558 F.3d
461, 468 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Downey v. Charlevoix Cty. Bd. of Rd. Comm’rs, 576 N.W.2d
712, 716 (Mich. Ct. App. 1998)) (ELCRA). As to the third prong, the only prong at issue here,
“the conduct must be ‘severe or pervasive enough to create an environment that a reasonable
person would find hostile or abusive and the victim must subjectively regard that environment as
abusive.’” Warf v. U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 713 F.3d 874, 878 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting
Bowman v. Shawnee State Univ., 220 F.3d 456, 463 (6th Cir. 2000)). We consider the totality of
the circumstances in assessing objective severity or pervasiveness and look to the following factors
for guidance: “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it [was]
physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably
interfere[d] with an employee’s performance.” Randolph v. Ohio Dep’t of Youth Servs., 453 F.3d
724, 733 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993)). “[O]ffhand
comments” and “isolated incidents” do not suffice. Barrett v. Whirlpool Corp., 556 F.3d 502, 515
(6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788 (1998)). Our precedent
presents “a relatively high bar for what amounts to actionable discriminatory conduct under a
hostile work environment theory.” Phillips v. UAW Int’l, 854 F.3d 323, 328 (6th Cir. 2017) (noting
that in many cases, overtly discriminatory statements and racial slurs did not create a hostile work
environment under this standard).
Hunter does not meet this high bar. She argues that Rurka treated female employees
disrespectfully, did not allow female employees to work from home, blamed Hunter for male
employees’ mistakes, and excluded female employees from meetings. Appellant Br. at 36. Such
conduct is discriminatory, but it is not “sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of
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[her] employment and create an abusive working environment.” Phillips, 854 F.3d at 327 (quoting
Williams v. CSX Transp. Co., 643 F.3d 502, 512 (6th Cir. 2011)). And while Rurka’s comments
about what a child between Hunter and a white male coworker might look like are totally
inappropriate and offensive, they are not so serious under our precedents that they “alter[ed] the
conditions of [her] employment and create[d] an abusive working environment.” Williams,
643 F.3d at 511.
C. Retaliation
At the prima-facie stage of an ELCRA retaliation claim, Hunter must establish that (1) she
engaged in protected activity; (2) the defendant knew that she did so; (3) “the defendant took an
employment action adverse to [her]; and (4) that there was a causal connection between the
protected activity and the adverse employment action.” Williams v. Gen. Motors Corp., 187 F.3d
553, 568 (6th Cir. 1999) (quoting Wrenn v. Gould, 808 F.2d 493, 500 (6th Cir. 1987)); Garg v.
Macomb Cty. Cmty. Mental Health Servs., 696 N.W.2d 646, 653 (Mich. 2005). Hunter’s brief on
appeal on the retaliation claim consists of two sentences stating that Rurka made the decision to
terminate Hunter. Appellant Br. at 36. As we have held in other cases, such perfunctory argument
forfeits the issue on appeal. See McPherson v. Kelsey, 125 F.3d 989, 995–96 (6th Cir. 1997).
IV. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary judgment and denial
of the motion to reconsider.
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Cynthia Hunter v. General Motors
Combined Opinion