FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS April 15, 2020
Christopher M. Wolpert
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 19-2168
(D.C. No. 5:18-CV-00537-RB-1)
JEFFREY BLAKE VANOVER, also (D.N.M.)
known as Jeffery Blake Vanover,
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before PHILLIPS, MURPHY, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this court has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). Accordingly, we
grant the parties’ requests and order the case submitted without oral argument.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
Jeffrey Vanover pleaded guilty to a single count of being a prohibited
person in possession of an explosive, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 842(i). The
district court sentenced Vanover to an eighteen-month term of imprisonment, a
term well below the bottom of the advisory Sentencing Guidelines range of thirty
to thirty-seven months’ imprisonment. Vanover appeals, asserting his sentence is
both procedurally and substantively unreasonable. This court exercises
jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and affirms
the sentence imposed by the district court.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (“ATF”) agents
received information Vanover was storing numerous explosive devices, possibly
pipe bombs, at a residence. The source indicated Vanover previously attempted
to sell the devices. Vanover displayed one of the devices while he was carrying it
on his person and the source observed a box containing multiple explosives at
Vanover’s residence. Based on this information, agents conducted a warrant-
based search of Vanover’s residence and found twenty-nine Gearhart-Owens
(“GOEX”) three-and-one-half-inch explosive oil well perforators/chargers. Each
device contained twenty-three grams of explosives. Vanover agreed to speak with
investigators; he explained he found the devices approximately six months earlier
while cleaning out the residence of a friend after his death. The friend worked in
the oil fields as a driller. Vanover took the explosive devices and attempted to
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sell them. He denied actually selling any of the devices and indicated he had the
devices in his possession for several months.
A records check revealed Vanover had several prior convictions, including
two sets of felony convictions for distributing methamphetamine and a felony
conviction for commercial burglary. In addition, Vanover, a man in his fifties, is
a long-time drug abuser. He began using methamphetamine at age twenty-two
and consumed it daily until his arrest. In February 2018, a grand jury indicted
Vanover for being a prohibited person in possession of explosives, in violation of
§ 842(i), because he was both an unlawful user of a controlled substance and a
convicted felon.
In April 2018, Vanover was arrested and placed in federal custody. Shortly
thereafter, he was released on bond. Vanover received substance abuse treatment,
but experienced several relapses. On September 12, 2018, he admitted consuming
methamphetamine. The district court was notified, but took no action so Vanover
could continue ongoing substance abuse treatment. On September 26, Vanover’s
urine sample tested positive for methamphetamine; on October 6, Vanover failed
to appear for a random drug test. In response, the district court ordered Vanover
to attend a thirty-day inpatient drug treatment and counseling program. Vanover
pleaded guilty to the § 842(i) charge on October 10. Vanover successfully
completed the inpatient program on November 9 and was released.
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After entry of his guilty plea but before his sentencing, Vanover continued
attending substance abuse treatment as a condition of his release. Nevertheless,
he again admitted he consumed methamphetamine on March 30, 2019. All
subsequent drug tests, however, were negative. Pretrial services indicated, just
prior to the sentencing hearing, that Vanover had “done well overall on bond
conditions.” In addition to completing inpatient treatment, Vanover completed
group counseling and continued to participate in “co-occurring individual
counseling.” He also participated in weekly Alcoholics Anonymous and
Narcotics Anonymous meetings and maintained employment.
Vanover underwent both physical and mental health assessments. As
relevant to this appeal Vanover was diagnosed with severe stimulant use disorder
(methamphetamine). Vanover also reported he is borderline diabetic and suffers
from migraines, but does not take medication for either problem. As a teenager,
Vanover was in a dirt bike accident that required surgery and the insertion of
several pins in his ankle. Vanover’s mother verified he suffers from migraines
and further indicated he has hypokalemia (low potassium).
The United States Probation Office prepared a presentence investigation
report (“PSR”). The PSR determined that Vanover had a total offense level of
seventeen, U.S.S.G. § 2K1.3, and a criminal history category of III. This yielded
an advisory guideline range of thirty to thirty-seven months’ imprisonment.
