NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3053-18T4
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
ARTHUR L. THOMPSON, a/k/a
NASHEED THOMPSON
Defendant-Appellant.
______________________________
Submitted March 11, 2020 – Decided April 20, 2020
Before Judges Gooden Brown and Mawla.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Essex County, Indictment No. 11-08-1559.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (John Andrew Albright, Designated Counsel,
on the brief).
Theodore N. Stevens II, Acting Essex County
Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Hannah Faye Kurt,
Special Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant
Prosecutor, of counsel and on the briefs).
Appellant filed a pro se supplemental brief.
PER CURIAM
Defendant appeals from the November 27, 2018 Law Division order
denying his petition for post-conviction relief (PCR) without an evidentiary
hearing. In his counseled brief, defendant raises the following arguments for
our consideration:
POINT I
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING
[DEFENDANT'S] PETITION FOR [PCR] WITHOUT
AFFORDING HIM AN EVIDENTIARY HEARING
TO FULLY ADDRESS HIS CONTENTION THAT HE
FAILED TO RECEIVE ADEQUATE LEGAL
REPRESENTATION AT THE TRIAL LEVEL.
A. THE LOWER COURT'S MERE
SPECULATION THAT [DEFENDANT'S]
DECISION NOT TO TESTIFY ON HIS
OWN BEHALF WAS "LIKELY THE
RESULT OF SOUND TRIAL
STRATEGY ON COUNSEL'S BEHALF"
WAS NOT A PERMISSIBLE
SUBSTITUTE FOR AN EVIDENTIARY
HEARING; IN THE ABSENCE OF AN
EVIDENTIARY HEARING, THE
RECORD DOES NOT DEMONSTRATE
THAT TRIAL COUNSEL
ADEQUATELY EXPLAINED, OR
DISCUSSED AT ALL, THE RELEVANT
RAMIFICATIONS CONCERNING
[DEFENDANT'S] DECISION WHETHER
TO TESTIFY ON HIS OWN BEHALF
AND TO REQUEST A JURY
INSTRUCTION ON THIS ISSUE.
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2
B. [DEFENDANT] DID NOT RECEIVE
ADEQUATE LEGAL
REPRESENTATION FROM TRIAL
COUNSEL AS A RESULT OF TRIAL
COUNSEL'S FAILURE TO CONDUCT
ADEQUATE INVESTIGATION OF ALL
POSSIBLE DEFENSES.
C. [DEFENDANT] DID NOT RECEIVE
ADEQUATE LEGAL
REPRESENTATION FROM TRIAL
COUNSEL AS A RESULT OF TRIAL
COUNSEL'S FAILURE TO
AGGRESSIVELY ASSERT AND
PURSUE A DEFENSE THAT HE DID
NOT KNOW CO-DEFENDANT MILLER
BEFORE [THE] MURDER ON
JANUARY 18, 2010, INSTEAD
CHOOSING TO ALLOW THE
PROSECUTOR'S CONTENTION THAT
[DEFENDANT] WAS "NAIL[ED] . . . TO
THE MURDER SCENE" TO GO
UNCHALLENGED AND
UNEXPLAINED.
In his pro se brief, defendant raises the following arguments:
[POINT I]
DEFENDANT CLAIMS INEFFECTIVE
ASSISTANCE OF [PCR] COUNSEL WHERE [PCR]
COUNSEL FAILED TO PERFORM HIS DUTY TO
INVESTIGATE SUBSTANTIAL ASSERTIONS AND
ADVANCE REQUESTED GROUNDS [INSISTED]
UPON AS PER [RULE] 3:22–6(D), STATE V. RUE,
175 N.J. 1 [(2002)].
[POINT II]
A-3053-18T4
3
[DEFENDANT] DID NOT RECEIVE ADEQUATE
LEGAL REPRESENTATION FROM PCR COUNSEL,
THE MATTER SHOULD BE REMANDED TO THE
TRIAL COURT TO ASSIGN NEW []PCR[]
COUNSEL TO REPRESENT HIM, TO PERMIT THE
FILING OF SUPPLEMENTAL SUBMISSIONS ON
HIS BEHALF, AND TO CONDUCT A NEW
HEARING RELATING THERETO. (NOT RAISED
BELOW).
