Hlatky v. Steward Health Care System, LLC

NOTICE: All slip opinions and orders are subject to formal
revision and are superseded by the advance sheets and bound
volumes of the Official Reports. If you find a typographical
error or other formal error, please notify the Reporter of
Decisions, Supreme Judicial Court, John Adams Courthouse, 1
Pemberton Square, Suite 2500, Boston, MA, 02108-1750; (617) 557-
1030; SJCReporter@sjc.state.ma.us

SJC-12688

LYNN HLATKY vs. STEWARD HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, LLC.

Suffolk. September 9, 2019. - April 28, 2020.

Present: Gants, C.J., Lenk, Gaziano, Lowy, Budd, & Cypher, JJ.

Contract, Performance and breach, Implied covenant of good faith
and fair dealing, Damages. Damages, Breach of contract,
Remittitur, Interest. Interest. Judgment, Interest.
Practice, Civil, Interest.

Civil action commenced in the Superior Court Department on
February 7, 2014.

The case was tried before Karen F. Green, J., and motions
to amend the judgment, for judgment notwithstanding the verdict,
and for a new trial were heard by her.

The Supreme Judicial Court granted an application for
direct appellate review.

Kevin P. Martin (Brian T. Burgess, of the District of
Columbia, also present) for the defendant.
Joseph L. Bierwirth (M. Patrick Moore, Jr., also present)
for the plaintiff.
Ben Robbins & Martin J. Newhouse, for New England Law
Foundation, amicus curiae, submitted a brief.
 2

BY THE COURT. After a trial that was bifurcated on the

issues of liability and damages, a jury in the Superior Court

found that the defendant, Steward Health Care System, LLC

(Steward), committed a breach of the express terms of its

contract with the plaintiff, Lynn Hlatky, as well as the

contract's implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, when

Steward withdrew its support for Hlatky's cancer research

laboratory, causing the laboratory to close its operations. The

jury awarded Hlatky in excess of $22 million in damages for the

breach. The trial judge denied Steward's motion for a judgment

notwithstanding the verdict or, in the alternative, to amend the

judgment. However, the judge conditionally ordered a new trial

unless Hlatky agreed to remit all but $10.2 million of the

damages awarded; this figure represented $200,000 incurred by

Hlatky in out-of-pocket mitigation costs and $10 million that

she testified was necessary to reestablish her laboratory.

Hlatky accepted the remittitur while reserving her right to

appeal.

Both sides appealed. Steward makes three principal claims.

First, it argues that the judge erred as a matter of law in

allowing Hlatky to recover damages for the cost of

reestablishing her laboratory, where she did not personally own

any of the laboratory's equipment or have any ownership interest

in the Federal grants that the laboratory received to fund its
 3

operations. Second, Steward argues that, even if Hlatky could

be awarded damages for the cost of reestablishing a laboratory,

the judge abused her discretion in awarding Hlatky $10.2 million

on remittitur because, in the absence of expert testimony or

other competent evidence as to the cost of reestablishing the

laboratory, the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to

support any award other than the out-of-pocket mitigation costs

incurred by Hlatky in the amount of $200,000. Third, Steward

claims that the judge erred in granting prejudgment interest

from the date of the breach rather than the date that Hlatky

filed her complaint. In her cross appeal, Hlatky argues that

the judge abused her discretion in conditionally ordering a new

trial and remitting the award of damages to $10.2 million.

Six Justices participated in this appeal.1 The Justices

unanimously agree that the trial evidence supported the finding

that Steward, by withdrawing its promised support for the

research laboratory, committed a breach of both the express

terms of the contract and the implied covenant of good faith and

fair dealing; that, in the unique circumstances of this case,

the cost of reestablishing a cancer research laboratory was a

permissible element of the damages, as it would restore Hlatky

to the position in which she would have been had Steward

1 We acknowledge the amicus brief of the New England Law
Foundation.
 4

complied with its contractual obligations; that the judge did

not abuse her discretion in conditionally ordering a new trial

and a remittitur of all but $10.2 million of the award of

damages; and that prejudgment interest should run on the award

of damages from February 7, 2014, the date Hlatky commenced this

action by filing her complaint. As to these aspects of the

appeal, all Justices agree with the reasoning set forth in parts

1.a, 2, 3, and 4 of Chief Justice Gants's opinion, post.

The Justices are equally divided, however, as to one aspect

of the award of damages. Three Justices -- Chief Justice Gants,

joined by Justices Gaziano and Lowy -- are of the view that the

amount of damages attributable to the cost of reestablishing

Hlatky's laboratory ($10 million) should not go to Hlatky

outright, but rather should be subject to a restriction that

would ensure that this portion of the award (plus the

prejudgment interest attributed to it) would be devoted solely

to reestablishing a functioning cancer laboratory or supporting

comparable cancer research, and would not be used by Hlatky for

other purposes. Post at - . Three other Justices --

Justice Lenk, joined by Justices Budd and Cypher -- would impose

no such restriction, for the reasons set forth in Justice Lenk's

concurring opinion, post at - . Because the court is

equally divided on this point, the award of damages (after the

remittitur) shall stand without any restriction.
 5

Therefore, by a unanimous court, the judgment on liability

is affirmed. The judge's order denying Steward's motion for

judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, in the alternative, to

amend the judgment, and her order conditionally granting a new

trial unless Hlatky remitted all but $10.2 million of the award

of damages, are also affirmed by a unanimous court. By an

equally divided court, the award of damages outright to Hlatky

without restriction is also affirmed. Finally, the judge's

order concerning prejudgment interest is vacated, and, in its

place, an order shall enter stating that the prejudgment

interest runs from the date of the commencement of this action.

So ordered.
 GANTS, C.J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part,

with whom Gaziano and Lowy, JJ., join). As explained in the

foregoing opinion, I am joined by all of my colleagues on the

quorum with respect to parts 1.a, 2, 3, and 4 of the

"Discussion" section below. With respect to part 1.b, however,

I write only for myself and for Justices Gaziano and Lowy.

