NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0631-17T1
DIMITRA KAMBITSIS,
Plaintiff-Respondent/
Cross-Appellant,
v.
DEMETRIUS KAMBITSIS,
Defendant-Appellant/
Cross-Respondent.
______________________________
Argued December 16, 2019 – Decided April 17, 2020
Before Judges Messano and Vernoia.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Middlesex County,
Docket No. FM-12-2867-14.
Stephen P. Haller argued the cause for appellant/cross-
respondent (Einhorn, Barbarito, Frost & Botwinick,
PC, attorneys; Stephen P. Haller and Jennie L. Osborne,
of counsel and on the briefs).
Francis W. Donahue argued the cause for
respondent/cross-appellant (Donahue, Hagan, Klein &
Weisberg, LLC, attorneys; Francis W. Donahue, of
counsel and on the briefs; David S. Mack and Alexis
Miriam Miller, on the briefs).
PER CURIAM
In March 2004, while represented by counsel and after exchanging certain
financial information, plaintiff Dimitra Kambitsis and defendant Demetrius
Kambitsis executed a premarital agreement (PMA). The Case Information
Statement (CIS) each supplied to the other, and additional financial data
defendant supplied to plaintiff, demonstrated that six months earlier, in
September 2003, plaintiff's net worth was $52,197, and defendant's net worth
exceeded $21 million.1 The parties signed the PMA in defense counsel's office
with both counsel present, and a court reporter transcribed the proceedings.
Plaintiff confirmed that her attorney had repeatedly advised her not to execute
the agreement because it was not in her best interest. Nevertheless, plaintiff
stated she understood the terms of the PMA, was not under any duress, and
wished to proceed.
The PMA specified in pertinent part:
1
Defendant shared a business valuation report prepared by an accounting firm
for his company, Raceway Petroleum, Inc. (Raceway), which, along with related
companies, defendant owned with his brother. Defendant also supplied his
personal 2001 and 2002 tax returns, a statement for a 401k account, and
brokerage and bank account statements.
A-0631-17T1
2
11. (A) The parties acknowledge that the place of their
initial contemplated joint residence is owned by
[defendant], and that [plaintiff] has no legal or
equitable right, title, interest, or claim in or to said
property.
....
16. "Termination of marriage" shall mean . . . the . . .
[f]iling of a [c]omplaint for [d]ivorce . . . .
....
18. . . . The parties have agreed that no temporary,
pendente lite, term, rehabilitative, "permanent" or other
alimony or spousal support or maintenance . . . shall be
sought by [plaintiff] or in any form or fashion paid by
[defendant] to [plaintiff]. In reaching this Agreement,
the parties have considered the following foreseeable
circumstances (and have waived the effects of any
unforeseen circumstances):
(a) [i]ncreases or decreases in their income;
(b) [t]heir loss or inability to secure
employment;
(c) [a]ny prospective loss of, change in
status, or change of employment;
(d) [l]oss of separate property;
(e) [d]issipation of separate property, for
whatever cause;
(f) [t]he existence of any child or children
of the marriage;
(g) [a]ny other event that may or does
change the quality of their economic lives.
....
A-0631-17T1
3
20. [Plaintiff] further warrants and represents that her
premarital standard of living was modest . . . and can
fully be funded now, and in the future, by the use of her
personal income from all sources, as well as other
assets and income from various and diverse members
of her family. She further agrees that she does not
require, and shall not accept, funds or support from
[defendant] under any circumstances, in the event of
termination of the marriage.
21. In the event that the marriage terminates after the
birth of children, the parties agree, understand and
acknowledge that both shall have an obligation to
contribute to the support and welfare of those children.
The parties agree that New Jersey Law regarding
support of the children shall prevail, however,
[plaintiff] explicitly agrees that she shall not plead the
provisions of this Agreement, or the terms thereof, in
any effort to obtain child support payments from
[defendant] which would exceed any applicable
guidelines in the recognition that she has, and accepts,
a co-equal obligation for the financial welfare of any
children of the marriage.
....
23. (b) In the event the marriage terminates with
surviving children born to the parties:
(1) Upon the birth of the first child,
[defendant] shall purchase a $1 million
term life insurance policy on his life,
[plaintiff] would be the beneficiary of the
insurance policy, which she shall be
obliged to use to provide for the benefit of
any children of the marriage.
....
A-0631-17T1
4
(6) [Defendant] agrees to execute a Last
Will & Testament leaving to the children
of the marriage, share and share alike, 28%
of his estate, naming [plaintiff] as the
Trustee of the inheritance for any
unemancipated child. The remaining 72%
of [defendant's] estate can be divided as he
sees fit, and [plaintiff] waives all right, title
and interest in and to that portion of his
estate, including any "forced share" or
other such inheritance rights.