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Detailed in the PSR was a criminal history spanning thirty years. In 1991, he was
convicted of commercial burglary and criminal damage to property. While his
sentence was initially deferred and he was placed on probation, his probation was
revoked. He was ultimately sentenced to a total of twenty-four months in
custody. Vanover was convicted of two counts of distribution of
methamphetamine in 1995. He was sentenced to four years in custody, all of
which was suspended in favor of a four-year term of probation. Vanover’s
probation was, however, revoked after he was found to have illegally used
marijuana and consumed alcohol. Vanover was then ordered to serve his original
four-year sentence, enhanced by one year, for a total term of five years in custody.
In 2004, Vanover was likewise convicted of two counts of distribution of
methamphetamine; he was sentenced to four years in custody, all of which was
suspended except for one year and ninety days. Vanover completed the balance
of the sentence on supervised probation, which he completed in an
“unsatisfactory” fashion. In addition to these felony convictions, Vanover has a
1984 conviction for driving while intoxicated and a 2014 conviction for driving
while under the influence of drugs and doing so without a driver’s license. As
was true of the other probationary sentence discussed above, Vanover was unable
to successfully complete the term of probation imposed following his 2014
conviction. Instead, his probation was revoked in December 2017, and he was
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sentenced to thirty-nine days in custody and placed back on supervised probation
for two years.
Prior to sentencing, Vanover submitted a sentencing memorandum. As
relevant to the issues on appeal, Vanover asked the district court to vary
downward dramatically from the bottom of the advisory guidelines range to a
sentence of twelve months probation. In support of this request, Vanover argued
as follows: (1) he was less likely to recidivate because of his advanced age (fifty-
four years at the time of sentencing); (2) his poor health (borderline diabetes,
hypokalemia, migraine headaches, and residual effects of a severe ankle injury)
would make him a costly burden to the Bureau of Prisons and render him
vulnerable to abuse in the general prison population; and (3) his successful
ongoing efforts to overcome his addiction minimized the need to protect the
public from his future criminal acts. In its response to Vanover’s sentencing
memorandum, the United States opposed Vanover’s request for a downward
variance. The United States argued as follows: (1) Vanover’s assertion his age
made it less likely he would recidivate was unconvincing given his lengthy
criminal history and his commission of the instant offense within the prior two
years; (2) Vanover failed to demonstrate he could not be adequately cared for in a
federal medical center run by the Bureau of Prisons and his assertion his physical
condition would render him vulnerable in the general population was speculative;
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and (3) Vanover’s history of persistently returning to drug use while on probation,
especially when coupled with his drug use while on pre-trial supervision, made
him an especially poor candidate for a probationary sentence.
Vanover appeared for sentencing on October 1, 2019. The district court
began the hearing by specifically noting it had read Vanover’s sentencing
memorandum and the government’s response thereto. Vanover’s counsel then
argued at length in support of “a big variance” that would result in “an alternative
to incarceration.” Counsel argued Vanover’s criminal history flowed from his
long-standing drug addiction and that, while on pre-trial supervision, Vanover had
excelled at addiction recovery. Counsel further noted Vanover had maintained
gainful employment; remains close to, and helps, his family; and attends church
regularly. The government responded by noting the dangerous nature of the crime
of conviction and reiterated the views set out in its response to Vanover’s
sentencing memorandum.
After Vanover spoke on his behalf, the district court pronounced sentence.
The district court began by praising at length Vanover’s efforts to overcome his
addiction. In so doing, the district court acknowledged Vanover was fifty-four
years old and had been using methamphetamine for approximately thirty years.