Background. 1. Facts. The facts that the jury reasonably

could have found from the evidence are as follows.

Lynn Hlatky is a cancer researcher who received her Ph.D.

in physics and biophysics from the University of California-

Berkeley (Berkeley) in 1985. While at Berkeley, Hlatky was

awarded her first research grant from the National Cancer

Institute to develop what she characterized as a "model for

cancer" using physics. Her model became the standard in the

field and helped her achieve professional prominence.

Thereafter, Harvard Medical School (Harvard) recruited

Hlatky, and in 1989 she joined the radiation and oncology

department as a faculty member. At Harvard, Hlatky established

her first research laboratory, in part using equipment she

brought with her from Berkeley. Hlatky worked at Harvard for

sixteen years, conducting "wet lab" or benchtop research, with a

focus on combining the fields of mathematics and cancer biology

to improve cancer treatment modeling. In 2004, Hlatky applied

for and received a $10 million research grant from the National
 2

Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and served as the

principal investigator for the grant.1

In the world of Federal grant funding for scientific

research projects, grants are typically awarded based on an

evaluation of the ability of the principal investigator, the

quality of the science, and the institutional support for the

project. The principal investigator is the person responsible

for the research, and essentially runs the laboratory, but the

grant is awarded to and administered by the nonprofit

organization or institution, which receives and disburses the

grant funds and serves as the project administrator. Usually, a

research administrator at the nonprofit institution is

responsible for helping the principal investigator apply for

grants and ensures that all funds are used in accordance with

applicable law and grant requirements.

When a laboratory purchases equipment for a research

project, the institution incurs the expense and then seeks

1 Federal grants fund both the direct and indirect costs
associated with a research program. Direct costs are project-
specific costs that are approved by the granting agency and go
directly to the proposed research, such as the costs of project
equipment, and payroll for the research team. Indirect costs
are the costs for the institution to provide support not
directly related to the science, such as facility and
administrative costs. In grant administration parlance, when
one speaks about the amount of an award -- say, $10 million --
it refers to the direct cost of the research, not the additional
funding an institution receives for indirect costs.
 3

reimbursement by the Federal grantor from awarded grant funds.

If a principal investigator wishes to move her research and

grant funding from one institution to another, the current

institution could relinquish the remainder of the grant, and the

next institution would apply to take over its administration.

The principal investigator might also request to take the

equipment that was purchased with Federal grant funds to her new

laboratory. When there is a dispute between the investigator

and the institution regarding the transfer of grant funding or

of laboratory equipment, the Federal grantor decides whether the

funding and equipment follow the principal investigator.

In 2005, after Hlatky secured the research grant from NASA,

she moved her laboratory to St. Elizabeth's Hospital, which was

part of the Caritas Christi Hospital system (Caritas). Hlatky

brought with her to Caritas not only the NASA grant, but also

her team members, equipment, reagents, and, most importantly,

cell samples generated through her research. The cell samples

were stored in small vials, tens of thousands of which were

placed inside large, specialized freezers containing liquid

nitrogen. After moving to Caritas, Hlatky founded the Center of

Cancer Systems Biology (Center) and continued to expand her

laboratory by obtaining additional Federal grant funding. She

used the funds to renovate her laboratory space, hire additional

researchers, and purchase specialized equipment, such as
 4

incubators, sterile hoods, and "minus 80 degree" freezers for

her samples.

Steward Health Care System, LLC (Steward), a private, for-

profit hospital system, acquired Caritas in November 2010.

After the acquisition, Hlatky continued to manage the Center and

work as the principal investigator without a contract from

Steward for more than a year. During this period, other

institutions, including Tufts Medical Center, encouraged Hlatky

to relocate the Center to their respective institutions, but she

wished to stay at Steward if possible because of the difficulty

involved in moving her laboratory. At that time, Hlatky and her

team had developed a unique method for transforming healthy,

normal cells into cancer cells without radiation or other

methods, which she described as the "Holy Grail" of research

findings. Her team's findings generated additional grant

funding, with the ultimate goal of eventually developing cancer

vaccines.

In February 2012, Hlatky and Steward agreed to a three-year

contract, retroactive to October 1, 2011, renewable by mutual

agreement, for Hlatky to continue to serve as the Center's

director. The contract declared that it was Steward's "vision"

that under Hlatky's leadership, the Center would "evolve into an

internationally competitive program." Under the contract,

Hlatky would initially report to Dr. Peter Catalano, Steward's
 5

medical director of research, while Steward formalized the

Steward Research & Specialty Projects Corp. (SRSPC), a new

nonprofit entity to which Hlatky eventually would report.2 The

contract provided that Hlatky would receive an annual salary of

$425,000, and that Steward would supply $323,000 in annual

funding "to be used for recruitment of research personnel,

laboratory supplies, animal expenses, and expenses required to

support [Hlatky's] research." Finally, the contract stated that

Steward would "continue to provide support and suitable office

space" for the Center. On July 1, 2012, Hlatky began to report

to the newly-created SRSPC, but because Steward was its sole

member, its creation did not materially affect the operations of

the Center.

Hlatky entered into the contract believing that it would

assure her a degree of security and stability for her research

samples, team, and funding. Instead, in the fall of 2012,

Steward decided to transition away from benchtop research -- the

type of research performed by the Center. Steward had, in fact,

been contemplating getting out of benchtop research prior to

entering into the three-year contract with Hlatky, but did not

tell her of these internal conversations. On December 31, 2012,

2 Steward is a for-profit entity, but it was necessary that
Hlatky report to a nonprofit entity to comply with the
conditions of the Center's Federal grant funding.
 6

Steward resigned and withdrew as the sole member of SRSPC, and

the nonprofit entity was renamed GeneSys Research Institute

(GeneSys). Dr. Catalano, Daniel Meyers, and David Horowitz

replaced Steward as GeneSys's members, and only two months

later, Catalano ended his association with GeneSys. Steward did

not perform due diligence on Meyers or Horowitz, who were not

previously associated with Steward, to determine whether they

were qualified to lead a nonprofit entity with millions of

dollars in Federal grant funding.