[POINT III]
PCR COURT DENIED DEFENDANT ADEQUATE
PCR REVIEW, ENCOURAGED PCR COUNSEL TO
VIOLATE[] DEFENDANT'S RIGHT TO DUE
PROCESS AND SHOULD BE REMANDED TO THE
TRIAL COURT TO ASSIGN NEW []PCR[]
COUNSEL TO REPRESENT HIM, TO PERMIT THE
FILING OF SUPPLEMENTAL SUBMISSIONS ON
HIS BEHALF AND TO CONDUCT A NEW
HEARING RELATING THERETO. (NOT RAISED
BELOW).
We reject defendant's contentions and affirm for the reasons expressed in Judge
John I. Gizzo's comprehensive and well-reasoned written opinion.
We incorporate herein the facts set forth in State v. Thompson, No. A-
4055-12 (App. Div. May 10, 2017) (slip op. at 8), certif. denied, 231 N.J. 119
(2017), wherein we affirmed defendant's 2012 convictions for murder, felony
murder, first-degree armed robbery, second-degree burglary, conspiracy, and
related weapons possession offenses following a joint jury trial with co-
defendant Derrick Miller. We also affirmed the aggregate life sentence, subject
A-3053-18T4
4
to the No Early Release Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2, imposed on February 15, 2013.
Id. at 21.
To summarize, the convictions "arose out of a home invasion and murder
that occurred on January 18, 2010, at a residence in Irvington" located on
Brighton Terrace. Id. at 8. "The evidence at trial established that the home was
a two-family house where an adult brother [the brother] and sister [the sister]
lived with their respective families." Ibid. The decedent, the sister's live-in
boyfriend, was fatally shot "three times" by the intruders while the other
occupants in the house retreated to various locations. Id. at 8-10. After hearing
"a gunshot," the brother
ran outside. As he hid behind bushes, he heard more
gunfire and saw two men get into a car and drive away.
Prior to their departure, [he] was able to see the face of
one of the assailants.
Almost immediately, the police responded to the
home. [The brother] pointed in the direction of the car
and exclaimed to the police that "the car is right
there[,]" and "that's them, that's them." The responding
police officer testified that he followed the car and
pulled it over several blocks from the home. The males
in the vehicle were later identified as [co-defendant]
Miller and [defendant].
[Id. at 9-10 (third alteration in original).]
A-3053-18T4
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During the "twelve-day jury trial," in addition to the brother's
identification of co-defendant Miller,
the State proffered numerous witnesses and expert
opinions, including a forensic scientist specializing in
serology (the study of blood serum) and a forensic
scientist specializing in DNA analysis. The serology
expert found traces of blood on Miller's white thermal
shirt and dark blue-gray pants. The State's forensic
scientist analyzed the DNA samples from this clothing
and concluded the blood on the clothing was that of the
victim . . . .
[Id. at 10-11.]
In his timely PCR petition, as recounted by Judge Gizzo, defendant made
the following arguments:
He argues that he was denied effective assistance of
counsel based on his own assertion of non-acquaintance
with codefendant Miller, trial counsel's failure to
investigate [defendant's] claim of non-acquaintance,
trial counsel's failure to object to the absence or
presence of blood splatter evidence at the probable
cause hearing, and appellate counsel's failure to
challenge the trial judge's denial of his motion for
acquittal. [Defendant] also argues that he is entitled to
either an evidentiary [hearing] or a new trial as a result
of his counsel's alleged deficiencies.
Following oral argument, the judge denied defendant's petition. In his
November 27, 2018 written decision, the judge reviewed the factual background
and procedural history of the case, applied the applicable legal principles, and
A-3053-18T4
6
concluded defendant failed to establish a prima facie case of ineffective
assistance of counsel (IAC). The judge found defendant failed to show that
either counsel's performance fell below the objective standard of reasonableness
set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), and adopted by
our Supreme Court in State v. Fritz, 105 N.J. 42, 49-53 (1987), or that the
outcome would have been different without the purported deficient performance
as required under the second prong of the Strickland/Fritz test. Additionally, in
rejecting defendant's request for an evidentiary hearing, the judge concluded
defendant failed to present any issues that could not be resolved by referenc e to
the existing record.
