NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3205-18T1
EDWARD HAYES,
Plaintiff-Appellant/
Cross-Respondent,
v.
RODNEY YOUMAN,
Defendant-Respondent/
Cross-Appellant,
and
THOMAS YOUMAN, a/k/a
THOMAS ELDEN YOUMAN
HENLY, YOUMAN & ABAD,
a law firm, YOUMAN & YOUMAN,
a law firm,
Defendants.
_______________________________
Argued January 27, 2020 – Decided April 23, 2020
Before Judges Sumners, Geiger and Natali.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Hudson County, Docket No. L-0786-17.
Mario A. Iavicoli argued the cause for appellant/cross-
respondent.
Jeffrey S. Mandel argued the cause for
respondent/cross-appellant.
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff Edward Hayes appeals from Law Division orders: (1) granting
defendant Rodney Youman (Rodney)1 summary judgment dismissing plaintiff's
legal malpractice claim; (2) granting Rodney's oral motion in limine barring
plaintiff's legal malpractice expert's report and testimony; and (3) dismissing
plaintiff's remaining claims with prejudice for failure to prosecute. Rodney
cross-appeals from an order denying his motion for frivolous litigation
sanctions. We affirm.
I.
The Underlying Facts
This case arose from a fraudulent business scheme carried out in Ecuador
against plaintiff, a Canadian citizen who resides in Ontario, resulting in the
conversion of his funds that were earmarked for the purchase of investment
properties in Ecuador. Viewing the facts in a light most favorable to plaintiff,
1
We refer to defendants Rodney Youman and Thomas Youman by their first
names to avoid confusion. We intend no disrespect in doing so.
A-3205-18T1
2
the record establishes the following conduct by Thomas Youman (Thomas) and
limited involvement of Rodney.
In 2008, plaintiff decided to purchase an apartment in Ecuador. He
traveled to Salinas, Ecuador, where he spoke to real estate salesperson, Ivan
Jaramillo. Jaramillo recommended that plaintiff retain Thomas for legal
services related to the apartment purchase. It was later discovered that
Ecuadorian public records do not list Thomas as a licensed attorney.
Plaintiff took Jaramillo's advice and began meeting with Thomas at the
offices of Youman & Abad, located in Cuenca, Ecuador, which plaintiff believed
was a law firm. Plaintiff visited the office on at least fifteen more occasions.
According to plaintiff, Thomas "portrayed himself as a lawyer."
Youman & Abad Asesores Y Asociados Compania Limitada was created
on November 16, 2006, by Rodney (190 shares), Thomas (10 shares), and Maria
Jose Abad Pesantez (200 shares); it was incorporated in Ecuador. 2 A
"Constitucion" was properly filed with the appropriate office of the Ecuadorian
government by the firm. It described various objectives, one of which was "La
asesoria legal," or "legal advice." Rodney claims Youman & Abad was a
2
Although plaintiff has not briefed the issue, a "compania limitada" is apparently
similar to a limited liability company (LLC) in New Jersey.
A-3205-18T1
3
consulting firm, not a law firm. Plaintiff alleges that because Youman & Abad
was not registered in the Public Cadastre of the Ecuadorian Stock Market, it was
not authorized to create trust funds or make investments for the public.
A 2011 filing by Youman & Abad listed Thomas as "Presidente" and
Maria Jose Abad as "Gerente General"; Rodney was not designated as a
corporate officer. Youman & Abad was dissolved on February 22, 2013, for
failure to comply with Ecuadorian corporate laws.
Plaintiff engaged Youman & Abad to conduct business in Ecuador. On
April 23, 2008, while in Toronto, Canada, plaintiff executed a power of attorney
allowing Thomas to purchase a specific property. Thomas then facilitated the
purchase of an apartment after plaintiff sent him several $5000 wire transfers.
Subsequently, while plaintiff was in Cuenca, he granted a general power of
attorney to Thomas allowing him discretion to purchase real estate.
Following the purchase, plaintiff and Thomas continued their business
relationship. Beginning on March 25, 2009, plaintiff wired various sums of
money to a bank account that he believed was a trust account held by Youman
& Abad. The money was intended to be invested in Ecuadorian real estate with
Thomas acting as the trustee of the account.
A-3205-18T1
4
This plan was reflected in trust fund certificates on Youman & Abad
letterhead. The certificates stated that plaintiff's funds were "due to investments
in the real estate and other business areas in Ecuador" and plaintiff "may
withdraw them at any[]time under his written request." Thomas signed the
document with the designation "Esq." Similar certificates were issued on June
10, 2011, October 27, 2011, January 27, 2012 and October 19, 2012. 3 However,
as the trial court later found, while Thomas represented to plaintiff that the
money would be deposited in the firm's trust account, the money was actually
deposited in Thomas' personal account.