The transition to GeneSys proved disastrous for Hlatky's

laboratory. When Steward withdrew, all of the operations of

SRSPC that Steward had been providing were shut down and thus

had to be rebuilt for GeneSys. Dr. Catalano in his testimony

described it as essentially trying to "start up a new business,"

including management, payroll, benefits, maintenance, lease

agreements, and information technology. But because of the

rapid nature of the transition, which occurred within weeks,

GeneSys was not ready to take over the administration of the

Center's research laboratory. Steward, even though no longer a

member of GeneSys, continued to be involved in GeneSys's

administration, including maintaining control of the Center's

research bank accounts, equipment, payroll, and benefits. And

this lingering involvement caused further confusion and delay,

as Steward employees were unclear whether Steward or GeneSys was
 7

handling accounts payable, accounts receivable, and purchasing

for the Center. Nevertheless, Steward proceeded to demand

payment from GeneSys for the Center's laboratory space --

something the Center previously did not have to pay for when

SRSPC was the administering institution -- and appeared to

charge the Center for the use of the research equipment and

administrative services.

During the transition to GeneSys, the Center did not have a

designated research administrator to apply for and administer

the Center's Federal grants. The confusion regarding research

administration, and having to reestablish a research

administration within GeneSys, eventually led to GeneSys failing

to file a timely grant proposal with NASA on the Center's

behalf. Another effect of spinning GeneSys off from Steward was

that Hlatky could no longer cite Steward's institutional support

in her grant applications even though Steward refused to turn

over millions of dollars in research funding to GeneSys or the

Center.

GeneSys chose not to renew Hlatky's contract, which ended

September 30, 2014. GeneSys paid Hlatky her full salary, but

terminated her employment as well as the employment of most of

the Center's team -- approximately thirty people. GeneSys

retained all of the Center's assets, including specialized

equipment and research samples. Less than a year later, in July
 8

2015, GeneSys filed a petition for bankruptcy, in large part due

to millions of dollars of debt owed to Steward. In short, a

reasonable jury could have found that Steward spun GeneSys off

as a separate nonprofit entity and then proceeded to extract

millions of dollars from GeneSys, which was largely funded by

the Center's grants.

A bankruptcy judge granted the Chapter 11 trustee

permission to sell the Center's research and other equipment at

public auction and to dispose of biological materials, including

the cell samples. Hlatky objected to the sale of the equipment

and samples, arguing that the assets were held in trust by

GeneSys for the benefit of government agencies, like the

National Institute of Health and the United States Department of

Energy, which funded the Center's valuable research.3 The judge

allowed the sale to proceed, finding that Hlatky had not "shown

any rights or interests in, or to, the [e]quipment being sold,

and [did not have] standing to assert the rights or interests of

the United States concerning research grants." Ultimately, the

equipment was auctioned off and the cell samples were destroyed.

3 The Department of Energy also filed an objection to the
sale of the assets, maintaining that the United States had a
right to control the biological materials and equipment needed
to continue department-funded research. The judge overruled the
department's objections.
 9

2. Procedural history. On February 7, 2014, before the

Center was shut down and GeneSys filed for bankruptcy, Hlatky

filed suit against Steward for breach of contract and breach of

the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Hlatky

alleged that Steward committed a breach of the February 2012

contract by "fail[ing] to provide a suitable facility and

environment," and failing to support and oversee GeneSys in a

way that would permit Hlatky to conduct her research. Hlatky

did not seek specific performance or other injunctive relief;

she demanded money damages for the alleged breach.4

On June 5, 2017, the judge bifurcated the case for trial.

During the liability phase of the trial, the jury concluded in

their special verdict that Hlatky's contract was with Steward,

not SRSPC; that Hlatky performed her obligations under the

contract; and that Steward committed a breach of both the

contract and the implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing. Although the jury were not asked in the special

verdict to identify the term in the contract that Steward had

breached, we can discern from the evidence and closing arguments

that the jury determined that Steward had failed to fulfill its

obligation to "continue to provide support and suitable office

4 Steward filed counterclaims against Hlatky, which it
agreed to dismiss with prejudice before trial.
 10

space" to Hlatky for the work of the Center. Steward does not

contest on appeal the jury's findings as to liability.

Before the damages phase of the trial, Steward filed a

motion in limine to limit the permissible scope of Hlatky's

claim for damages. In her supplemental answers to

interrogatories, Hlatky asserted that she was seeking

$11,793,793 in damages from Steward to allow her to rebuild the

laboratory that Steward had effectively destroyed through its

breach. In determining this amount, she calculated that the

total cost of recreating the laboratory was $10,187,516 based on

Steward's proof of claim during the bankruptcy proceeding, and

she added to this amount $1,606,277 in grant funding that she

claimed was available to the Center at the time of the breach.

In addition, Hlatky sought $24,444,404 in damages to compensate

her for the loss of future grant funding the Center allegedly

would have obtained but for Steward's breach.

Steward argued that all of these categories of damages must

be excluded from trial for two independent reasons. First, it

argued that the damages claims were not supported by expert

testimony5 and that, to the extent they relied on Hlatky's

testimony, they were speculative and not based on personal

5 The judge precluded Hlatky from introducing expert
testimony as to her damages because she failed to timely
disclose the identity of any damages expert prior to trial.
 11

knowledge. Second, Steward contended that Hlatky did not

"suffer[]" these damages "in her individual capacity," because

she did not have an ownership interest in the grants, the

research equipment, or the samples.

As to Steward's first argument, Hlatky responded that, as

the principal investigator for the Federal grants and as the

person who created and managed the Center, she had sufficient

personal knowledge to offer admissible testimony regarding the

cost of rebuilding a comparable laboratory. As to Steward's

second argument, Hlatky countered that that the destruction of

the laboratory was a foreseeable consequence of Steward's breach

of its obligation to "continue to provide support" for the

Center, and that she was entitled to the benefit of that

bargain. Here, that meant the amount of money necessary to

restore her to the position she would have been in if Steward

had provided the support it promised in the contract, that is,

for her to have a functioning laboratory supported by grant

funding. Hlatky did not contend that she had any ownership

interest in the grants, laboratory equipment, or cell samples,

but claimed that she did have an individual interest in being

able to continue her life's scientific work, which Steward

destroyed through its breach.