In rejecting defendant's claim "that he was denied effective assistance of
counsel because his trial attorney did not argue his non-acquaintance with [co-
defendant] Miller," the judge stated:
[Defendant] submitted an affidavit in May, 2012, two
years after the home invasion occurred. In the affidavit,
he claims he ran back to his car, which was parked on
Brighton Terrace, after he heard gunshots. Shortly after
entering his car for safety, an unknown individual, . . .
co-defendant . . . Miller, entered the passenger's seat.
[Defendant] then proceeded to drive away with this
supposed stranger without anything more than a look of
dissatisfaction directed to . . . Miller.
It cannot be said that trial counsel's failure to put
this argument forth at trial amounts to deficiency.
A-3053-18T4
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Doing so would have required [defendant] to take the
stand at trial in order to testify to the contents of his
2012 affidavit. Even so, it only takes two individuals
to create a conspiracy, regardless of whether they were
already acquainted. Additionally, there is no evidence
to suggest that trial counsel prevented [defendant] from
his right to take the stand, nor did [defendant] argue this
on his direct appeal. . . . Any shortcomings of this trial
strategy would not necessarily render counsel
ineffective.
Even if counsel fell below the objective standard
of performance, there is no reasonable probability that
the jury would have decided differently, had
[defendant] taken the stand to testify to what he claimed
in his affidavit.
[Defendant's] story hardly stands up to the
evidence presented at trial. [A neighbor], who lived
directly across the street . . . placed [defendant] at the
murder scene. She testified that she saw a man who she
did not recognize proceed over to the front fence with
a mask covering his head one to two minutes after
hearing gunshots coming from that direction. Another
man followed, and the two made their way up the
sidewalk and entered [the] car, which [defendant]
borrowed earlier that night.
[The neighbor's] testimony was corroborated not
only by her prior statement, but also by [the brother's]
real-time report. This evidence directly contradicts
[defendant's] story in which he claims that . . . Miller
was just a stranger with [the victim's] blood on his
clothes who happened to find his way to [defendant's]
car as [defendant] was seeking safety from gunfire that
he heard in the area.
A-3053-18T4
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In light of this, it seems abundantly clear that
counsel's failure to argue non-acquaintance was a
conscious, strategic decision rather than a failure to
raise a defense that could reasonably be said to have
changed the outcome of the trial.
Turning to defendant's argument that he received IAC because "neither
his initial defense counsel . . . nor his trial counsel . . . investigated or argued
the allegations set forth in his [2012] affidavit," the judge noted "[i]n order to
communicate the contents of the affidavit to the jury, [defendant] would have
had to take the stand." However, "[h]aving [defendant] take the stand and testify
to what he claimed in his affidavit would not only be contradicted by the
testimony of at least two other witnesses who saw him enter the car with . . .
Miller but would also have exposed him to cross-examination."
On appeal, defendant primarily argues "he did not receive adequate legal
representation . . . as a result of counsel's failure to conduct an adequate pretrial
investigation1 which would have resulted in the viable defense that [he] did not
1
Notably, a review of the trial record shows that trial counsel did, in fact,
investigate allegations contained in defendant's 2012 affidavit as evidenced by
the defense presented at trial. In the affidavit, defendant asserted that on his
way to Irvington on the night in question, he had "numerous [phone] calls"
between himself and "a friend . . . from Jersey City." At trial, defense counsel
produced the Jersey City friend and introduced defendant's phone records during
the witness' testimony to corroborate her account that there were "several phone
calls" between her and defendant "between . . . [10:00 p.m.] and about [10:26
p.m.]" on January 18, 2010, when the crimes were committed.
A-3053-18T4
9
know co-defendant Miller before the night" in question "when Miller entered
his car unexpectedly and without permission." According to defendant, the
judge erred in "reject[ing] this aspect of [his] petition without even affording
him an evidentiary hearing."