Eventually, plaintiff and Thomas began socializing and Thomas
introduced him to the rest of his family, including Rodney. Plaintiff met Rodney
only three times, all while in Ecuador. The first time was in either 2009 or 2010,
at a restaurant in Cuenca; by this point plaintiff had already decided to do
business with Thomas. The second time was at another restaurant, but they did
not discuss any business together. The third time, plaintiff merely said "hello"
3
The October 19, 2012 certificate is on Youman & Youman letterhead while
the other four are on Youman & Abad letterhead. Rodney explains that
"Youman & Youman is either a messenger company or a consulting company in
Ecuador operated by Thomas and another Youman (Thomas' nephew)." Thomas
signed three of the five certificates with the suffix "Esq."
A-3205-18T1
5
to Rodney at the office of Youman & Abad. During their encounters, plaintiff
never discussed business with Rodney.
Plaintiff subsequently loaned Thomas $40,000 on February 12, 2012 and
$83,486 on February 6, 2013, with an interest rate of seven percent. On June 1,
2014, plaintiff made a final wire transfer to Thomas for $25,825. In sum,
plaintiff wired a total of $324,471.50 to Thomas individually. None of the funds
were remitted to Youman & Youman or Youman & Abad.
Following his last wire transfer to Thomas, plaintiff decided to sell the
apartment he purchased, and Thomas' parents were interested in purchasing it.
However, plaintiff discovered Thomas had quoted a higher price for the
apartment than what plaintiff had expressed to him. Plaintiff viewed this as
unethical and soon demanded that Thomas return all the wired funds and
cancelled the power of attorney he gave to Thomas. Thomas agreed to do so but
contended that he only owed plaintiff $29,330.39.
On June 21, 2016, plaintiff hired attorney Aaron Denker who sent a letter
to Rodney demanding the return of $145,033.16, the amount plaintiff alleged
was owed to him. Rodney responded that he was unfamiliar with plaintiff,
unaware of any of plaintiff's money held in trust, had "no businesses or offices
A-3205-18T1
6
in Ecuador of any kind," and that his law firm in the United States "is not
associated with any company or business in Ecuador."
Thomas has made various statements where he purports to be a lawyer.
Likewise, Rodney has purportedly indicated that he has law offices in Ecuador
(in online videos, newspaper articles, and business cards) and stated that Thomas
was a lawyer in Ecuador. However, plaintiff never indicated in his testimony
that these statements by Thomas or Rodney established his belief that Thomas
was a lawyer or that Rodney was his attorney. Further, Rodney contends this
evidence should not be considered because it was submitted by plaintiff after
the discovery-end-date.
Rodney is an attorney admitted to practice in New Jersey and New York.
Plaintiff last visited New Jersey around the year 2000, long before any events
relevant to this matter transpired.
Plaintiff does not contend that Rodney personally provided investment
advice to him. Nor does he contend that Rodney personally rendered legal
services to plaintiff in Ecuador, New Jersey, or elsewhere. Rodney did not
accept any retainer or payment from plaintiff. Rodney did not personally
participate in plaintiff's transactions with Thomas. Plaintiff presents no
A-3205-18T1
7
evidence that Rodney personally participated in the conversion of plaintiff's
funds.
Plaintiff acknowledges that he never retained Rodney to perform legal
services, advise him regarding Ecuadorian real estate law, or assist him in the
purchase of property in Ecuador. Plaintiff never compensated Rodney in
exchange for legal advice or services.
The only nexus to New Jersey is that Rodney is licensed to practice in
New Jersey, where he posted certain information regarding Thomas on the
internet that plaintiff claims was misleading. Even so, plaintiff does not claim
that he relied on any misleading statements, advertisements, or internet postings
by Rodney.
The Procedural History
Plaintiff filed a three-count complaint that alleged misrepresentation,
fraud, and theft against Rodney, Thomas, Youman & Abad, and Youman &
Youman (count one) (the fraud and conversion count); and professional
negligence against Rodney (count two) (the legal malpractice count).4
4
Count three incorporated counts one and two against fictious defendants who
were never identified.
A-3205-18T1
8
The fraud and conversion count alleged Rodney "was a member of the law
firm of Youman & Abad, a legal entity in Cuenca, Ecuador" and a "member of
the law firm of Youman, Madeo and Fasano, LLP" in Union City. Thomas and
Rodney allegedly "worked together on legal matters in the law firm of Youman
& Abad," "Youman & Youman," and "Youman, Madeo and Fasano, LLP."
Plaintiff averred that Thomas "was the agent, servant and/or employee of
Rodney" and that Rodney "was principal, master and/or employer of Thomas"
and is thereby "liable for the acts and omissions of Thomas."
The legal malpractice count alleged Rodney was negligent by the
following acts and omissions: (a) failure to properly supervise Thomas as
Rodney's agent, servant, or employee; (b) failure to properly investigate and
conveying false facts to plaintiff's attorney after a demand for return of the funds
was made to Rodney; (c) threatening plaintiff and plaintiff's attorney to deter
them from pursuing plaintiff's rights; and (d) not controlling the use of the law
firm's documents.
Defendants initially moved to dismiss the complaint on grounds of
insufficient service of process, lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and forum non
A-3205-18T1
9
conveniens.5 The trial court denied the motion. We denied defendants' motion
for leave to appeal.
