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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
KAREN K. TILLMAN : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
CHRIS WISE T/D/B/A WISE : No. 657 MDA 2019
PROPERTY MANAGEMENT :
Appeal from the Judgment Entered April 8, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Civil Division at No(s):
2016-CV-4166
BEFORE: DUBOW, J., NICHOLS, J., and COLINS, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED: APRIL 13, 2020
Appellant, Karen K. Tillman, appeals from the Judgment entered April
8, 2019, after the trial court granted the Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
filed by Appellee, Chris Wise t/d/b/a Wise Property Management. The court
determined that the gist of Appellant’s claim sounded in tort, not contract.
Therefore, according to the trial court, Appellant’s claim was subject to a two-
year statute of limitations period. Because Appellant commenced this
litigation more than two years after allegedly discovering damages to her
property, the court determined that Appellant’s claims were barred. We agree
and, therefore, affirm.
In February 2013, Appellant contracted with Appellee for certain home
renovation services. Specifically, in relevant part, Appellee agreed to re-grout
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Appellant’s kitchen floor and to install hardwood flooring in a second-floor
bedroom. See Amended Complaint, 7/31/18, Exhibit A (Contract, 2/12/13).1
Appellee completed the work in May 2013, and Appellant timely paid
$4,446.00 for the renovations. Amended Complaint at ¶¶ 4, 5.
In July 2013, Appellant discovered that water from a supply line to her
refrigerator was leaking and had caused damage to her property. Id. at ¶ 6.
Sometime thereafter, in the fall or winter months, Appellant discovered
additional damages caused by leakage from radiators located on the second
floor of the property. Id. at ¶ 9.
In May 2016, Appellant commenced this lawsuit by Writ of Summons.
Thereafter, in March 2018, Appellant filed a Complaint, asserting that
Appellee’s work deficiencies caused approximately $130,000 in damages.
In April 2017, Appellee filed Preliminary Objections, asserting the
Complaint lacked sufficient specificity. See Pa.R.C.P. 1028(a)(3). According
to Appellee, Appellant failed to plead facts alleging how Appellee had caused
the leaks or what deficiencies in her work had caused Appellant’s damages.
Moreover, Appellee asserted that Appellant failed to premise her claim on any
particular theory of recovery; thus, it was unclear whether Appellant was
asserting a breach of contract or negligence. See Preliminary Objections,
4/17/18. The trial court granted the Preliminary Objections and directed
Appellant to file an Amended Complaint. Trial Ct. Order, 7/11/18.
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1 Appellee also agreed to perform certain renovations in a bathroom and in
the basement. See Contract.
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Appellant timely filed an Amended Complaint with minimal changes.
Appellant clarified that Appellee (1) had dislodged or damaged the water line
to her refrigerator when moving it back into place and (2) had failed to
complete re-installation of two radiators on the second floor. See Amended
Complaint at ¶¶ 7, 8.
Appellee timely filed an Answer with New Matter, denying Appellant’s
allegations and asserting in relevant part that, despite the parties’ contractual
relationship, Appellant’s claim sounded in tort and, therefore, was barred by
the statute of limitations. See Answer with New Matter, 8/30/18, at 4 (citing
42 Pa.C.S. § 5524(7) (defining a two-year limitation period for tort claims)).2
Thereafter, Appellee filed a Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, again citing
the statute of limitations. Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, 10/15/18.
In March 2019, the trial court granted the Motion and dismissed Appellant’s
Amended Complaint with prejudice. Trial Ct. Order, 3/28/19.
In April 2019, the trial court entered Judgment for Appellee. Appellant
timely appealed and filed a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Statement. The
court issued a responsive Opinion.
At issue in this appeal is the gist of Appellant’s cause of action—i.e.,
whether her claim sounds in contract or in tort. See Appellant’s Br. at 5.3
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2 Appellant did not timely answer Appellee’s New Matter.
3Appellant’s Brief does not contain a Statement of the Scope of Review and
Standard of Review or a Statement of Questions Involved. See generally
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Without citing a specific contractual obligation, Appellant baldly asserts that
her damages are a direct result of Appellee’s failure to perform under the
Contract as promised. See id. at 6-7. Therefore, according to Appellant, the
gist of her claim sounds in contract, and her claim is, therefore, subject to a
four-year statute of limitation period, not the two-year period imposed by the
trial court. Id. at 7-8 (citing 42 Pa.C.S. § 5525(a) (defining a four-year
limitation period for contract claims)). Thus, Appellant concludes, the trial
court erred in granting Appellee’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings. Id.
at 9.