24. . . . Each party waives and relinquishes all rights
now held or hereafter acquired under the laws of any
jurisdiction to share in the separate property and estate
of the other as a result of the marital relationship,
including, but not limited to, dower, curtesy, equitable
distribution, statutory allowances, widow(er)'s
share/allowance, homestead rights, rights under
intestacy, "forced share," right to act as
administrator/executor/trix, and any community
property rights. (citation omitted).
....
27. Each party has executed this Agreement freely,
voluntarily, without persuasion, fraud, undue influence
or economic, physical or emotional duress. . . .
Moreover, the disparity between the total value of the
assets owned by the parties is considered by them to be
of no consequence.
....
35. Each party shall pay her and his own legal fees in
the negotiation and preparation/execution of this
Agreement. A party who fails to abide by the terms of
A-0631-17T1
5
this Agreement shall indemnify the other party for all
reasonable costs and expenses, including professional
fees, incurred in enforcing this Agreement or asserting
or defending his or her rights hereunder as against the
other party or third parties.
Additionally, the PMA provided that if the marriage "terminate[d] with
surviving children" after lasting "more than ten, but less than twenty-five years,"
defendant agreed to provide plaintiff with: (1) a lump sum payment of
$145,000; (2) thirty-six months of health insurance (eighteen months through
COBRA and eighteen months through a private HMO); (3) a "contribution . . .
not to exceed $250,000[]" towards the purchase of a 3000 square foot home in
Middlesex County that was "reasonably acceptable to [plaintiff]"; and (4) a
"contribution . . . not [to] exceed $30,000[]" towards the purchase of an
automobile. Other provisions of the PMA stated that plaintiff had no claim to:
(1) defendant's separate premarital property; (2) property of any kind acquired
during the marriage solely in defendant's name; or (3) any increase in value of
any pension, deferred compensation, 401k, retirement, profit sharing, or IRA
acquired by defendant before and during the marriage, and to any of the above
acquired during the marriage in defendant's name alone.
The parties married in May 2004 and moved into a home which defendant
purchased in his name for $615,000 in cash. Five children were born between
A-0631-17T1
6
2005 and 2010. In 2012, defendant purchased a home in his own name for $1.57
million in cash. Although the parties intended to move there, from 2012 to 2014
they essentially used only the pool and pool house. Defendant purchased a
vacant school building in the same town through one of their companies in 2011,
and the family used the gymnasium and art room in the building.
Meanwhile, in 2007, the parties executed an amendment to the PMA
during another transcribed signing ceremony at defense counsel's office. The
amendment included plaintiff's specific acknowledgment that she was under no
duress, had chosen to proceed without an attorney, was not represented by
defense counsel, and her waiver of representation would "not act to impair or
invalidate" the PMA as amended.
The amendment deleted Paragraph 23(b)(1) of the PMA and provided:
6. In place of Paragraph 23(b)(1) . . . the following
provision is inserted:
"23(b) [Defendant] shall further provide life
insurance as follows:
(1) Since children have been born to the parties,
[defendant] shall immediately secure a minimum of
$1,000,000[] . . . life insurance on his life, (or, in his
sole discretion make the existing children, and any
future children, the joint equal beneficiaries of that total
amount from his estate). This amount shall be payable
to a separate Trust for the benefit of all the children
during the period of their minority, with [plaintiff]
A-0631-17T1
7
named as the Trustee thereof. The "Trust" mentioned
in this sub-paragraph is and shall be separate and apart
from any other formal Trust created by [defendant] for
any children born of the marriage. This $1,000,000[]
policy/estate entitlement is a total amount for all
children, irrespective of the number of children born to
the parties. In addition, during the marriage and only
during the marriage, [defendant] shall maintain
$1,000,000[] . . . of insurance on his life payable to
[plaintiff] in place of all other life insurance required of
him in the [PMA] between the parties (or, in his sole
discretion he may make [plaintiff] the beneficiary of
that amount from his estate). [Defendant] shall have no
other enforceable life insurance obligation except as
explicitly set forth in this [p]aragraph."
7. Paragraph 23(b)(6) is hereby deleted.
Plaintiff filed for divorce in 2014, defendant filed an answer and
counterclaim, and both filed CISs. Plaintiff claimed little or no knowledge of
the parties' shelter expenses or assets but estimated monthly personal expenses
of $13,391. Defendant did not state the value of the real estate he owned in his
name, the vehicles owned by the parties, or the surrender value of his life
insurance; he estimated the shelter, transportation and personal expenses of the
family to be $11,510 per month. Defendant identified ten other businesses in
which he held interests, a 401k, and an investment account in his name, but he
assigned no values to these. Defendant also disclosed ownership of certificates
of deposit and bank accounts totaling nearly $800,000. He said that Raceway
A-0631-17T1
8
had outstanding loans and accounts payable, which he had personally guaranteed
amounting to approximately $21 million.
In an October 2014 order, the judge awarded plaintiff various pendente
lite relief, and also granted defendant's request to conduct a plenary hearing on
the enforceability of the PMA. 2 Motion practice continued thereafter unabated,
but most of the issues raised at this point in the litigation are not relevant for our
purposes.