Rodney then filed an answer that asserted numerous affirmative defenses,
including failure to state a cause of action, lack of subject matter jurisdiction,
lack of personal jurisdiction due to insufficient service of process, and the
absence of any damages attributable to any wrongful act or omission by Rodney.
However, Rodney, did not respond to the allegations set forth in the legal
malpractice count.
Rodney also moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to comply with
the affidavit of merit statute, N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-27. The motion judge
determined that an affidavit of merit was not required on a claim for fraud, citing
Stoecker v. Echevarria, 408 N.J. Super. 597 (App. Div. 2009). Moreover, the
judge also explained that plaintiff did not need to serve an affidavit of merit until
defendant filed an answer to the legal malpractice count. Rodney then filed an
amended answer responding to the legal malpractice count.
A default judgment was entered against the other defendants; they have
not appealed from that judgment and are not participating in this appeal.
5
On appeal, Rodney does not brief the issue of forum non conveniens or lack
of subject matter jurisdiction. During oral argument before this court, Rodney's
counsel advised that Rodney abandoned those issues at the trial level.
A-3205-18T1
10
Rodney subsequently moved for summary judgment. The motion judge
granted summary judgment dismissing the legal malpractice claim but denied
summary judgment as to fraud and conversion count.
In her written opinion, the motion judge found that plaintiff executed a
power of attorney in favor of Thomas, permitting him "to perform real estate
investment and transaction activities in the capacity of, as [p]laintiff understood,
a lawyer." The judge then discussed the real estate investment enterprise, the
funds wired by plaintiff to Thomas, and the trust fund certificates signed by
Thomas with the suffix "Esq." The judge found several genuine issues of
material fact precluded summary judgment as to the fraud and conversion count,
including:
(1) Youman & Abad's business practices as legal versus
consulting, (2) Defendant Rodney's involvement with,
and control over, Youman & Abad as an entity used to
promote an alleged fraudulent scheme, (3) Defendant
Rodney's acts of and benefit from holding out
Defendant Thomas to be a lawyer, and (4) the
connection between Defendant Rodney's law practices
in New York and New Jersey and Youman & Abad.
As to the legal malpractice count, the judge found that plaintiff had not
established that he had an attorney-client relationship with Rodney, as required
by Jersita v. Murray, 185 N.J. 175 (2005).
A-3205-18T1
11
The case was called for trial on February 4, 2019. Rodney made an oral
motion in limine to bar plaintiff from calling his legal expert witness o r
introducing his expert report. The court granted the motion because the expert's
report focused on whether Rodney committed legal malpractice under New
Jersey law, a claim that had previously been dismissed on summary judgment.
The judge concluded that the expert report "is not relevant or admissible" as to
the remaining fraud or conversion claim, which was based on Thomas
representing to plaintiff he was going to deposit plaintiff's money in the law
firm's trust account but was actually deposited into Thomas' personal account.
Even without plaintiff's expert report and testimony, the trial judge found
that plaintiff could proceed on the fraud and conversion count. However, when
plaintiff's counsel asked the judge, "[d]o I have [enough] facts that could survive
a motion at the end of my opening?" the judge responded, "[n]o." Plaintiff's
counsel conceded he was likely unable to prove fraud by a preponderance of the
evidence. The judge then stated:
Understood. All right. So the plaintiff agrees to
dismissal, but preserves the right to appeal the court's
ruling of the granting of the in limine motion, barring
the expert's report, which in essence causes him not to
be able to lead to establish his cause of action.
....
A-3205-18T1
12
I think . . . your best position on behalf of your
client is to acknowledge the fact you can't proceed . . .
and make your proofs in this case without this report
and you're appealing a final judgment based upon the
court barring this report.
Plaintiff followed that suggestion and elected not to proceed with the trial. As
a result, the judge entered an order dismissing the case with prejudice for lack
of prosecution.
Rodney then moved for frivolous pleading sanctions under Rule 1:4-8 and
N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1, which the court denied because plaintiff survived
summary judgment on the fraud and conversion count. In his written opinion,
the judge noted that frivolous litigation sanctions "can only be awarded from the
moment in time it becomes clear the litigation is frivolous."
The judge stated that the summary judgment motion judge "held that
[p]laintiff had submitted sufficient evidence to proceed against [Rodney] on [the
fraud and conversion count], which sounded in fraud," but not the legal
malpractice count. The judge then reviewed the summary judgment judge's
findings as to the fraud and conversion count. The judge determined that the
finding that plaintiff presented sufficient evidence to proceed to trial on the
fraud and conversion count "is sufficient to preclude a finding that [p]laintiff
and his counsel filed or advanced a frivolous lawsuit," citing United Hearts,
A-3205-18T1
13
L.L.C. v. Zahabian, 407 N.J. Super. 379 (App. Div. 2009). Accordingly, the
judge found there was no basis to award counsel fees or costs to Rodney.
The judge further found the litigation was not frivolous or brought in bad
faith. He noted the YouTube videos and business cards indicating Thomas was
ostensibly licensed to practice law in Ecuador. The judge further noted the use
of company letterhead to defraud plaintiff. The judge then discussed potential
liability based on aiding and abetting fraud.