The judge allowed Steward's motion in limine in part. As

to the claim for $24.4 million in future grant funding, she
 12

allowed the motion because she found the claim to be "highly

speculative," noting that "neither the amount calculated nor the

appropriateness of the methodology used to perform that

calculation is supported by expert testimony." The judge also

declared that, "even if [Hlatky] were to receive future grants,

she would not be the actual recipient of those grant funds."

As to the damages calculation of nearly $11.8 million, the

judge ruled that it rested on an inadequate foundation, noting

that "fully $10.2 million of it appears to be based on a

calculation prepared by [Steward] in connection with [GeneSys's]

bankruptcy for a purpose other than the one for which plaintiff

seeks to admit it and the plaintiff has made no showing that she

has personal knowledge of its basis." The judge added that

"plaintiff herself testified during her deposition that the

$10.2 million is a 'speculative or fictitious number.'"

Although the judge ruled that Hlatky could not testify as an

expert on valuation, the judge did not prohibit Hlatky from

arguing that she was entitled to damages for the cost of

reestablishing a functioning laboratory if she could prove those

damages by lay testimony based on personal knowledge. The judge

declared that her ruling was "without prejudice to [Hlatky]

offering evidence as a lay witness during the damages phase of

the trial on the consequential damages she alleges she suffered

as a result of the defendant's breach." When Hlatky's attorney
 13

sought clarification of the judge's ruling, noting that "the

fact of the matter is, she had a lab, and now she doesn't," the

judge declared, "I don't think you're precluded from offering

evidence as to damages by virtue of this ruling." The judge

also did not foreclose the possibility of Hlatky recovering

damages based on what a reasonable entity in Steward's position

would have understood as the natural and probable consequences

of withdrawing support from the Center.

At the damages phase of the trial, Hlatky testified on

redirect examination that Steward's withdrawal of support caused

her to lose her life's work -- twenty-five years of cancer

research and the prospect of future funding -- when she was at

the peak of her career. She stated that she was seeking,

through money damages, to restore her laboratory to some

"minimal-functioning place" that would allow her to once again

compete for funding and complete her research. When asked how

much she would need to accomplish that, she answered: "We

need[] $10 million to even get a functional lab together, get

people together, and try to redo these projects, and we want[]

$24 million as future funding." Steward objected to Hlatky's

answer, and the judge allowed Steward's motion to strike the

reference to $24 million. But the judge denied Steward's motion

to strike the reference to $10 million, finding that, as to this

part of the answer, Steward's counsel had opened the door on
 14

cross-examination by asking Hlatky whether she had priced the

cost of reestablishing her laboratory.6 Steward did not question

Hlatky on recross-examination about her testimony that it would

cost $10 million to build a functional laboratory. Hlatky also

testified that it cost approximately $3.75 million to $4 million

annually to run the Center in 2012, that she spent approximately

$200,000 of her own money between 2013 and 2015, including the

cost of hiring a strategic communications consultant, in a

failed attempt to save the laboratory, and that she had not

worked in benchtop cancer research since she left Steward in

2014. She did not, however, offer any testimony concerning lost

future wages.

At the charge conference in the damages phase of the trial,

the judge asked Hlatky's counsel whether he planned to suggest a

6 The following exchanges occurred on cross-examination of
Hlatky:

Q.: "Dr. Hlatky, you've done nothing to identify the cost of
specific items for starting up a lab; is that correct?"

A.: "I would say that's incorrect. I mean, for example,
we've been very active in Bankruptcy Court, and in Bankruptcy
Court we identified, you know, like the confocal was [$] 500,000
-- okay? -- and it sold at auction for under [$] 10,000. Okay?
But the replacement -- plus, we identified the alumina as being
an 80,000-dollar piece of equipment with 40,000 dollars' worth
of software and other accessories."

Q.: "And you have done nothing to price out what a build-
out today would be, correct?"

A.: "That I disagree with. I've done a lot of things."
 15

damages figure during his closing argument. Counsel stated he

did not intend to advocate for a final figure, but planned to

mention Hlatky's estimate that it would take $10 million to

restore her laboratory. Steward did not object, either at the

charge conference or in Hlatky's closing argument itself, to

Hlatky's claim for damages based on the $10 million testimony.

In closing argument, Steward's counsel essentially asserted

two points. First, that Steward did not cause Hlatky's damages

because there were "a number of decision points and

opportunities" for Hlatky, as chief executive officer (CEO) of

the Center, "to save her science" and her laboratory, but she

made "a series of bad business decisions" and now was blaming

Steward for her own failures. Second, Steward asked the jury to

not award damages to Hlatky to replace equipment she never owned

and grant money she did not personally receive. Hlatky's

counsel, in closing, argued that it was foreseeable the Center

would be destroyed if Steward failed to honor its contractual

commitment to provide support, and that the demise of the

laboratory followed directly from that lack of support. He

asked the jury to help "recreate a world where Steward hadn't

abandoned" Hlatky so that she could continue to perform cancer

research for at least six more years. And he asked the jury to

credit Hlatky's testimony that "it's going to take $10 million
 16

to put this lab back together," because "[t]he CEO knows what it

costs."

In her instructions to the jury, the judge said that Hlatky

had the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence

that Steward's breach "caused her individually" some damage and

that Hlatky could recover monetary damages only for harm that

"she suffered" as a result of the breach. The judge explained:

"[Hlatky] is entitled to recover damages sufficient to
give her the benefit of her contractual bargain as
long as such damages are reasonably proved. In other
words, [Hlatky] is entitled to those damages that
would put her in a position to obtain that which she
bargained to obtain so far as compensation and money
can be computed by rational methods upon a firm basis
in fact. . . . Thus, in determining any damage
amount, you should consider what, if any, damages
claimed by [Hlatky] were the natural and probable
results of the breach, what the parties knew or
reasonably could be presumed to have known at the time
they entered into the contract on January 19, 2012,
and whether the damages [Hlatky] claims were
foreseeable to [Steward] at that time."