The plenary hearing took place between February and April 2016, at
which plaintiff and defendant testified about their relationship leading up to
execution of the PMA. 3 In her August 18, 2016 order (the August 2016 order)
and accompanying statement of reasons, which we discuss more fully below, the
hearing judge determined the PMA was enforceable, defendant had no alimony
obligation to plaintiff, and he was not required to pay plaintiff any more than a
lump sum of $145,000. The order provided that the ruling as to the
enforceability of the PMA "shall not be disturbed by the [c]ourt at a later
2
For the balance of the opinion, we refer to the PMA and the amendment as the
PMA.
3
The only other witness was a clergyman who refuted plaintiff's claim that she
had made plans for an earlier wedding but had to cancel them when defendant
insisted on executing a premarital agreement.
A-0631-17T1
9
hearing." The order further required defendant to pay plaintiff's counsel fees,
which award "represent[ed] a final determination on the issue of counsel fee
payments for the enforceability of the parties' [PMA.]"
The judge also ordered that the amount of defendant's child support
obligation and his responsibility to maintain life insurance for the children's
benefit would be determined at a later hearing. Contrary to the provisions of the
PMA, the judge did not place a $1 million limit on any potential policy ordered
in the future. The order also vacated the PMA's provisions regarding defendant's
contributions toward the purchases of a new home and automobile for plaintiff
and said, instead, that defendant's obligations in this regard would be determined
at a later hearing.
Plaintiff and defendant filed an updated CIS prior to the trial that took
place on all remaining issues and over which a different judge presided. We
need not recount the testimony in detail at this point. The pertinent provisions
of the August 2017 final dual judgment of divorce (JOD) provided:
5. Commencing in 2018, each party shall also be
entitled to two (2) weeks of vacation time with the
children per year, to be exercised non-consecutively,
with the parties to provide a minimum of [thirty] days
of advance notice to each other. . . . The party having
priority in any given year shall advise the other of their
vacation parenting time in writing by April 1. The party
not having priority shall notify the other party in
A-0631-17T1
10
writing by May 1. . . . There is no prohibition on
"tacking" vacation time on to regular parenting time
(e.g.[,] scheduling a week of vacation which adjoins
that party's parenting time, thus giving a party more
than [seven] consecutive days with the children).
....
7. The defendant shall pay the plaintiff child support
. . . in the sum of [$8186] per month, payable at the rate
of [$1889] per week commencing upon entry of this
[JOD].
....
9. The [defendant] shall contribute up to $675,000[]
toward the purchase of a home for the plaintiff. This
sum shall be placed in escrow by the defendant . . .
within 60 days. That $675,000[] maximum obligation
may be used by the plaintiff for the sale price, including
all necessary and customary closing costs. Any amount
. . . in excess of the sale price and all necessary and
customary closing costs after closing shall be retained
by the defendant.
....
11. The defendant shall contribute up to $40,000[]
toward the purchase of a vehicle for the plaintiff. The
defendant shall place this sum in escrow . . . within 60
days. The plaintiff shall purchase said vehicle within
90 days. Upon doing so, she shall return the vehicle
currently in her possession to the defendant as it is the
[c]ourt's understanding that she currently drives one of
his vehicles. Any excess above the $40,000[] not used
for said vehicle shall be . . . returned to the defendant.
A-0631-17T1
11
12. Defendant shall provide health insurance for
plaintiff for [thirty-six] months; [eighteen] months
through COBRA and an additional [eighteen] months
through a private HMO policy. This obligation to
maintain medical insurance as provided in the [PMA]
shall commence upon entry of the [JOD].
....
14. The defendant shall maintain $2,750,000[] in life
insurance for the benefit of the minor children until
emancipation. This coverage can be reduced by
$550,000[] upon the emancipation of each of the five
(5) children. The plaintiff shall be designated as trustee
for the funds to be used for the benefit of the children.
15. The defendant shall pay the plaintiff counsel fees
in the sum of $225,000[]. This sum shall be paid from
defendant to plaintiff within 60 days . . . .
Defendant filed his appeal, and plaintiff cross appealed.
Defendant then moved in the trial court for a stay of paragraphs nine,
eleven and fifteen of the JOD, which required him to pay $940,000 toward the
purchase of plaintiff's new home and car, and the award of counsel fees within
sixty days. Plaintiff filed a cross-motion seeking enforcement of the child
support and the travel provisions of the JOD.
At the conclusion of the October 27, 2017 hearing on the cross-motions,
the judge entered an order (the October 27 order) denying defendant's motion
for a stay and granting in part plaintiff's enforcement motion. In paragraph four
A-0631-17T1
12
of the order, the judge agreed that the child support awarded under the JOD only
satisfied the children's needs when they were with plaintiff, and "each party
[was] responsible for satisfying expenses the children incur during their
respective parenting time[.]" In paragraph five, the judge also "enforce[ed]" and
"clarif[ied]" the parenting time provisions of the JOD, such that "if either party
[were] taking any of the children out of the tri-state area or traveling by plane,
that party shall notify the other, in advance, and provide a complete itinerary."