Our review of a trial court’s decision to grant judgment on the pleadings
is plenary. Wakeley v. M.J. Brunner, Inc., 147 A.3d 1, 5 (Pa. Super. 2016).
We apply the same standard of review as the trial court: we confine our review
to the pleadings and relevant documents, and we accept as true all well-
pleaded statements of fact in favor of the non-moving party. Id. Judgment
on the pleadings “may be entered when there are no disputed issues of fact
and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (citation
omitted). Thus, we will affirm the trial court when the moving party’s right to
succeed is certain. Id.
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Appellant’s Br. It is, therefore, in violation of our Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Pa.R.A.P 2111(a)(3), (4), 2116(a). We caution counsel to conform to our
Rules of Appellate Procedure in the future.
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The gist of a plaintiff’s cause of action is dependent upon “the nature of
the duty alleged to have been breached.” Bruno v. Erie Ins. Co., 106 A.3d
48, 68 (Pa. 2014). The substance of a plaintiff’s allegations are determinative:
If the facts of a particular claim establish that the duty breached
is one created by the parties by the terms of their contract—i.e.,
a specific promise to do something that a party would not
ordinarily have been obligated to do but for the existence of the
contract—then the claim is to be viewed as one for breach of
contract. If, however, the facts establish that the claim involves
the defendant's violation of a broader social duty owed to all
individuals, which is imposed by the law of torts and, hence, exists
regardless of the contract, then it must be regarded as a tort.
Id. (citations omitted).
Examining the nature of Appellant’s allegations, the trial court observed
that Appellant failed to identify a specific contractual provision breached by
Appellee. Trial Ct. Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Op., 6/21/19, at 4-5. According to the
court, Appellant alleged wrongs committed by Appellee “while performing her
contractual obligations”, and not “the failure to perform a promise set forth in
the underlying contract itself.” Id. at 5. Thus, the court concluded that the
gist of Appellant’s claim sounded in tort. Id. We agree.
“[A] negligence claim based on the actions of a contracting party in
performing contractual obligations is not viewed as an action on the underlying
contract itself, since it is not founded on the breach of any specific executory
promises which comprise the contract.” Bruno, 106 A.3d at 70; see also,
e.g., Farabaugh v. Pa. Turnpike Comm’n, 911 A.2d 1264, 1282-84 (Pa.
2006) (recognizing claim for negligence against construction company for
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injuries to third person caused by company’s allegedly deficient performance
of its contractual duty of inspection).
In her Amended Complaint, Appellant does not allege that Appellee
failed to re-grout her kitchen floor or that she failed to install hardwood
flooring in a second-floor bedroom—specific promises defined by the parties’
Contract. Rather, Appellant alleged “numerous deficiencies” in Appellee’s
workmanship, for example, that Appellee had damaged the water line to
Appellant’s refrigerator and that Appellee failed to reinstall two radiators.
Amended Complaint at ¶¶ 6-8. The parties’ Contract is merely collateral to
these allegations: it established the relationship between the parties, but it
did not define a duty allegedly breached by Appellee. See Bruno, 106 A.3d
at 70. Therefore, we conclude that Appellant’s claim sounds in tort.
As noted, supra, the nature of a claim determines how quickly a plaintiff
must initiate litigation to secure relief. “The statute of limitations requires
individuals to bring their claims within a certain time of the injury so that the
passage of time does not damage a defendant’s ability to defend against those
claims.” Booher v. Olczak, 797 A.2d 342, 346 (Pa. Super. 2002). In
Pennsylvania, a plaintiff must bring a claim sounding in tort within two years.
42 Pa.C.S. § 5524(7).
In this case, Appellant avers that she discovered damage to her property
in July 2013 and additional damage the following Fall or Winter, when she first
turned on the heating system. Amended Complaint at ¶¶ 6, 9. From these
averments, the trial court inferred that Appellant discovered her damages no
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later than December 31, 2013. Appellant does not dispute this inference.
Appellant commenced this litigation on May 31, 2016, more than two years
after discovering the damage to her property. See Writ of Summons,
5/31/2016.
Appellant did not timely commence this litigation, and it is barred by the
statute of limitations. 42 Pa.C.S. § 5524(7). Accordingly, Appellee is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law. Wakeley, 147 A.3d at 5.
Judgment affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 04/13/2020
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Tillman, K v. Wise, C.
Combined Opinion