This appeal followed. Plaintiff appeals from the order granting summary
judgment dismissing the legal malpractice claim against Rodney and the ruling
barring introduction of the report and testimony of plaintiff's expert. Rodney
cross-appeals from the denial of frivolous litigation sanctions.
Plaintiff raises the following points on appeal:
I. THE GRANT OF PARTIAL SUMMARY
JUDGMENT AND DISMISSAL OF THE
NEGLIGENCE COUNT (COUNT II) OF THE
COMPLAINT WAS IN ERROR BECAUSE AN
ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP DID, IN
FACT, EXIST BETWEEN PLAINTIFF AND
DEFENDANT, RODNEY YOUMAN.
A. Youman & Abad was a Law Firm.
B. Plaintiff and Youman & Abad Entered Into an
Attorney-Client Relationship, Pursuant to which
that Firm Represented Plaintiff in Real Estate
Ventures.
A-3205-18T1
14
C. When Plaintiff Retained Youman & Abad, that
Law Firm Assumed Responsibility for his
Representation. Every Principal of that Firm,
Including Rodney Youman, was Responsible for
Damages Caused by the Tortious Acts and
Omissions of any other Principal, Attorney or
Employee.
D. Rodney Youman Should Be Estopped from
Denying Liability for the Acts and Omissions of
Youman & Abad.
II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRONEOUSLY HELD
THAT PLAINTIFF COULD NOT CALL WILLIAM
MARTIN, ESQ. AS AN EXPERT AT TRIAL AND
THEN DISMISSED PLAINTIFF'S COMPLAINT FOR
INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE.
Rodney raises the following points in his cross-appeal6:
IV. THE COURT BELOW ERRED IN NOT
GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON THE
CLAIM OF ORDINARY NEGLIGENCE (IF IT
EXISTED), FRAUD, THEFT, AND
MISREPRESENTATION, BECAUSE THE RECORD
LACKED EVIDENCE TO SUBSTANTIATE ANY
[OF] THE CLAIMS AND PLAINTIFF'S
ADMISSIONS DISPROVED THE EXISTENCE OF
THE CLAIMS.
V. THE COURT BELOW ERRED IN FINDING AS A
MATTER OF LAW THAT A PARTY WHO
SURVIVES SUMMARY JUDGMENT CANNOT
HAVE PURSUED A FRIVOLOUS CLAIM,
ESPECIALLY WHEN THERE IS PROOF THAT
COUNSEL AVOIDED SUMMARY JUDGMENT
6
We have deleted those points which merely oppose plaintiff's arguments.
A-3205-18T1
15
WITH FALSE FACTS AND ADMITTED AS WE
AWAITED THE JURY THAT HE LACKED
EVIDENCE TO SURVIVE DISMISSAL.
VI. THE COURT BELOW ERRED ON THE ISSUE
OF WHETHER PLAINTIFF'S AFFIDAVIT OF
MERIT MET THE STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS
BECAUSE, EVEN IF THE ANSWER FAILED TO
ADDRESS EACH CLAIM, THE STATUTE
REQUIRES ONLY THE FILING OF AN ANSWER
WITHOUT REGARD TO ITS SUFFICIENCY.
II.
Our review of a ruling on summary judgment is de novo, applying the
same legal standard as the trial court. Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 59
(2015). That is, we "consider whether the competent evidential materials
presented, when viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, are
sufficient to permit a rational factfinder to resolve the alleged dispute d issue in
favor of the non-moving party." Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J.
520, 540 (1995). Summary judgment must be granted "if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
challenged and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a
matter of law." RSI Bank v. Providence Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 234 N.J. 459, 472
(2018) (quoting R. 4:46-2(c)). "When no issue of fact exists, and only a question
of law remains," a reviewing court "affords no special deference to the legal
A-3205-18T1
16
determinations of the trial court." Ibid. (quoting Templo Fuente De Vida Corp.
v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co., 224 N.J. 189, 199 (2016)).
III.
We first address the summary judgment dismissal of plaintiff's legal
malpractice count. Plaintiff contends an attorney-client relationship existed
between Rodney and himself because Rodney was a principal of Youman &
Abad; accordingly, he is liable for the tortious acts of any other principal,
attorney, or employee of the firm, namely Thomas.7 He further contends Rodney
should be estopped from denying liability for the acts and omissions of the firm.
We are unpersuaded by these arguments.
"Legal malpractice is negligence relating to an attorney's representation
of a client." Sommers v. McKinney, 287 N.J. Super. 1, 9 (App. Div. 1996). In
order to establish legal malpractice, the plaintiff must demonstrate three
elements: "(1) the existence of an attorney-client relationship creating a duty of
care by the defendant attorney; (2) the breach of that duty by the defendant; and
(3) proximate causation of the damages claimed by the plaintiff." McGrogan v.
7
We address plaintiff's argument concerning vicarious liability and piercing the
corporate veil in Part V of this opinion.