Neither party objected to the judge's final instructions. The

jury in their answers to special verdict questions found that

Steward's breach of the contract and of the implied covenant of

good faith and fair dealing caused Hlatky actual damages

"individually" in the amount of $22,637,500. Judgment was

entered the same day with the statutory rate of prejudgment

interest running from the date of the complaint -- February 7,

2014.
 17

The parties each filed postjudgment motions. Hlatky moved

to amend the judgment to reflect statutory interest commencing

from the date of the breach, which Hlatky asserted was December

31, 2012, rather than the date the complaint was filed. The

judge allowed Hlatky's motion.

Steward moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, a

new trial, or amendment of the judgment to reduce the award of

damages. Steward contended that the only damages Hlatky placed

before the jury were the loss of laboratory equipment and grant

funds in bank accounts, all of which were institutional assets

belonging to GeneSys, not her. Steward also argued that Hlatky

failed to present sufficient evidence to support an award of

over $22 million. In the alternative, Steward asked the judge

to amend the judgment to, at most, the $200,000 in out-of-pocket

expenses Hlatky incurred.

The judge rejected Steward's argument that Hlatky failed to

prove any personal contract damages. The judge noted that the

"long-established rule for breach of contract damages is that

the plaintiff should receive the benefit of her bargain and be

placed in as good a position as she would have been in if the

contract had been performed." She acknowledged that Hlatky did

not seek to recover for lost grant funds and did not claim a

property interest in the equipment used by the Center. And she

recognized that "[i]t is difficult to apply these standard
 18

principles to the unique facts of this case." But she concluded

that, "in the context of a case involving the foreseeable

destruction of a longstanding scientific research program as the

result of a breach of a contract and its implied covenant of

good faith," Massachusetts law "permits a plaintiff to recover

damages representing the benefit of her bargain to place her in

as good a position as she would have been in if the contract had

been performed." Applying that principle in this case, she

held:

"[T]he defendant's breach foreseeably resulted in the
destruction of a researcher's life work. Although
Hlatky has no ownership interest in the Center's
equipment or samples, which were funded by the
taxpayers, she had an expectation interest in the
continuation of the research program that she created,
operated for twenty-five years, and helped fund by
using talents and efforts to obtain federal grants.
The destruction of Hlatky's life work in cancer
research resulted in damages personal to her that she
may recover under Massachusetts contract law."

Having so found, the judge denied Steward's motions for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict and, in the alternative, to amend

the judgment to reduce the award of damages.

However, as to Steward's motion for a new trial, the judge

concluded that the award of over $22 million was not supported

by the evidence presented at trial. Pursuant to Mass. R. Civ.

P. 59 (a), 365 Mass. 827 (1974), she conditionally ordered a new

trial on damages unless Hlatky accepted a remittitur to $10.2

million -- $10 million to reestablish a laboratory and $200,000
 19

for Hlatky's out-of-pocket expenses. Hlatky moved for

reconsideration of the remittitur, claiming that, where there

was evidence in the record that it would cost $10 million to

reestablish a minimally functional laboratory and that the cost

per year to operate the laboratory was between $3.75 million and

$4 million, there was sufficient evidence to support an award of

damages of over $22 million. The judge denied Hlatky's motion

for reconsideration, concluding that an award of future

operational costs would constitute a windfall to Hlatky where

she presented no evidence that she required uninterrupted

financial support of operational costs for several years in

order to restore her laboratory to a position where it could

realistically apply for Federal grants. Hlatky accepted the

reduced award, reserving her right to cross-appeal the

remittitur decision.

Steward timely filed a notice of appeal and Hlatky cross-

appealed. This court allowed Steward's application for direct

appellate review.

Discussion. We confront four arguments in these cross

appeals -- three by Steward and one by Hlatky -- which we

address in turn.

1. Measure of damages. a. Cost of recreating the

laboratory. Steward argues that the judge erred as a matter of

law in allowing Hlatky to recover damages for the cost of
 20

rebuilding a laboratory, where she did not personally own any of

its equipment or have any ownership interest in the Federal

grants it had received. Steward contends that the judge should

have amended the amount of the judgment under Mass. R. Civ. P.

59 (e) to $200,000, compensating Hlatky only for her out-of-

pocket mitigation costs.

Steward does not contend that the judge erred in

instructing the jury regarding damages. Nor, reasonably, could

it, where it offered no objection to the jury instructions,

allowing them to become the law of the case. See Mass. R. Civ.

P. 51 (b), 365 Mass. 816 (1974); Freeman v. Planning Bd. of W.

Boylston, 419 Mass. 548, 559, cert. denied, 516 U.S. 931 (1995)

("Neither party objected to these instructions, which,

therefore, became the law of the case"). Rather, Steward claims

that, even though the judge did not preclude Hlatky from

offering evidence regarding the cost of rebuilding a laboratory,

the judge's instructions limiting damages to those Hlatky

suffered personally effectively precluded the jury from

considering the cost of rebuilding in determining damages.7

Whether the judge applied the proper measure of damages is

a question of law that is reviewed de novo. Twin Fires Inv.,

7 The parties agree that Hlatky did not seek damages for or
introduce evidence relating to reputational harm, emotional
distress, or lost future earnings arising from Steward's breach
of contract.
 21

LLC v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co., 445 Mass. 411, 424

(2005). "The usual rule for damages in a breach of contract

case is that the injured party should be put in the position

[she] would have been in had the contact been performed."

Situation Mgt. Sys. v. Malouf, Inc., 430 Mass. 875, 880 (2000);

see also Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 344(a) (1981)

(plaintiff in breach of contract action is entitled to damages

to protect "his 'expectation interest,' which is his interest in

having the benefit of his bargain by being put in as good a

position as he would have been in had the contract been

performed"). I agree with the trial judge that it is difficult

to apply these principles to the unique facts of this case.