Lastly, in paragraph six, because of defendant's bad faith in seeking a stay, the
judge also ordered defendant to pay plaintiff's counsel fees in the amount of
$13,301.
We denied defendant's application for a stay on an emergent basis. He
filed a formal motion for a stay, which was considered by our court and denied
in the normal course. Defendant filed an amended notice of appeal challenging
paragraphs four, five, and six of the October 2017 order.
I.
As to each and every portion of the JOD discussed above, defendant
contends that the trial court misapplied the law, abused its discretion, or both.
Succinctly stated, as to the financial provisions of the JOD, defendant claims the
trial judge awarded plaintiff alimony through the "back door." As to the October
A-0631-17T1
13
2017 order, defendant contends the judge abused his discretion and, regarding
the award of counsel fees, defendant asserts the judge made "insufficient and
improper findings of fact upon which" to base the award. In the event we reverse
and remand on any issue, defendant urges us to order that a different judge
conduct the hearing.
Plaintiff opposes the arguments raised by defendant, and, in her cross-
appeal, contends the "substantial credible evidence in the record does not
support the enforcement of plaintiff's alimony waiver." Plaintiff argues that
reversal of those provisions of the August 2016 order that enforced the alimony
waiver in the PMA compels only a remand "for limited discovery and
determination of a fair award of limited duration alimony." She also argues that
the elimination of paragraph 23(b)(6) of the original PMA, which obligated
defendant to bequeath 28% of his estate to the children, violated public policy
and lacked any consideration. Plaintiff also contends those provisions of
paragraph fourteen of the JOD, which permitted reduction of defendant's life
insurance obligations upon emancipation of each child, must be set aside
because the PMA provided for no such reduction.
In opposition to the cross-appeal, defendant contends the August 2016
order was a final order, appealable as of right, and, therefore, plaintiff's
A-0631-17T1
14
challenge is untimely. We reject that argument out of hand. "Appeals as of
right from the Superior Court generally may be taken only from final
judgments." Huny & BH Assocs. Inc. v. Silberberg, 447 N.J. Super. 606, 609
(App. Div. 2016) (citing R. 2:2-3(a)(1)). "Final judgments are those that
adjudicate 'all issues as to all parties.'" Ibid. (quoting Silviera-Francisco v. Bd.
of Educ. of Elizabeth, 224 N.J. 126, 136 (2016)). It is obvious that the August
2016 order did not adjudicate all issues as to the parties and specifically required
further proceedings resulting in the JOD. In any event, defendant argues
plaintiff failed to demonstrate the PMA was "unenforceable," the elimination of
the children's inheritance did not violate public policy, and the reduction of life
insurance upon each child's emancipation was appropriate.
Because it impacts all that follows, we consider plaintiff's cross-appeal
first.
A.
In her August 18, 2016 opinion following the plenary hearing on the
enforceability of the PMA, the judge found defendant credibly testified that he
never would have married without a PMA, and that he discussed this fully with
plaintiff. The judge was persuaded that defendant's brother, who, according to
defendant, controlled much of the businesses' operations, had a great deal of
A-0631-17T1
15
influence over defendant. On the other hand, the judge rejected plaintiff's
testimony that defendant told her the PMA only dealt with Raceway, or that
defendant "blindsided her" when he confronted her with the PMA. Although
the judge accepted plaintiff's testimony that defendant paid for her lawyer to
negotiate and advise her about the PMA, the judge noted that the attorney
successfully effectuated changes to the agreement proposed by plaintiff. In the
judge's view, plaintiff's "demonstrable effort[s] to disingenuously dramatize her
story" with "falsifications" about wedding plans essentially eliminated duress as
a possible reason to invalidate the PMA.
Noting that testimony from an expert would have been helpful, the judge
expressed doubt about plaintiff's medical conditions and purported lack of
employability. The judge concluded:
In view of the other provisions [in the PMA],
[p]laintiff had not specifically demonstrated how the
waiver of alimony, in all contexts, subsequent to the
parties' divorce would be an unconscionable provision.
By clear and convincing evidence, [p]laintiff has not
shown the [PMA] would only be conscionable — or
would not be unconscionable — if she were to receive
alimony. . . . [T]he [PMA] provides for her and the . . .
children through other means, such that the specific
waiver of alimony, a provision expressly agreed upon
by the parties, is not unconscionable. Moreover,
[p]laintiff has not demonstrated by clear and
convincing evidence that she cannot financially support
herself and provide for herself alone. Plaintiff is
A-0631-17T1
16
certainly entitled to receive child support for the benefit
of the children . . . but this [c]ourt will not reward what
so clearly appears to be [p]laintiff's willful
unemployment . . . .