A-3205-18T1
17
Till, 167 N.J. 414, 425 (2001) (citing Conklin v. Hannoch Weisman, 145 N.J.
395, 416 (1996)).
Rodney was not retained by plaintiff to perform legal services in New
Jersey. Plaintiff and Rodney never discussed business. Plaintiff proffered no
evidence Rodney personally participated in any theft or conversion of plaintiff's
funds. Nor is there any evidence that Rodney personally performed legal
services for plaintiff in Ecuador or the United States. Rodney's few encounters
with plaintiff in Ecuador were informal and did not involve discussions of any
transactions or legal services. Plaintiff remitted no funds to Rodney.
Moreover, Ecuador uses a civil law system. Aguinda v. Texaco, Inc., 142
F. Supp. 2d 534, 542-43 (S.D.N.Y. 2001). Plaintiff cites no case law or statutes
imposing personal liability on Rodney under these facts pursuant to Ecuador's
civil law system. Additionally, plaintiff's legal malpractice expert, who is not
licensed to practice law in Ecuador and does not claim to have expertise in
Ecuador's civil law system, is not competent to offer an opinion regarding
Rodney's alleged liability for professional malpractice under Ecuadorian law.
Plaintiff bears the burden to establish the law of Ecuador. See generally,
Grossman v. Club Med Sales, Inc., 273 N.J. Super. 42, 49 (App. Div. 1994)
(explaining that "a party who asserts an affirmative proposition has the burden
A-3205-18T1
18
of establishing that proposition," such as whether the law of a foreign country
was "different from the law of New Jersey"). Plaintiff did not meet that burden.
He does not support any of his arguments by reference to Ecuador's civil code
or interpretive case law.
"Expert testimony is required in cases of professional malpractice where
the matter to be addressed is so esoteric that the average juror could not form a
valid judgment as to whether the conduct of the professional was reasonable."
Sommers, 287 N.J. Super. at 10 (citing Butler v. Acme Markets, Inc., 89 N.J.
270, 283 (1982)). "In rare cases, expert testimony is not required in a legal
malpractice action where the duty of care to a client is so basic that it may be
determined by the court as a matter of law." Ibid. (citations omitted).
Here, the duty of care and determination of whether that duty has been
breached is not within a layperson's common knowledge. See Klimko v. Rose,
84 N.J. 496, 503-04 (1980). This case presents esoteric issues of vicarious
liability and the duty of care under Ecuadorian law that are not within the ken
of the average juror. The "jury is not competent to supply the standard by which
to measure the defendant's conduct." Sanzare v. Rosenfeld, 34 N.J. 128, 134-35
(1961). "[T]he jury 'would have to speculate without the aid of expert
testimony.'" Davis v. Brickman Landscaping, Ltd., 219 N.J. 395, 407 (2014)
A-3205-18T1
19
(quoting Torres v. Schripps, Inc., 342 N.J. Super. 419, 430 (App. Div. 2001)).
Thus, admissible expert testimony is required. Without admissible supporting
expert testimony, "plaintiff[] [was] unable to satisfy [his] burden of establishing
the applicable standard of care and a breach of that standard" and Rodney was
"entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Id. at 414 (citing R. 4:46-2(c)).
The motion court properly determined there were no material facts in
dispute concerning plaintiff's legal malpractice claim and that Rodney was
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Because we affirm the summary judgment dismissal of plaintiff's legal
malpractice claim, we do not reach Rodney's arguments regarding the extension
granted to plaintiff to submit an affidavit of merit or the sufficiency of the
affidavit of merit.
IV.
We next address the barring of plaintiff's expert's testimony and report.
On the day trial was scheduled to commence, Rodney orally moved in limine to
bar the plaintiff from introducing the report and testimony of William Martin,
plaintiff's legal malpractice expert, because Martin's report only pertained to the
legal malpractice claim that was dismissed on summary judgment, and not the
A-3205-18T1
20
fraud and conversion count. Over plaintiff's opposition, the court granted the
motion.
Plaintiff argues this was error because Martin's report stated: (1) Thomas
"represented himself falsely as an attorney"; (2) "[i]n holding himself out as an
attorney for Youman & Abad, [Thomas] induced plaintiff to be a client . . . and
to deposit funds with him"; and (3) Rodney, "an attorney and partner in the law
firm, completely failed to supervis[e] his employee Thomas Youman's activity
and permitted this fraudulent activity to take place."
Plaintiff also points out that Martin's report asserted that Rodney breached
his "nondelegable [fiduciary] duty to preserve clients' funds." (Citing Matter of
Irizarry, 141 N.J. 189, 193 (1995)). Accordingly, plaintiff argues that "[a]
breach of a fiduciary duty is 'sometimes also described as constructive fraud.'"
(Citing Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers, § 49, cmt. a (Am.
Law Inst. 2000)).
"[A] trial court's evidentiary rulings are entitled to deference absent a
showing of an abuse of discretion." State v. Nantambu, 221 N.J. 390, 402 (2015)
(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Harris, 209 N.J. 431, 439 (2012)).