It is important to recognize that the contract that Hlatky

entered into with Steward was not merely an employment contract;

Steward committed not only to employ Hlatky as the director of

the Center until September 30, 2014, but also to "provide

support" to the Center, which it envisioned would evolve, under

Hlatky's leadership, "into an internationally competitive

program." The structure and terms of the contract, which

Steward, a sophisticated entity, negotiated, involved more than

contracting for Hlatky's labor.8 Hlatky founded the Center

8 Steward requested that the judge instruct the jury during
the damages phase that, "[i]n employment cases, where, as in
this case, the employment contract was for a fixed period of
time, the employee is entitled to recover the unpaid balance of
 22

before Steward acquired Caritas and, according to industry

custom and Federal regulations, she could expect to be able to

relocate the Center, its equipment, researchers, cell samples,

and grant funding to another institution if she chose. Indeed,

she did just that when she left Harvard for Caritas. When

Steward entered into the contract with Hlatky, it was not only

gaining the benefit of her employment, but also gaining the

recognition and funding that flowed from the Center's Federal

grants. The jury determined that Steward committed a breach of

the contract by withdrawing support for the Center, and the

judge further found that this breach foreseeably resulted in the

destruction of Hlatky's life's work.

Steward's theory that Hlatky is entitled only to the salary

and benefits she was promised under the contract, plus the out-

of-pocket costs she incurred while trying, unsuccessfully, to

save the laboratory, trivializes and misrepresents the loss that

Hlatky truly suffered from its breach. If Steward had fulfilled

its obligation to provide support to the Center, Hlatky

reasonably would have expected, at minimum, to have at the end

her compensation for the remainder of the contract, less any
amounts the employee earned or reasonably could have earned
during that time." The judge declined to include this
instruction in her final instructions to the jury, and Steward
did not object to the final instructions, waiving any objection.
See Freeman v. Planning Bd. of W. Boylston, 419 Mass. 548, 559,
cert. denied, 516 U.S. 931 (1995).
 23

of the three-year contract access to a functioning, turnkey

laboratory with the capacity to continue the cancer research

that had become her life's work. Because of Steward's breach,

Hlatky lost her laboratory, equipment and, most importantly, the

cell samples -- the culmination of twenty-five years of work.

So while damages principles are difficult to apply in this

case, the judge did not err in concluding that Hlatky personally

suffered harm from the foreseeable destruction of her life's

work. Nor did she err in concluding that the jury reasonably

could have sought to restore Hlatky to the position she would

have been in if Steward had complied with its obligations under

the contract by awarding her the amount of money needed to

reestablish a functioning cancer laboratory -- which, based on

Hlatky's testimony, the judge determined to be $10 million.

This is consistent with the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's

analysis in Ferrer v. Trustees of the Univ. of Pa., 573 Pa. 310

(2002), which is the only case identified by the parties or that

I can find which presents circumstances roughly comparable to

those in the instant case. In Ferrer, a tenured professor was

sanctioned by the university in violation of university

procedures, and prohibited from conducting certain research in

his laboratory for two years. Id. at 315-316, 319. The

university also informed significant funders of the professor's

research about the sanctions. Id. at 330. As described by the
 24

court, the effects of the sanctions were devastating -- Ferrer's

research was completely shut down, his animal colonies were

dismantled, his unique herd of cattle could no longer be

maintained and had to be sold, and he lost significant future

funding. Id. at 333. The jury found that the university's

procedures concerning investigating misconduct were part of the

terms and conditions of Ferrer's employment agreement, and that

the university committed a breach of the agreement by imposing

sanctions on Ferrer even though a formal investigation had

concluded that he was not guilty of the alleged misconduct. Id.

A divided Pennsylvania Supreme Court found that Ferrer was

not seeking damages for the loss of future funding by third

parties or for lost salary or benefits; rather, he sought to

recover damages arising from the university's prohibition

against his conducting animal research in his laboratory for two

years, which "resulted in the complete dismantling and

destruction of his research program." Id. at 335. The court

agreed with the trial court that Ferrer was entitled to

expectation damages for the breach of contract "necessary to

make [him] whole again for the loss of his research program,"

based on "evidence regarding the amount of money needed to

restore [his] program to its preexisting level when the

sanctions were imposed." Id. at 334. And it affirmed an award

of damages of $2.9 million as the amount needed to rebuild the
 25

research program. Id. at 344. There is no indication in the

opinion that any restriction was imposed on Ferrer to ensure

that he used the award of damages for this purpose.

Hlatky's claim for expectation damages in the amount needed

to restore the Center's laboratory is even stronger than

Ferrer's claim. In Ferrer, the employment contract did not

include a commitment by the university to provide support for

Ferrer's research, and thus there was no alleged breach of that

commitment. Instead, the breach was the violation of university

procedures that the jury found were incorporated as terms and

conditions of Ferrer's employment agreement as a tenured

professor. See id. at 316. Here, Steward failed to fulfill its

contractual commitment to "provide support" for the Center's

research, and Hlatky's claim for expectation damages arises

directly from Steward's breach.

b. Restriction on the award of damages. I would, however,

part ways from the Ferrer opinion in the form of the damages

remedy allowed. Hlatky did not seek damages for loss of future

earnings, reputational harm, or emotional distress arising from

the breach of contract. Apart from the $200,000 she sought to

reimburse her for the expenses she incurred in retaining a

public relations consultant in a failed attempt to save the

laboratory, Hlatky sought damages only for the loss of her

expectation interest in the contract, "which is [her] interest
 26

in having the benefit of [her] bargain by being put in as good a

position as [she] would have been in had the contract been

performed." Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 344(a) (1981).

Had she owned the laboratory, or any of its equipment, reagents,

or cell samples, she could have sought the lost monetary value

of the laboratory or its components. But she does not claim any

such ownership interest.