The district court further acknowledged Vanover had some health issues, but
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found it “something of a miracle” his health was as good as it was after thirty
years of using methamphetamine. The district court then concluded as follows:
So . . . [defense counsel] has presented a thoughtful sentencing
memo and he’s made a presentation this morning that’s consistent
with that. And just to be finally getting to the point, you, not in any
sense that I typically consider, are a candidate for probation. You
aren’t. You’ve got lots of history. If you—given the history, if you
had been released and clean the entire time . . . , that’s one
presentation. But that isn’t this one. This is you got a [pre-trial]
release that I wouldn’t have thought you deserved and, in the
meantime, there have been additional problems. And I’m not
condemning you for that. A habit—you don’t just walk away from
meth. I understand that. And I’m proud of what you’ve done in the
meantime. And I’m sorry for the occasional relapse. But if I were to
grant probation, we all have to deal with the reality. We all have to
accept the reality that, given your history and your most recent
experience, you’d be back in front of me at some point soon on a
violation. And I don’t want that for you.
So I am going to—I’m not going to be able to grant probation,
as [defense counsel] has asked, but given—on paper, as I said as we
began this morning, this case looks extraordinarily dangerous. I
mean, I wouldn’t have been surprised if Mr. Vanover had been a
terrorist. I mean, he’s got explosive devices, a lot of them, and he’s
trying to sell them. And Mr. Vanover is not a terrorist. He just
stumbled on something that happened to have been dangerous and
was a drug addict and tried to sell it. As I think [the prosecutor]
said, I don’t think there's any maliciousness here, I don’t think he
intended harm, but the fact remains he’s a felon in the possession of
something that was dangerous. And that, coupled with the fact of the
addiction, that’s just a toxic recipe. It could certainly have ended
differently than it did. And I’m glad that they were discovered and
taken out of circulation and handled responsibly.
So I’m going to impose sentence. I don’t think 30 months is
necessary. And we all know that’s my job at this point, to impose a
sentence that's sufficient, but not greater than necessary to achieve
the goals of sentencing. . . . And so I am going to vary and—but
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we’ll begin with the Offense Level at 17, Criminal History Category
III; the range is 30 to 37 months.
Mr. Vanover, a convicted felon with at least one prior
controlled substance conviction, possessed explosives.
As to the Indictment, the defendant, Jeffrey Blake Vanover, is
committed to the custody of the Bureau of Prisons for a term of 18
months. I’m going to place him on supervised release for a term of
three years. . . .
After the district court announced its sentence, defense counsel objected that
because Vanover was now clean and sober, it was not clear what a prison term
would accomplish. The district court responded as follows:
There are a lot of different sentencing factors, a lot of different
sentencing goals, and not all of them relate to the well-being of the
defendant. You know that and so do I. I’ve been doing this a long
time, too. And probation is an extraordinary remedy in this system.
It’s given about three percent of the time. And when it’s given, it’s
to people that don’t have histories and don’t have other markers
against them.
There’s also the concern about the dangerousness to the public,
but more than that, in this instance, the punishment has to fit the
crime. And I struggle with every one of these . . . .
Vanover appeals, asserting the sentence imposed by the district court is
unreasonable. “After the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker,
543 U.S. 220 (2005), this court reviews sentences for reasonableness.” United
States v. Friedman, 554 F.3d 1301, 1307 (10th Cir. 2009). “Reasonableness
review is a two-step process comprising a procedural and a substantive
component.” Id. (quotation omitted).
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Review of procedural reasonableness “asks whether the sentencing court
committed any error in calculating or explaining the sentence.” United States v.
Alapizco-Valenzuela, 546 F.3d 1208, 1214 (10th Cir. 2008). Procedural errors
include “failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range,
treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors,
selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately
explain the chosen sentence.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007).
Importantly, when the district court imposes a sentence within the guideline
range, it need not specifically address and reject each one of a defendant’s
arguments for leniency as long as it “somehow indicate[s] that [it] did not rest on
the guidelines alone, but considered whether the guideline sentence actually
conforms, in the circumstances, to the [18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)] statutory factors.”
United States v. Wireman, 849 F.3d 956, 963 (10th Cir. 2017) (quotation omitted).