Merely raising a claim for PCR does not entitle a defendant to relief or an
evidentiary hearing. See State v. Cummings, 321 N.J. Super. 154, 170 (App.
Div. 1999). Rather, trial courts should grant evidentiary hearings only if the
defendant has presented a prima facie claim of IAC, material issues of disputed
fact lie outside the record, and resolution of those issues necessitates a hearing.
R. 3:22-10(b); State v. Porter, 216 N.J. 343, 355 (2013). A PCR court deciding
whether to grant an evidentiary hearing "should view the facts in the light most
favorable to a defendant . . . ." State v. Preciose, 129 N.J. 451, 463 (1992).
However, "[a] court shall not grant an evidentiary hearing" if "the defendant's
allegations are too vague, conclusory or speculative." R. 3:22-10(e)(2). Indeed,
the defendant "must do more than make bald assertions that he was denied the
effective assistance of counsel. He must allege facts sufficient to demonstrate
counsel's alleged substandard performance." Cummings, 321 N.J. Super. at 170.
In turn, "we review under the abuse of discretion standard the PCR court's
determination to proceed without an evidentiary hearing." State v. Brewster,
A-3053-18T4
10
429 N.J. Super. 387, 401 (App. Div. 2013). "If the court perceives that holding
an evidentiary hearing will not aid the court's analysis of whether the defendant
is entitled to post-conviction relief, . . . then an evidentiary hearing need not be
granted." Ibid. (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Marshall, 148 N.J. 89,
158 (1997)). We also typically review a PCR petition with "deference to the
trial court's factual findings . . . 'when supported by adequate, substantial and
credible evidence.'" State v. Harris, 181 N.J. 391, 415 (2004) (alteration in
original) (quoting Toll Bros., Inc. v. Twp. of W. Windsor, 173 N.J. 502, 549
(2002)). However, where, as here, "no evidentiary hearing has been held, we
'may exercise de novo review over the factual inferences drawn from the
documentary record by the [PCR judge].'" State v. Reevey, 417 N.J. Super. 134,
146-47 (App. Div. 2010) (alteration in original) (quoting Harris, 181 N.J. at
421). We also review de novo the legal conclusions of the PCR judge. Harris,
181 N.J. at 415-16 (citing Toll Bros., 173 N.J. at 549).
To establish a prima facie claim of IAC, a defendant must satisfy the two-
prong Strickland/Fritz test, and "bears the burden of proving" both prongs of an
IAC claim "by a preponderance of the evidence." State v. Gaitan, 209 N.J. 339,
350 (2012). Specifically, a defendant must show that (l) "counsel's performance
was deficient" and he "made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning
A-3053-18T4
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as the 'counsel' guaranteed . . . by the Sixth Amendment" to the United States
Constitution; and (2) "there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different."
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 694; see also Fritz, 105 N.J. at 52. A reasonable
probability is defined as "a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
Under the first Strickland prong, "a defendant must overcome a 'strong
presumption' that counsel exercised 'reasonable professional judgment' and
'sound trial strategy' in fulfilling his responsibilities." State v. Hess, 207 N.J.
123, 147 (2011) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689-90). Indeed, "counsel is
strongly presumed to have rendered adequate assistance," Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 690, as measured by a standard of "reasonable competence." Fritz, 105 N.J.
at 53. However, "'[r]easonable competence' does not require the best of
attorneys," State v. Davis, 116 N.J. 341, 351 (1989), and "[n]o particular set of
detailed rules for counsel's conduct can satisfactorily take account of the variety
of circumstances faced by defense counsel or the range of legitimate decisions
regarding how best to represent a criminal defendant." Strickland, 466 U.S. at
688-89.
For that reason,
A-3053-18T4
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an otherwise valid conviction will not be overturned
merely because the defendant is dissatisfied with his or
her counsel's exercise of judgment during the trial. The
quality of counsel's performance cannot be fairly
assessed by focusing on a handful of issues while
ignoring the totality of counsel's performance in the
context of the State's evidence of defendant's guilt. As
a general rule, strategic miscalculations or trial
mistakes are insufficient to warrant reversal except in
those rare instances where they are of such magnitude
as to thwart the fundamental guarantee of a fair trial.