Instead, she asked the judge and jury for the funds needed

to put her in the position she would have been in if Steward had

complied with its contractual obligation to "continue to provide

support" to the laboratory -- the principal investigator of a

functioning cancer research laboratory. With the remittitur

ordered by the judge, $10 million of the $10.2 million in

damages was awarded to put Hlatky in that position. But the

award of damages allowed by the judge is presently without

restriction. Nothing would prevent Hlatky from spending the $10

million on a house or a yacht rather than on the reestablishment

of a cancer research laboratory. I do not suggest that she

would do so; she testified that she would not.9 But the fact

remains that she could do so, and thereby put herself in a

9 Hlatky testified that, with her lawsuit, she "is trying to
recoup a lab." Later in her testimony, in answer to the
question, "What are you seeking?", she replied that she "was
seeking to restore a lab to some minimal-functioning place and
to bring in funding that could allow [her] to do the kind of
work" she had done before.
 27

financial position she would never have been able to attain

under the contract. Had the contract been honored, Hlatky, as

principal investigator, could have sought to move the laboratory

to another research institution, but she could not have sold the

laboratory, its equipment, or cell samples to realize a personal

financial gain.

If, however, the judge ensured that the $10 million is

invested in the reestablishment of a functioning cancer

laboratory or in support of comparable research, there would be

no possibility that the award of damages would provide a

financial windfall to Hlatky and it would be guaranteed that the

award of damages would place her in roughly the same position

she would have been in if Steward had honored its contract to

support the laboratory. This was the theory of damages

presented to the jury by Hlatky's counsel in closing argument,

without objection by Steward,10 and it is a theory that is

10 Hlatky's counsel argued in closing:

"We know how much the lab cost to refit, if you take Dr.
Hlatky's testimony as credible, and I think you should. We
know how much money they had to do the research that they
were doing. Okay? Dr. Hlatky said she planned to be in
research for at least another six years. And I think
that's enough data for you all to figure out how to put the
wheels back on. Okay? Because that's what the goal is
here and has always been here. This has never been about a
windfall. And I think you've heard that term a couple of
times. It's never been about a windfall. It's about
trying to recreate a world where Steward hadn't abandoned
Dr. Hlatky."
 28

consistent with the judge's instructions to the jury regarding

damages, which also were without objection.11

Just as form should follow function in architecture, so,

too, should form follow function in law. In the unique

circumstances of this case, to prevent the contractual

expectation damages allowed by the judge from putting Hlatky in

a position she would never have been in had the contract been

honored, I would vacate the judgment, apart from the $200,000

awarded to compensate Hlatky for her out-of-pocket expenses, and

remand the matter to the judge. I would direct the judge, in

consultation with the parties, to fashion a form of judgment

that would ensure that the remaining $10 million of the judgment

(plus the prejudgment interest attributed to this amount) be

devoted solely to the reestablishment of a functioning cancer

laboratory or to support comparable cancer research. How that

could best be accomplished, whether through the creation of a

trust or another comparable vehicle, or through other means, I

would leave to the sound discretion of the judge, preferably

11I also note that during the appellate oral argument,
Hlatky's attorney declared that she "wants to use these funds to
benefit the science, to drive the science, further her life's
work in cancer research, without a doubt." When counsel was
asked about there being no restriction as to how Hlatky could
use the $10 million, he responded that it was simply "a function
of an award of damages in contract law."
 29

with the agreement of the parties.12 Only by doing so would

Hlatky truly be placed in a position comparable to where she

would have been but for Steward's breach.

I recognize that we have not before imposed such a

limitation on the use of funds awarded in a breach of contract

case, and that we might not need to do so again to ensure that

justice is done. But in the unique circumstances of this

particular case, I believe that structuring the judgment to

ensure that $10 million of the award of damages will be used by

Hlatky solely for the purpose of reestablishing a laboratory or

supporting comparable cancer research is the fairest and most

appropriate outcome to this litigation. As noted, Hlatky relied

on Steward's commitment of support in deciding to remain at

Steward rather than seeking to move the laboratory, and its

grant funding, to other interested institutions. While she did

not "own" the laboratory or its equipment, she devoted herself

entirely to its success and entered into a contract to protect

her life's work. And Steward did not just commit a breach of a

contract term. The jury also found that Steward committed a

12Justice Lenk, in her separate opinion, correctly notes
that, if Hlatky's restored laboratory is to receive Federal
funds, she could not be both the owner of the laboratory and its
principal investigator. See post at . That is among the
reasons I give the judge broad discretion in fashioning an
appropriate form of judgment, which potentially could include a
commitment by Hlatky to transfer the funds to a nonprofit entity
that would be the legal owner of the cancer research laboratory.
 30

breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

"[T]he implied covenant exists so that the objectives of the

contract may be realized." Ayash v. Dana-Farber Cancer Inst.,

443 Mass. 367, 385, cert. denied sub nom. Globe Newspaper Co. v.

Ayash, 546 U.S. 927 (2005). Steward may not sign a contract

which promises support, and instead withdraw that support and

frustrate Hlatky's objectives of the contract -- security for

her research, her laboratory, and her team -- without remedy.13

Conceptually, requiring Steward to pay damages in order to

rebuild a minimally functioning cancer laboratory is, in

essence, nothing more than "you broke it, you fix it."14

Justice Lenk argues that the fact that Hlatky did not own

the laboratory is irrelevant to her entitlement to damages and

that she is entitled to compensation for the loss of the

laboratory without any restriction on how she ultimately spends

the money. But ownership surely does matter here. If Hlatky

had owned the laboratory that Steward destroyed through its

breach of contract, she would have suffered personal financial

loss from the loss of her laboratory, and her expectation

13When asked why she entered into a contract with Steward,
Hlatky testified that in "getting a contract, I wanted to assure
that whatever the transition was, . . . I wanted to make sure I
had security for my research, my team and my funding agencies."