Later in her decision, the judge again commented on plaintiff's lack of
employment:
Only at [a later hearing when defendant's child support
obligation is determined] will the merits of [p]laintiff's
level of employment, despite sharing equal parenting
time of the children with [defendant], be ripe for
adjudication. It is true that [p]laintiff is and has been
unemployed, but she has not shown by clear and
convincing evidence that she has no ability to work,
earn an income, or support herself in any way[,] shape
or form. It is also clear that by virtue of her work
experience and recent absence from the job market that
she would not be capable of earning an income
comparable to that of [d]efendant. But the disparity in
the parties' income does not relieve her of any
responsibility to provide financial support for herself.
Her salary and income may pale in comparison to
[d]efendant, but her willful unemployment shall not be
rewarded by the receipt of extra financial support from
[d]efendant beyond an incidental benefit she may
receive from [d]efendant's child support obligation in
support of the parties' children. At a final hearing, the
[c]ourt shall take a hard look at the parties'
circumstances, including all financial determinations
therein providing money or other assets to [p]laintiff,
and carefully calculate [d]efendant's child support
obligation so as to avoid a situation wherein child
support serves as "back door alimony" beyond the
extent of an incidental benefit permitted by law.
A-0631-17T1
17
Even though the judge upheld the alimony waiver in the PMA, she nonetheless
concluded "[t]he bottom[]line is that in order to avoid an unconscionable result,
[p]laintiff requires more financial support than what is granted to her under the
[PMA] . . . for the benefit of the children."
The judge cited N.J.S.A. 37:2-32(c), which, when the PMA was executed
and amended, defined an "[u]nconscionable premarital agreement" as
an agreement, either due to a lack of property or
unemployability:
(1) Which would render a spouse without a means
of reasonable support;
(2) Which would make a spouse a public charge;
or
(3) Which would provide a standard of living far
below that which was enjoyed before the
marriage. [4]
4
"New Jersey adopted the Uniform Pre-Marital Agreement Act (the Act),
N.J.S.A. 37:2-31 to -41, in 1988." Rogers v. Gordon, 404 N.J. Super. 213, 219
(App. Div. 2008). A 2013 amendment to the Act eliminated N.J.S.A. 37:2-32(c).
See L. 2013, c. 72, § 1. The amendment applied only to those agreements
entered into, or amended, after the legislation's effective date, June 27, 2013. L.
2013, c. 72, § 3.
Both parties seemingly accept, as did the judge, that the pre-amendment
Act applied. This is consistent with the express language of the amendment,
and the Legislature's intent. See N.J. Comm., Statement to S. 2151 n.3 (March
21, 2013) ("premarital . . . agreements entered into before the effective date
would remain subject to the current law, which permits agreements to be set
aside if deemed, at the time of enforcement, to be unconscionable").
A-0631-17T1
18
The judge imputed income of $15,000 to plaintiff, assumed the $145,000
plaintiff would receive under the PMA would be quickly exhausted, and given
the uncertainty about the amount of any child support award, determined that
even though the PMA obligated defendant to pay for plaintiff's house and car,
plaintiff would soon become impoverished. The judge specifically found
plaintiff would experience "'a standard of living far below that which was
enjoyed before the marriage' or . . . [be] left 'without a means of reasonable
support.'" (quoting ibid.). Accordingly, the hearing judge decided to "rescue"
the PMA from unconscionability by reforming some of its provisions. She
decided that defendant's financial contributions towards plaintiff's home and car
would be "ascertained at a final hearing" taking into account plaintiff's total
financial circumstances.
The trial judge ultimately imputed income of $17,555 per annum to
plaintiff after considering her education, prior work experience, past income and
then part-time position working at the children's school. In his written decision,
the trial judge noted that defendant's income was 99.9999% of the parties'
combined income. Even defendant acknowledged during trial that plaintiff was
not capable of earning much more than $16,000 per year. Meanwhile,
Raceway's accountant testified at trial that defendant's personal brokerage
A-0631-17T1
19
account was worth approximately $21 million as of May 2017. He estimated
that another account owned by an LLC, in which defendant was an equal partner
with his brother, was worth approximately $32 million in 2015.
B.
We generally defer to factual findings made by a trial court when such
findings are supported by adequate, substantial, and credible evidence. Gnall v.
Gnall, 222 N.J. 414, 428 (2015). "We review the Family Part judge's findings
in accordance with a deferential standard of review, recognizing the court's
'special jurisdiction and expertise in family matters.'" Thieme v. Aucoin-
Thieme, 227 N.J. 269, 282–83 (2016) (quoting Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394,
413 (1998)). This is particularly so where the evidence is largely testimonial
and rests on the judge's credibility determinations. Gnall, 222 N.J. at 428. "A
more exacting standard governs our review of the trial court's legal
conclusions[,] . . . [which] we review . . . de novo." Thieme, 227 N.J. at 283
(citing D.W. v. R.W., 212 N.J. 232, 245–46 (2012)).
