04/28/2020
DA 18-0350
Case Number: DA 18-0350
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2020 MT 104N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
BRANDON LEE FREY,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Fourth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Missoula, Cause No. DC 17-41
Honorable Robert L. Deschamps III, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Mathew M. Stevenson, Stevenson Law Office, Missoula, Montana
For Appellee:
Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Damon Martin, Assistant
Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Kirsten H. Pabst, Missoula County Attorney, Missoula, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: November 20, 2019
Decided: April 28, 2020
Filed:
cir-641.—if
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Dirk Sandefur delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, we decide this case by memorandum opinion. It shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Brandon Lee Frey appeals his 2017 judgment of conviction in the Montana Fourth
Judicial District Court, Missoula County, for fourth offense driving under the influence
(DUI), a felony, in violation of § 61-8-401(1), MCA. We affirm.
¶3 On January 24, 2017, the State charged Frey with fourth offense DUI based, inter
alia, on prior DUI convictions in 2004, 2011, and 2015. He later moved for dismissal on
the asserted ground that available court records were insufficient to establish that the State
duly convicted him of the 2004 DUI for purposes of §§ 61-8-734(1)(a) and 45-2-101(16),
MCA, in compliance with Montana statutory requirements for admission or verification of
the predicate factual basis for guilty pleas and further requiring either a personal rights
waiver and entry of plea or an authorized waiver and plea through counsel. The motion
further sought dismissal on the alternative ground that the 2004 conviction was
constitutionally infirm in any event due to lack of a valid rights waiver and entry of guilty
plea.1 Based on the limited supporting evidence presented at hearing, the District Court
1
Frey slightly revised his legal arguments by supplemental briefing filed with leave of court
subsequent to the evidentiary hearing on his initial motion.
2
denied the motion. Frey then pled guilty under a plea agreement reserving his right to
appeal the denial of the motion. After sentencing, Frey timely appealed.
¶4 A conviction on a fourth or subsequent DUI-based offense is a felony.
Section 61-8-731(1), MCA. As pertinent here, a “conviction” is a judgment, conviction,
or sentence on a valid guilty plea or verdict. See §§ 61-8-734(1)(a) and 45-2-101(16),
MCA. Moreover, a felony DUI may not be based on a prior conviction that was
constitutionally infirm. State v. Maine, 2011 MT 90, ¶ 33, 360 Mont. 182, 255 P.3d 64;
State v. Okland, 283 Mont. 10, 15, 941 P.2d 431, 434 (1997). Whether a prior DUI
conviction was statutorily valid or constitutionally infirm for purposes of a felony DUI is
a question of law reviewed de novo based on the pertinent underlying facts. Maine, ¶ 12.
We review district court findings of fact regarding the statutory or constitutional validity
of a prior DUI conviction only for clear error. Maine, ¶ 12.
¶5 Upon collateral attack by a defendant under § 61-8-734(1)(a), MCA, the State has
the initial burden of proving “the fact of [the] prior conviction” at issue. State v. Krebs,
2016 MT 288, ¶ 12, 385 Mont. 328, 384 P.3d 98 (quoting Okland, 283 Mont. at 17,
941 P.2d at 435—emphasis omitted). In that regard, a certified driving record showing
prior convictions is competent evidence of a prior DUI. See State v. Perry, 283 Mont. 34,
36-37, 938 P.2d 1325, 1326-27 (1997) (certified driving record and underlying court
records sufficient). See also State v. Faber, 2008 MT 368, ¶¶ 29-30, 346 Mont. 449,
197 P.3d 941 (certified driving record showing convictions and presiding judge testimony
in re standard procedures sufficient).
3
¶6 Upon the State’s threshold proof of the fact of a prior DUI, a rebuttable presumption
arises that the conviction was valid in compliance with the law in every regard. Maine,
¶ 33. The burden then shifts to the defendant to rebut that presumption by presenting
evidence affirmatively showing by a preponderance of the evidence that the prior judgment
“was obtained in violation of” federal or state constitutional rights, as applicable. Maine,
¶ 34. Evidence merely establishing that the record in the prior proceeding is silent or
ambiguous is insufficient. Maine, ¶ 34. Self-serving or conclusory statements or
inferences of constitutional infirmity are similarly insufficient. State v. Chaussee,
2011 MT 203, ¶ 18, 361 Mont. 433, 259 P.3d 783; Maine, ¶ 34. In this context:
Affirmative evidence is evidence which demonstrates that certain facts
actually exist or . . . that certain facts actually existed at some point in the
past—for example, that the trial court actually did not advise the accused of
her right to counsel, or that an indigent defendant actually requested the
appointment of counsel but counsel was actually refused. An affidavit from
the defendant, a witness, or court personnel attesting this sort of affirmative
evidence will figure more persuasively . . . than will, for example, references
to unclear court minutes, judge’s notes, or preprinted forms.
Chaussee, ¶ 18 (emphasis in original). If the defendant affirmatively satisfies that
responsive burden, the burden then shifts back to the State to present evidence affirmatively
rebutting the defense showing and proving that the conviction was not constitutionally
infirm. Okland, 283 Mont. at 18, 941 P.2d at 436.