"Ordinarily, the competency of a witness to testify as an expert is remitted to
the sound discretion of the trial court. Absent a clear abuse of discretion, an
A-3205-18T1
21
appellate court will not interfere with the exercise of that discretion." Carey v.
Lovett, 132 N.J. 44, 64 (1993) (citing Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc.,
32 N.J. 358, 411 (1960)). Reversal is not warranted unless the trial judge's ruling
was "so wide of the mark that a manifest denial of justice resulted." State v.
Carter, 91 N.J. 86, 106 (1982).
"If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier
of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness
qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education
may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise." N.J.R.E. 702.
Accordingly, "the witness must have sufficient expertise to offer the intended
testimony." Muise v. GPU, Inc., 371 N.J. Super. 13, 58 (App. Div. 2004)
(quoting State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 208 (1984)).
Plaintiff intended to use Martin as an expert in New Jersey law. Here,
none of the transactions occurred in New Jersey or the United States. Plaintiff
is a Canadian citizen. His interactions with Thomas and the law firm were either
in Ecuador or through communications between Ecuador and Canada. The real
estate transactions, transfers, depositing of plaintiff's funds, and execution of the
contracts, occurred in either Ecuador or Canada.
A-3205-18T1
22
Martin is not licensed to practice law in Ecuador. Nor does he otherwise
claim to be an expert in Ecuadorian law or the civil law system in general. His
report is limited to analysis of Rodney's liability for legal malpractice under
New Jersey law and the Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers.
As we have explained, the legal malpractice claim was properly dismissed on
motion for summary judgment. His report did not address liability for
misrepresentation, fraud, theft, or conversion.
Plaintiff also argues it was error to grant the motion in limine on the day
of trial. We recognize that "filing or consideration of in limine motions that
seek an action's termination" is improper. L.C. v. M.A.J., 451 N.J. Super. 408,
411 (App. Div. 2017) (citing Seoung Ouk Cho v. Trinitas Reg'l Med. Ctr., 443
N.J. Super. 461, 464, 470 (App. Div. 2015); Klier v. Sordoni Slanska
Construction, 337 N.J. Super. 76, 83-85 (App. Div. 2001)). Here, however, the
legal malpractice claim had already been dismissed. Martin's report and his
testimony relating to the opinions expressed in his report were not relevant or
critical to establishing the alleged misrepresentation, fraud, theft, or conversion.
The in limine motion was not dispositive; it did not seek dismissal of the fraud
and conversion count. Cf. L.C., 451 N.J. Super. at 410 (defendant's motion in
limine on the day of the final hearing sought "dismissal of his ex-wife's domestic
A-3205-18T1
23
violence complaint"); Cho, 443 N.J. Super. at 464 (defendant's motion in limine
"sought the dismissal of the complaint in its entirety"). Therefore, neither
plaintiff's right to due process of law nor the requirements imposed by Rule 4:46
were violated.
An in limine motion filed at the time of trial "is permissible only when it
addresses preliminary or evidentiary issues." L.C., 451 N.J. Super. at 411.
Rodney's motion was permissible since it only sought resolution of an
evidentiary issue—barring Martin's report and testimony from evidence.
For these reasons, barring Martin's report and testimony at trial was not
an abuse of discretion or error.
V.
We next address the dismissal of plaintiff's claim for misrepresentation,
fraud, theft, or conversion.
As we have noted, the only nexus to New Jersey is that Rodney is a New
Jersey resident, is licensed to practice law in New Jersey, and made some
internet postings, advertisements, or statements regarding Thomas while present
in New Jersey. Plaintiff admittedly has no evidence that Rodney personally
participated in, or had knowledge of, the fraudulent scheme or conversion of
funds that Thomas perpetrated against plaintiff. Nor does plaintiff claim he
A-3205-18T1
24
relied on any of the internet postings, business cards, or advertisements placed
by Rodney in engaging Thomas to handle the real estate funds or in retaining
the law firm to represent him.
To establish fraud, plaintiff must prove "(1) a material misrepresentation
of a presently existing or past fact; (2) knowledge or belief by the defendant of
its falsity; (3) an intention that the other person rly on it; (4) reasonable reliance
thereon by the other person; and (5) resulting damages." Banco Popular N. Am.
v. Gandi, 184 N.J. 161, 172-73 (2005) (quoting Gennari v. Weichert Co.
Realtors, 148 N.J. 582, 610 (1997)). A person can also be liable if he "knows
that the other's conduct constitutes a breach of duty and gives substant ial
assistance or encouragement to the other so to conduct himself." Judson v.
Peoples Bank & Trust Co., 25 N.J. 17, 29 (1957) (citation omitted).
The lack of any personal participation by Rodney in the fraud or
conversion of plaintiff's funds coupled with the absence of any reliance of
plaintiff on Rodney's internet postings, or other representations regarding
Thomas' legal credentials, precludes recovery against Rodney for fraud or
conversion.8
8
New Jersey does not recognize separate torts of misrepresentation or theft.