“Review for substantive reasonableness focuses on whether the length of
the sentence is reasonable given all the circumstances of the case in light of the
factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” Friedman, 554 F.3d at 1307 (quotation
omitted). This court reviews the substantive reasonableness of a sentence under
an abuse-of-discretion standard. United States v. Sells, 541 F.3d 1227, 1237 (10th
Cir. 2008). A sentence is substantively unreasonable only if the district court
“exceeded the bounds of permissible choice, given the facts and the applicable
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law in the case at hand.” United States v. McComb, 519 F.3d 1049, 1053 (10th
Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). That is, “[a] district court abuses [its] discretion
when it renders a judgment that is arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly
unreasonable.” United States v. Haley, 529 F.3d 1308, 1311 (10th Cir. 2008)
(quotation omitted).
[G]iven the district court’s institutional advantage over [this court’s]
ability to determine whether the facts of an individual case justify a
variance pursuant to § 3553(a) (given that the sentencing judge, for
example, sees and hears the evidence, makes credibility
determinations, and actually crafts Guidelines sentences day after
day), we generally defer to its decision to grant, or not grant, a
variance based upon its balancing of the § 3553(a) factors.
Id. Where, as here, the district court’s sentence is below the bottom of the
properly calculated guideline range, there is a presumption of reasonableness.
United States v. Balbin-Mesa, 643 F.3d 783, 788 (10th Cir. 2011). This
presumption can be rebutted if the defendant shows the sentence imposed is
unreasonable in light of the factors set forth at 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Id.
Vanover contends the district court erred by not considering his age and
physical condition and by placing too much emphasis on his relapses during his
substance abuse recovery process. Vanover does not identify whether these
arguments are procedural or substantive. This court has recognized, however,
that such arguments “blur the line” between “the procedural error of failing
actually to consider all the relevant factors, and the substantive error of imposing
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a sentence that does not fairly reflect those factors.” United States v.
Lopez-Macias, 661 F.3d 485, 489 n.3 (10th Cir. 2011) (quotation omitted). Given
that Vanover makes a specific challenge to the substantive reasonableness of his
sentence, this court will treat these arguments as procedural in nature.
The suggestion the district court disregarded Vanover’s age, health, and
efforts to overcome drug addiction is meritless. The district court specifically
stated at the beginning of the sentencing hearing that it had considered the
parties’ submissions as to sentencing. As noted above, Vanover’s sentencing
memorandum was focused exclusively on his age, health, and efforts to overcome
methamphetamine addiction. After hearing from the parties, including Vanover
himself, at the sentencing hearing as to these very issues, the district court began
its imposition of sentence by expressly recognizing Vanover’s age and physical
condition. R. Vol. 3 at 22 (“You’re 54 years old.”); id. at 23 (“[T]he fact that
you’re standing there today as healthy as you are, I know there are some health
issues, but as healthy as you are, is something of a miracle.”). The district court
then discussed at length, in often laudatory terms, Vanover’s efforts to overcome
methamphetamine addiction. Then, given all this, the district court varied
downward forty percent from the bottom of the advisory guidelines range of thirty
months and imposed an eighteen-month term of imprisonment. In light of the
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record, the notion the district court did not consider these issues is not remotely
credible.
Vanover’s challenge to the substantive reasonableness of his downward-
variant sentence is similarly unpersuasive. The district court’s refusal to vary
even further downward to a sentence of probation is not remotely unreasonable.
As noted by the district court, Vanover has an established history of failing
probation because of his drug addiction. Furthermore, during his pre-trial
supervision, even while undergoing treatment, he abused methamphetamine on
several occasions. Thus, it was reasonable for the district court to conclude that
an immediate probationary sentence would most likely result in failure.
Furthermore, although Vanover did ultimately complete drug rehabilitation, it was
not clear error for the district court to conclude Vanover was likely to reoffend if
placed on probation without an intermediate term of incarceration. The district
court’s determination that this likelihood, especially when coupled with the
extreme dangerousness of Vanover’s possession of a large number of explosive
devices he attempted to sell, mandated a term of incarceration. Although Vanover
does not like the balance of the § 3553(a) factors struck by the district court, he
has not come close to carrying his burden of rebutting the presumption of
reasonableness that attaches to the district court’s below-guidelines sentence.
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For those reasons set out above, the sentence imposed by the United States
District Court for the District of New Mexico is hereby AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Michael R. Murphy
Circuit Judge
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