¶7 Here, as confirmed by the 2004 municipal court records presented by Frey, the State
satisfied its initial burden of proving the fact of his 2004 conviction by presenting his
certified driving record including, inter alia, the disputed conviction. In response, Frey
was personally present at the evidentiary hearing but did not testify or offer an affidavit
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regarding his version of the 2004 proceedings. Nor did he offer the direct testimony of any
other witness with personal knowledge of what occurred. He further presented no direct
evidence that he did not authorize his counsel to waive his right to jury trial or to enter a
guilty plea in his absence.
¶8 The primary evidence presented at hearing was a municipal court audio recording
and contemporaneous notations made by the court on the back of the standard form
municipal court citation (i.e., complaint and notice to appear) issued by the arresting
officer. As pertinent, those records essentially consisted of: (1) a notation that Frey initially
appeared on December 2, 2003, pled not guilty, requested a jury trial, and requested a
public defender; (2) a notation indicating the appointment of a public defender that same
day; (3) a notation, without reference to whether Frey was personally present, that counsel
appeared on December 9, 2003, and waived his right to jury trial; (4) a notation setting a
bench trial for March 8, 2004; (5) an audio recording reflecting, without audible indication
or reference to whether Frey was personally present, that counsel appeared on March 8,
2004, and stated that Frey was pleading guilty under a plea agreement with the State,2 (6)
a notation dated the next day stating that counsel appeared and entered a guilty plea on
behalf of Frey and that the court then sentenced him to pay a $400 fine and complete the
2
The recording reflects that counsel stated, “pursuant to a plea bargain my client will enter a guilty
plea to the DUI and I believe the [associated] careless [driving charge] will be dismissed.”
5
ACT program, inter alia; and (7) a notation stating that Frey completed the ACT program
and paid the fine on or before April 3, 2004.3
¶9 Frey presented secondary evidence from a Missoula lawyer (Christopher Daly) who
testified that he was contemporaneously familiar with Frey’s appointed counsel, had reason
to believe that he often entered guilty pleas on behalf of absent clients, and, on one
occasion, personally witnessed him doing so. Daly did not testify, however, that he had
any personal knowledge as to whether Frey was personally present for any of his
2004 proceedings. Frey also presented testimony from a private individual (Richard
Kushel) often engaged in Missoula to independently locate and analyze municipal court
audio recordings and who was thus familiar with the court’s historical audio recording
practices and peculiarities. Kushel testified, inter alia, that the municipal court commonly
audio-recorded only portions of proceedings like those at issue and that, consistent with
that practice, the municipal court audio recordings of proceedings in Frey’s case were not
complete.4
¶10 As indicated in its oral rulings and January 4, 2018 written order, the District Court
ultimately denied Frey’s motion to dismiss due to failure to meet his burden of overcoming
the presumption of regularity with evidence sufficient to affirmatively prove the asserted
3
Frey acknowledges on appeal, with citation to the record, that the notations on the back of the
citation constitute the proceeding “minutes and judgment” of the court.
4
Kushel testified without objection that the municipal court recordings were stopped and started
“all the time,” that he wasn’t sure why, when, or for how long, and that he had been told “that
sometimes things didn’t get recorded.”
6
defects. The court reasoned that: (1) the evidence presented by Frey at most established
that the record is unclear as to whether he was personally present when counsel waived his
right to jury trial and later entered his guilty plea; (2) § 46-16-120, MCA, authorized
misdemeanor defendants to “appear [and proceed] by counsel only” unless otherwise
ordered; (3) contrary to Frey’s assertion, § 46-16-110, MCA (requirement for written
waiver of rights on guilty pleas), applied only to felony defendants; (4) even when
applicable, State v. Reim, 2014 MT 108, ¶¶ 31-34, 374 Mont. 487, 323 P.3d 880, indicates
that felony defendants may waive the written waiver requirement of § 46-16-110, MCA,
by subsequent appearance and participation in further proceedings; and (5) the record
clearly reflects, as in Reim, that Frey “clearly ratified his attorney’s apparent waiver of a
jury and subsequent entry of a guilty plea by promptly paying the assessed fine and
completing the ACT program.”
¶11 Upon our review of the record, we conclude that Frey has failed to demonstrate that
the District Court either erroneously interpreted or applied the law, or based any conclusion
or application of law on a materially erroneous finding of fact. To the contrary, we
affirmatively hold that the District Court correctly denied Frey’s motion to dismiss based
on his manifest failure to satisfy his burden of presenting evidence sufficient to
affirmatively show either that the State did not duly convict him of DUI in 2004 or that it
obtained the conviction in violation of his federal or state constitutional rights.
¶12 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our
Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. In the opinion of the
7
Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear application of
applicable standards of review. Having reviewed the briefs and the record on appeal, we
conclude that Frey has not met his burden of persuasion.
¶13 Affirmed.
/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR
We concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON
/S/ JIM RICE
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State v. B. Frey
Combined Opinion