"Pre-nuptial agreements establishing post-divorce obligations and rights
should be held valid and enforceable." Hawxhurst v. Hawxhurst, 318 N.J.
Super. 72, 80 (App. Div. 1998) (citing Marschall v. Marschall, 195 N.J. Super.
16, 27 (Ch. Div. 1984)). "These contracts should be encouraged by the courts
A-0631-17T1
20
'at least "to the extent that the parties have developed comprehensive and
particularized agreements responsive to their peculiar circumstances."'" Ibid.
(quoting D'Onofrio v. D'Onofrio, 200 N.J. Super. 361, 366 (App. Div. 1985)).
"[S]imply because a spouse receives a disproportionate amount of assets does
not necessarily render an agreement voidable because it is for the parties
themselves to decide what is fair and equitable." Ibid. (citing DeLorean v.
DeLorean, 211 N.J. Super. 432, 437 (Ch. Div. 1986)). In Rogers, we later
summarized some basic principles governing review of PMAs:
The "conditions" under which prenuptial agreements
would be deemed valid and enforceable evolved into a
three prong test: (1) that there be "full disclosure by
each party as to his or her financial conditions;" (2) that
the party sought to be bound by the agreement
understood and accepted the terms and conditions of the
agreement; and (3) that the agreement be fair and not
unconscionable, that is, that the agreement will not
"leave a spouse a public charge or close to it, or …
provide a standard of living far below that which was
enjoyed both before and during the marriage."
[404 N.J. Super. at 219 (quoting Marschall, 195 N.J.
Super. at 29–31).]
As already noted, when the parties entered into the PMA, N.J.S.A. 37:2-
32(c) defined an unconscionable agreement as one that "render[ed] a spouse
without a means of reasonable support[,] . . . would make a spouse a public
A-0631-17T1
21
charge[,] or . . . would provide a standard of living below that which was enjoyed
before the marriage." The Act further provided:
A premarital . . . agreement shall not be enforceable if
the party seeking to set aside the agreement proves, by
clear and convincing evidence, that:
....
b. The agreement was unconscionable at the time
enforcement was sought; or
....
d. The issue of unconscionability of a premarital
. . . agreement . . . shall be determined by the
court as a matter of law. [5]
[N.J.S.A. 37:2–38 (2007).]
The hearing judge found that at the time of enforcement, the PMA as executed
would leave plaintiff with a standard of living below what she enjoyed before
the marriage and without a reasonable means for support. Rather than declaring
the PMA unenforceable, the judge embarked on a "rescue" mission. She decided
to leave the alimony waiver intact and overcome the unenforceable nature of the
PMA as executed by postponing resolution of essentially all other financial
5
The 2013 amendment to the Act deleted subsection (b).
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issues through possible revisions of other provisions of the PMA after a later
trial.
In Rogers, we recognized that a finding of unconscionability does not
compel scrapping an entire PMA. 404 N.J. Super. at 225. In that case, we noted
that under the PMA and its later amendment, the defendant-husband would
receive "equitable distribution of assets acquired during the marriage[,]" and
real property he obtained in his own name, including the condominium in which
he resided. Id. at 227. Nevertheless, given the defendant's "substantially
altered" employment circumstances from his pre-marital status, we affirmed
setting aside the alimony waiver provisions of the PMA and left the "remainder
of the agreement . . . in full force and effect." Ibid.
Here, although plaintiff's employment circumstances changed little from
those that existed prior to execution of the PMA, undeniably there were
significant changes from the date of the marriage. The parties had five children
in less than six years, the oldest of which was only nine when the divorce
complaint was filed. Plaintiff literally acquired no assets during the marriage,
while defendant's assets and wealth continued to increase by leaps and bounds.
In Rogers, we noted "that alimony provisions in prenuptial agreements need not
'cover all eventualities, since upon changes in circumstances a spouse may apply
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to the court for an appropriate modification.'" Id. at 219–20 (quoting D'Onofrio,
200 N.J. Super. at 369–70). In this case, the PMA was unconscionable when
defendant sought to enforce its alimony waiver and other provisions because
there was no correlation between the terms of the agreement and plaintiff's ever-
increasing economic dependence. Furthermore, the hearing judge's attempts to
"rescue" the PMA by leaving for another day consideration of other financial
questions failed to salvage the unconscionability of the agreement.
The trial judge followed the terms of the PMA and awarded plaintiff no
share of the assets that defendant acquired during the course of this ten -year
marriage. Instead, the judge tried to overcome the inherently unconscionable
nature of the agreement by amending those provisions which the hearing judge
had earlier left undecided. Defendant's primary assertion on appeal is ironically
correct: the disputed provisions of the JOD were attempts to provide some level
of economic fairness — defendant argues alimony — through "the back door."