[State v. Castagna, 187 N.J. 293, 314-15 (2006)
(citations, internal quotation marks, and brackets
omitted).]
Thus, "[j]udicial scrutiny of counsel's performance must be highly deferential."
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.
Under the second Strickland prong, defendant must prove prejudice.
Fritz, 105 N.J. at 52. "An error by counsel, even if professionally unreasonable,
does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error
had no effect on the judgment." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691. This prong "is an
exacting standard" and "'[t]he error committed must be so serious as to
undermine the court's confidence in the jury's verdict or the result reach ed.'"
State v. Allegro, 193 N.J. 352, 367 (2008) (alteration in original) (quoting
Castagna, 187 N.J. at 315).
A-3053-18T4
13
Applying these principles, we are satisfied defendant failed to make a
prima facie showing of IAC under the Strickland/Fritz test, and we discern no
abuse of discretion in the judge's denial of defendant's PCR petition without an
evidentiary hearing.
Defendant contends his attorney was ineffective by failing to conduct an
adequate pretrial investigation of his non-acquaintance defense. An attorney's
failure to investigate "is a serious deficiency that can result in the reversal of a
conviction." Porter, 216 N.J. at 353. "[C]ounsel has a duty to make reasonable
investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular
investigations unnecessary." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691. However, "when a
[defendant] claims his trial attorney inadequately investigated his case, he must
assert the facts that an investigation would have revealed, supported by
affidavits or certifications based upon the personal knowledge of the affiant or
the person making the certification." Cummings, 321 N.J. Super. at 170.
Here, defendant asserts his 2012 affidavit provided the necessary facts
that an investigation would have revealed. However, he acknowledges, as the
judge did, that "the only way this potential defense could have been raised at
trial would have been for [defendant] to testify on his own behalf." Instead,
defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to testify at trial.
A-3053-18T4
14
At the PCR hearing, for the first time, defendant implied that defense
counsel did not "properly advise him as to whether or not he should take the
stand." However, defendant offered no support for this claim and,
notwithstanding defendant's argument to the contrary, the voir dire conducted
by the trial court confirmed that defendant's decision to waive his right to testify
was "voluntary" and was made after "complete consultation with [his attorney]."
Defendant's unsupported claim that he was not properly advised whether
to testify is fatal to his petition and fatal to his argument that he was entitled to
an evidentiary hearing. Indeed, "[d]efendant must demonstrate a prima facie
case for relief before an evidentiary hearing is required, and the court is not
obligated to conduct an evidentiary hearing to allow defendant to establish a
prima facie case not contained within the allegations in his PCR petition." State
v. Bringhurst, 401 N.J. Super. 421, 436-37 (App. Div. 2008). Even assuming
defense counsel failed to properly advise defendant of his right to testify,
because the Strickland/Fritz test requires "defendants to prove that they have
been prejudiced by defense counsel's failure to inform them of the right to
testify[,]" State v. Bey, 161 N.J. 233, 271 (1999), we agree with Judge Gizzo
that defendant also failed to satisfy the prejudice prong because his testimony
A-3053-18T4
15
would not have altered the outcome "in the context of the State's evidence of
defendant's guilt." Castagna, 187 N.J. at 314-15.
In his pro se brief, defendant asserts for the first time on appeal that his
PCR counsel was ineffective because he failed to advance all the issues raised
by defendant and failed to investigate claims raised by defendant. "Generally,
an appellate court will not consider issues, even constitutional ones, which were
not raised below." State v. Galicia, 210 N.J. 364, 383 (2012). Thus, we decline
to consider defendant's newly minted contentions. Indeed, our task on this
appeal is to review the PCR court's ruling in view of the record before us.
However, defendant is free to file a new PCR petition asserting that counsel
assigned to represent him in his first PCR rendered ineffective assistance. See
R. 3:22-4(b)(2)(C). To the extent we have not specifically addressed any of
defendant's remaining arguments, we deem them without sufficient merit to
warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
Affirmed.
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