Rather, misrepresentation is encompassed in the tort of fraud and theft is
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Rodney was a shareholder of the law firm. Plaintiff argues Rodney is
personally liable for the torts committed by Thomas or the law firm because
Rodney was a principal of the firm. While a partner of a general partnership is
liable for the torts committed by another partner or employee, Youman & Abad
was incorporated in Ecuador. Notably, Rodney was not an officer of the firm.
Under New Jersey law, a shareholder or employee of a corporation or LLC
is not personally liable for the debts, negligence, or intentional torts committed
by the corporation or LLC, unless they were a borrower, co-signor on the debt;
were personally negligent; or personally participated in the intentional tort. See
N.J.S.A. 42:2C-30.
A corporation is a separate entity from its shareholders. Lyon v. Barrett,
89 N.J. 294, 300 (1982). A primary reason for incorporation is the insulation of
shareholders from the liabilities of the corporate enterprise. Adolf A. Berle, Jr.,
The Theory of Enterprise Entity, 47 Colum. L. Rev. 343 (1947); Note, Piercing
the Corporate Veil: The Alter Ego Doctrine Under Federal Common Law, 95
Harv. L. Rev. 853, 854 (1982); H. Henn, Law of Corporations § 146, at 250 (2d
ed. 1961).
encompassed within the tort of conversion. Accordingly, we do not discuss
misrepresentation or theft separately.
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Nevertheless, the power to look beyond the corporate form is well
established. Stochastic Decisions, Inc. v. DiDomenico, 236 N.J. Super. 388,
393 (App. Div. 1989). Piercing the corporate veil is a doctrine designed to
prevent a corporation or limited liability company "from being used to defeat
the ends of justice, to perpetrate fraud, to accomplish a crime, or otherwise to
evade the law." Dep't of Envtl. Prot. v. Ventron Corp., 94 N.J. 473, 500 (1983)
(citations omitted).
Except in cases of fraud, injustice, or the like, courts will not pierce a
corporate veil. Lyon, 89 N.J. at 300. Personal liability may be imposed upon a
controlling stockholder of a close corporation where the controlling stockholde r
disregards the corporate form and utilizes the corporation as a vehicle for
committing equitable or legal fraud. Marascio v. Campanella, 298 N.J. Super.
491, 502 (App. Div. 1997) (citing Walensky v. Jonathan Royce Int'l, Inc., 264
N.J. Super. 276, 283, (App. Div. 1993)). A party seeking to pierce the corporate
veil must establish: (1) that the entity was "dominated" by the individual owner,
and (2) "that adherence to the fiction of separate corporate existence would
perpetrate a fraud or injustice, or otherwise circumvent the law." Verni ex rel.
Burstein v. Harry M. Stevens, Inc., 387 N.J. Super. 160, 199-200 (App. Div.
2006) (citing Ventron, 94 N.J. at 500-01).
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Similarly, the Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act, N.J.S.A.
42:2C-1 to -94, provides in pertinent part:
[t]he debts, obligations, or other liabilities of a limited
liability company . . . are solely the debts, obligations,
or other liabilities of the company[,] and [they] do not
become the debts, obligations, or other liabilities of a
member or manager solely by reason of the member
acting as a member or manager acting as a manager.
[N.J.S.A. 42:2C-30.]
The record is devoid of any facts warranting imposition of individual
liability on Rodney for the acts of Thomas or the corporation by piercing the
corporate veil.
Nor is there any basis to impose individual liability on Rodney under the
tort participation theory. The "essential predicate for application of the [tort
participation] theory is the commission by the corporation of tortious conduct,
participation in that tortious conduct by the corporate officer and resultant injury
to the plaintiff." Saltiel v. GSI Consultants, Inc., 170 N.J. 297, 309 (2002).
Under that theory, corporate officers and employees could be individually liable
for their affirmative acts of misrepresentation.
In Allen v. V and A Brothers., Inc., 208 N.J. 114 (2011), the Court held
the Consumer Fraud Act (CFA) permits the imposition of individual liability
upon one whose acts are part of a violation by a corporation. Id. at 131 (citing
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N.J.S.A. 56:8-2). The Court made clear, however, that "individuals were not
liable merely because of the act of the corporate entity and no court suggested
that they could be." Id. at 132. In order to impose individual liability, the
individual employee or corporate officer must have personally "engaged in
conduct prohibited by the CFA." Ibid. That reasoning applies with equal force
here.
Aside from the statements Rodney published that misrepresented Thomas
as an attorney, which plaintiff admittedly did not rely upon, plaintiff presented
no evidence that Rodney personally engaged in fraud, the conversion of
plaintiff's funds, or any conduct that led to the conversion. Accordingly, he is
not personally liable to plaintiff under the tort participation theory.
In sum, plaintiff lacked evidence to render Rodney personally liable for
fraud or conversion for his own conduct, the acts of Thomas, or the acts or
omissions of the law firm. Accordingly, we discern no basis to overturn the
order dismissing the complaint regardless of the comments of the trial judge that
led to plaintiff deciding not to proceed with the jury trial and the ultimate
dismissal.
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VI.