"Alimony is a claim arising upon divorce, which is rooted in the prior
interdependence occurring during the parties' marital relationship. '[A]limony is
neither a punishment for the payor nor a reward for the payee.'" Reese v. Weis,
430 N.J. Super. 552, 569 (App. Div. 2013) (alteration in original) (quoting Mani
v. Mani, 183 N.J. 70, 80 (2005)). The bottom line following the trial judge's
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efforts to rectify the drastic, unconscionable financial imbalance between the
parties at the time they executed the PMA, and which only increased during the
marriage, was a one-time infusion for plaintiff's benefit of $435,000 more than
provided to her under the terms of the PMA: $10,000 more for her car and
$425,000 more for a home for her and the children. We conclude that the trial
judge's efforts were inadequate.
We reverse paragraph 1(a) of the August 2016 order that upheld the
alimony waiver in the PMA. We remand the matter for further proceedings
consistent with this and the balance of this opinion. In doing so, the remand
judge may of course consider the effect, if any, of paragraph 1(c) of the August
2016 order, which resulted in a lump sum payment to plaintiff of $145,000 in
accordance with the terms of the PMA. We next consider the further effect of
our holding.
C.
Plaintiff argues that any remand can be limited to discovery and a plenary
hearing as to an appropriate alimony award. 6 We conclude that the remand
cannot be so limited.
6
Plaintiff also argues that the trial judge erroneously amended the PMA to
permit defendant to reduce his life insurance policy limits upon the
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Our courts have long recognized the interrelationship between alimony
and other financial issues posed by the dissolution of any marriage. See, e.g.,
Steneken v. Steneken, 183 N.J. 290, 299–300 (2005) ("[A]limony and equitable
distribution are separate yet interrelated and ultimately subject to an overriding
sense of fairness . . . buttressed by our statutory scheme, where the separate
powers to award alimony and determine equitable distribution are codified .");
Brown v. Brown, 348 N.J. Super. 466, 475 (App. Div. 2002) (recognizing "the
interrelationship of equitable distribution, alimony, child support, and fee
awards"); N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(a) (listing factors to consider in awarding child
support, including, in subsection (2), the "[s]tandard of living and economic
circumstances of each parent"); N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(b) (listing factors to consider
in awarding of alimony).
The inescapable conclusion is that contrary to plaintiff's assertion, the
remand hearing cannot be limited solely to the issue of whether she is entitled
emancipation of each child. We address that in the context of our holding in
this subsection. We discuss in a separate subsection below plaintiff's ancillary
argument, i.e., that the elimination of the children's forced share of defendant's
estate, paragraph 23(b)(6) of the original PMA, is void as against public policy.
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to alimony, and, if so, its amount and duration.7 Consideration of a just, fair,
and equitable alimony award must, by its nature, consider other financial
circumstances and needs. Simply put, we are unable to affirm or reverse on the
merits other aspects of the JOD challenged by defendant in light of our holding.
The wisest course requires us to permit the remand court to vacate or modify as
necessary paragraphs seven, nine, eleven, twelve, and fourteen of the JOD
pending full consideration of all financial issues.
We reject, therefore, plaintiff's facial challenge to paragraph fourteen of
the JOD, which permits defendant to reduce his life insurance obligations as
each child became emancipated, as being beyond the express terms of the PMA.
Obviously, "[l]ife insurance policies or trusts are frequently included in final
judgments of divorce as security for support obligations." Claffey v. Claffey,
360 N.J. Super. 240, 263 (App. Div. 2003) (citing Jacobitti v. Jacobitti, 135 N.J.
571, 574–75 (1994)). Because we hazard no prediction about the composite
financial picture of the parties following remand, we leave that court free to
fashion an appropriate surety for defendant's obligations.
7
Because the issue was not addressed by either party, we specifically do not
consider application of the 2014 revisions to the alimony statute and whether
they apply to the particular circumstances of this case. See, e.g., Landers v.
Landers, 444 N.J. Super. 315, 322–24 (App. Div. 2016). The issue is better left
for the remand judge's consideration.
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As to defendant's challenge to paragraph fifteen of the JOD awarding
plaintiff counsel fees, the arguments made lack sufficient merit to warrant
extensive discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E). We find no
mistaken exercise of the judge's discretion. R. 5:3-5(c); Eaton v. Grau, 368 N.J.
Super. 215, 225 (App. Div. 2004). We affirm that portion of the JOD, without
prejudice to the remand judge considering the award, and the prior award to
plaintiff following the plenary hearing, in fashioning a just, fair and equitable
resolution of all financial issues.
Additionally, we reject defendant's argument that a different judge must
preside over the remand. We find no merit to defendant's claim of bias, or that
the same judge would be in an "untenable" position if required to reconsider any
issue previously decided. Luedtke v. Shobert, 342 N.J. Super. 202, 219 (App.
Div. 2001).
D.