Lastly, we address the denial of Rodney's claim for frivolous litigation
sanctions. The trial court denied such sanctions because it denied summary
judgment of the fraud and conversion count, citing United Hearts.
We review the award or denial of frivolous litigation sanctions for abuse
of discretion. McDaniel v. Man Wai Lee, 419 N.J. Super. 482, 498 (App. Div.
2011). Reversal is warranted "only if [the decision] 'was not premised upon
consideration of all relevant factors, was based upon consideration of irrelevant
or inappropriate factors, or amounts to a clear error of judgment.'" Ibid. (quoting
Masone v. Levine, 382 N.J. Super. 181, 193 (App. Div. 2005)).
In United Hearts, we reversed the award of frivolous litigation sanctions
where the trial court had denied summary judgment in part and allowed the case
to proceed to trial. 407 N.J. Super. at 394. We concluded the attorney was not
required to withdraw the complaint even after the court granted summary
judgment in part and denied it in part. Id. at 393. We explained:
A court may impose sanctions upon an attorney if the
attorney files a paper that does not conform to the
requirements of Rule 1:4-8(a), and fails to withdraw the
paper within twenty-eight days of service of a demand
for its withdrawal. R. 1:4-8(b)(1).
For purposes of imposing sanctions under Rule
1:4-8, an assertion is deemed "frivolous" when "no
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30
rational argument can be advanced in its support, or it
is not supported by any credible evidence, or it is
completely untenable." First Atl. Fed. Credit Union v.
Perez, 391 N.J. Super. 419, 432 (App. Div. 2007)
(quoting Fagas v. Scott, 251 N.J. Super. 169, 190 (Law
Div. 1991)).
....
"[C]ontinued prosecution of a claim or defense
may, based on facts coming to be known to the party
after the filing of the initial pleading, be sanctionable
as baseless or frivolous even if the initial assertion of
the claim or defense was not." Iannone v. McHale, 245
N.J. Super. 17, 31 (App. Div. 1990) (applying N.J.S.A.
2A:15-59.1). The "requisite bad faith or knowledge of
lack of well-groundedness may arise during the conduct
of the litigation." Ibid. (citing Chernin v. Mardan
Corp., 244 N.J. Super. 379 (Ch. Div. 1990)).
Sanctions are warranted "only when the pleading
as a whole is frivolous or of a harassing nature[.]" Id.
at 32 (quoting Romero v. City of Pomona, 883 F.2d
1418, 1429 (9th Cir. 1989)). "That some of the
allegations made at the outset of litigation later proved
to be unfounded does not render frivolous a complaint
that also contains some non-frivolous claims." Ibid.
(quoting Romero, 883 F.2d at 1429).
....
Indeed, Rule 1:4-8(a)(3) makes clear that an
attorney need not withdraw a pleading if it is "likely"
that the allegations will have evidentiary support or
"will be withdrawn or corrected if reasonable
opportunity for further investigation or discovery
indicates insufficient evidentiary support[.]"
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....
[S]anctions are not warranted if an attorney has a
reasonable and good faith belief in the claims being
asserted. In our judgment, a pleading cannot be deemed
frivolous as a whole nor can an attorney be deemed to
have litigated a matter in bad faith where, as in this
case, the trial court denies summary judgment on at
least one count in the complaint and allows the
complaint to proceed to trial.
[Id. at 389-94.]
That is precisely what occurred here. The court granted summary
judgment dismissing the legal malpractice count but denied summary judgment
as to the fraud and conversion count, allowing those claims to proceed to trial.
On the day trial was to commence, plaintiff ostensibly agreed to the dismissal
of the fraud and conversion count after the court barred him from introducing
Martin's report or testimony. Plaintiff did so without Rodney renewing his
motion to dismiss that count or the court substantively ruling that there was
insufficient evidence for plaintiff to prevail or that the fraud and conversion
count was frivolous. Instead, plaintiff followed the trial judge's suggestion that
he pursue an appeal of the dismissal of the legal malpractice count and the order
barring the introduction of Martin's testimony and report. To be sure, the trial
judge did not issue a ruling determining that the fraud and conversion allegations
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32
were frivolous. The merits of plaintiff's claims of fraud and conversion were
never adjudicated on the merits.
Moreover, plaintiff obtained a default judgment against Thomas, Youman
& Abad, and Youman & Youman on the fraud and conversion count.
Defendant's initial motion to dismiss the complaint was denied. Rodney
abandoned his defenses of lack of subject matter jurisdiction and forum non
conveniens at the trial level and has not pursued those defenses on appeal.
Rodney contends the summary judgment motion judge erred in finding
that several genuine issues of material fact precluded dismissal of the fraud and
conversion count. We disagree. The judge was required to view the facts in a
light most favorable to plaintiff and afford plaintiff all reasonable inferences.
R. 4:46-2(c); Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, cmt. 2.1 on R. 4:46-
2 (2020). We discern no error.
Given the unique facts and circumstances, the denial of frivolous litigation
sanctions was not an abuse of discretion.
To the extent we have not expressly discussed any issues raised by either
party it is because they lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written
opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
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