Plaintiff's other argument raised by cross-appeal is that the elimination of
paragraph 23(b)(6) of the PMA as a result of the 2007 amendment was void as
against public policy, because the parties were not free to bargain away the
inheritance rights of their children, who did not receive any consideration in
return. The cases cited by plaintiff in support of her argument are inapposite,
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since they all deal with a well-recognized principle, i.e., the right to support
"belongs to the child, not the custodial parent. . . . [P]arents [may not] bargain[]
away the essential rights of their sons and daughters, including the right to be
properly supported." Patetta v. Patetta, 358 N.J. Super. 90, 94 (App. Div. 2003)
(citing Pascale v. Pascale, 140 N.J. 583, 591 (1995); Blum v. Ader, 279 N.J.
Super. 1, 4 (App. Div. 1994)).
None of the cases cited by plaintiff stand for the proposition that one of
the parties to a PMA or other marital agreement must accommodate the potential
needs of his or her children by a bequest from his or her estate. For example,
plaintiff cites Kiken v. Kiken, 149 N.J. 441 (1997), as authority. However, in
that case, citing N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(a), the Court affirmed the Family Part's order
directing the deceased husband's estate to contribute to the costs of his son's
college education, stating only "[n]othing in the statute prevents courts from
entering such orders after the death of a parent." Id. at 453; accord Fazilat v.
Feldstein, 180 N.J. 74, 81 (2004).
More on point is dicta in our decision in Koidl v. Schreiber, where we
rejected the father's estate's claim that a post-death order continuing child
support in the absence of a testamentary bequest "amount[ed] to an overturning
of the will." 214 N.J. Super. 513, 516 (App. Div. 1986). We noted that while
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29
"[s]urviving children have not been given the protection of an elective share[,]"
the children did "not claim a right under the will[.] . . . [T]hey assert[ed] a
continuing dependency claim against the estate." Ibid. We concluded the trial
court had the right "to continue support payments after the death of the paren t."
Ibid.
In short, plaintiff cites no authority for her argument that the elimination
of paragraph 23(b)(6) from the original PMA by way of the 2007 amendment
was void as against public policy. Further, during the plenary hearing on the
enforceability of the PMA, plaintiff never asserted that the amendment itself
was void for lack of consideration. We refuse to consider that specific argument
for the first time on appeal. Selective Ins. Co. of Am. v. Rothman, 208 N.J. 580,
586 (2012).
III.
We turn to defendant's remaining arguments.
The trial judge awarded the parties joint legal custody and fixed a
parenting time schedule that provided plaintiff and defendant equal time with
the children during the week. The parties reached an agreement with regard to
other parenting time issues.8 By its terms, paragraph five of the JOD permitted
8
The agreement is not in the record.
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each party to "tack[]" a week of vacation parenting time onto regularly
scheduled parenting time, "thus giving a party more than [seven] consecutive
days with the children[.]" The judge rejected defendant's request to permit the
consecutive exercise of both weeks of vacation time, finding the children's
"frequent contact with both parties, especially based on their young ages[,]" was
in their best interests.
Defendant contends the trial judge abused his discretion by requiring the
exercise of vacation parenting time in non-consecutive weeks and thereby
prohibited defendant from taking the children on vacation to Greece, defendant's
ancestral homeland. "An abuse of discretion 'arises when a decision is "made
without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established policies,
or rested on an impermissible basis."'" Milne v. Goldenberg, 428 N.J. Super.
184, 197 (App. Div. 2012) (quoting Flagg v. Essex Cty. Prosecutor, 171 N.J.
561, 571 (2002)). Given our highly deferential standard of review, we reject
defendant's contention without further discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Defendant contends that the trial judge erred by including paragraphs four,
five, and eleven in the October 2017 post-judgment order on plaintiff's
enforcement motion. The order clarified that each party was responsible for the
children's expenses while the children were with them and further required
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31
advance notice to the other party and an itinerary if the children were to be taken
out of the tri-state area by car or plane. Defendant also challenges the award of
counsel fees to plaintiff in opposing his motion for a stay and in bringing her
enforcement motion.
We agree completely with the trial judge's disposition of these two issues
and the fee award. The judge's findings about defendant's recalcitrant positions
regarding the picayune costs of school lunches and other incidental costs for the
children, defendant's continued tack of trying to relitigate child support and his
refusal to provide notice regarding the children's out-of-state vacation were all
amply supported by the record. Once again, given our standard of review, we
have no reason to reverse or even comment further. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
IV.
To summarize, on plaintiff's cross-appeal, we reverse paragraph 1(a) of
the August 2016 order and remand for further proceedings. We reject plaintiff's
facial challenge to the elimination of paragraph 23(b)(6) of the PMA being void
as against public policy.
As a result, without reaching the merits of plaintiff's remaining argument
as to paragraph fourteen of the JOD, and without reaching the merits of
defendant's arguments, we vacate paragraphs seven, nine, eleven, twelve and
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fourteen of the JOD, but stay this portion of our judgment until the trial court's
resolution and decision on remand, which may modify as appropriate any of
these provisions of the JOD so as to achieve a fair, reasonable and equitable
resolution of all financial issues.
We affirm paragraph five of the JOD and the October 2017 order.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings.
We do not retain jurisdiction.
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