14Similarly, because Steward is still paying damages, even
if to be used for a specified purpose, the remedy I propose is
not a form of specific performance.
 31

damages would have included the fair market value of the lost

laboratory, which might be approximated from the cost of

reestablishing the laboratory. In that hypothetical case, no

restriction would be appropriate on the award of damages

compensating her for her financial loss. But where Hlatky did

not own the laboratory, the loss of the laboratory was not a

personal financial loss but instead the loss of the ability to

be the principal investigator of that specific laboratory and to

conduct the research that had become her life's work. To put

Hlatky in the position she would have been in had Steward

honored her contract, she is not entitled to the restoration of

financial loss as measured by the fair market value of the

laboratory; instead, she is entitled under the contract only to

the restoration of the laboratory in which she had conducted her

research. By granting her the $10 million in damages without

restriction, the court is granting her a remedy she would have

been entitled to only if she owned the laboratory. And on the

premise of granting her expectation damages, the court is

putting her in a position that she would never have been in had

Steward honored the contract.15

15Justice Lenk also contends that imposing this restriction
on the award of damages would open "the Pandora's box of unknown
future harm to the predictability of contract law." Post at
. But the result of today's opinion, allowing a plaintiff in
such circumstances to keep the award of damages without
restriction, will pose a far greater risk of harm, especially to
 32

2. Sufficiency of the evidence of damages. Steward argues

that, even if Hlatky could, in theory, recover damages for the

cost of reestablishing the Center's laboratory, the judge abused

her discretion in awarding Hlatky $10.2 million on remittitur

because, apart from the $200,000 in mitigation costs, the amount

is unduly speculative and not supported by expert opinion. A

judge's determination regarding the amount of damages is

reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See Twin Fires Inv., LLC,

445 Mass. at 424-425. "[A] judge's discretionary decision

constitutes an abuse of discretion where we conclude the judge

made a clear error of judgment in weighing the factors relevant

to the decision, . . . such that the decision falls outside the

range of reasonable alternatives" (quotation and citation

omitted). L.L. v. Commonwealth, 470 Mass. 169, 185 n.27 (2014).

Steward argues the judge erred initially in admitting in

evidence Hlatky's testimony that she needed $10 million to

rebuild the laboratory. As earlier noted, the judge before

trial precluded Hlatky from testifying that the cost to

reestablish the laboratory was $10.2 million, where in her

deposition she rested that estimate on a calculation prepared by

research institutions. It will treat principal investigators
who do not own their laboratories as if they did and allow them,
based on a successful claim of breach of an employment contract,
to be placed in a financial position they could never have
achieved under the contract.
 33

Steward for another purpose in the bankruptcy action. But the

judge expressly stated that she did not intend by her rulings to

preclude Hlatky from presenting evidence as a lay witness

regarding her consequential damages, provided that evidence was

based on her personal knowledge. Then, on cross-examination,

Steward's counsel asked Hlatky whether she had done anything to

"identify the cost of specific items for starting up a lab" or

to "price out what a build-out today would be." The judge ruled

that these questions opened the door to Hlatky's testimony

regarding the cost of reestablishing a comparable laboratory.

Whether opinion testimony from a lay witness should be

admitted rests in the sound judicial discretion of the trial

judge. See Menici v. Orton Crane & Shovel Co., 285 Mass. 499,

505 (1934). And whether counsel has opened the door to

testimony, through his questioning, that might not otherwise be

admissible is also within the sound discretion of the judge.

See Commonwealth v. Quinn, 469 Mass. 641, 648 (2014);

Commonwealth v. McCowen, 458 Mass. 461, 479 & n.15 (2010).

Steward did not argue in moving to strike this testimony that

the estimate was without foundation, seek a voir dire to test

its foundation, or question Hlatky to examine its foundation.

See Hastings Assocs. v. Local 369 Bldg. Fund, 42 Mass. App. Ct.

162, 173 (1997) (lay witness opinion testimony was properly

before jury where defendant did not move to strike testimony as
 34

being without foundation).16 Instead, Steward chose not to

address Hlatky's testimony regarding the $10 million estimate

during trial and now claims that it is insufficient to support

Hlatky's award of damages. In these circumstances there was no

abuse of discretion in the judge allowing Hlatky to testify to

her estimate of the cost of restoring her laboratory after

Steward's counsel suggested by his question that she had failed

to "price out what a build-out today would be."

Steward also contends that determining the amount of money

needed to rebuild a laboratory is an inherently complex task

requiring expert testimony. The judge did not err, however, in

finding that, even without expert testimony, the evidence was

sufficient to support the conclusion that it would cost $10

million to restore the laboratory to a minimal level of

16Indeed, it is not even clear that Steward objected to the
admission of the $10 million estimate. When asked on redirect
examination about what she was seeking, Hlatky responded, "We
needed $10 million to even get a functional lab together, get
people together and try to redo these projects, and we wanted
$24 million as future funding." Steward's counsel objected
after Hlatky mentioned the $24 million. During the parties'
discussion at sidebar, Steward's counsel stated that he was "a
little concerned with this 24-million number that she just
mentioned," which the judge proceeded to strike. Counsel did
not mention at sidebar an objection to the $10 million figure,
nor did counsel object when Hlatky's counsel stated for the
record that his "understanding of the ruling [on the objection]
was that the lab piece was not stricken, but that the grant
piece was." We give Steward the benefit of the doubt in
construing its objection to include both the $10 million and $24
million estimates.
 35

functionality. It certainly would have been preferable for

Hlatky to offer expert testimony on this subject. But we have

held that "[a]n owner of real estate or personal property having

adequate knowledge of his property may express an opinion as to

its value." Southwick v. Massachusetts Turnpike Auth., 339

Mass. 666, 668 (1959). See Mass. G. Evid. § 701 note (2019).

This rule "does not rest upon [the owner] holding the legal

title, but is based upon his familiarity with the

characteristics of the property, his knowledge or acquaintance

with its uses, and his experience in dealing with it." Blais-

Porter, Inc. v. Simboli, 402 Mass. 269, 272 (1988), quoting

Winthrop Prods. Corp. v. Elroth Co., 331 Mass. 83, 85 (1954).

See also Menici, 285 Mass. at 504 ("Persons not owners but

sufficiently familiar with the property in controversy to

express an opinion upon its value have been allowed to do so

though not regarded as experts"). We have extended this rule to

corporate officers testifying as to corporate property when they

have sufficient knowledge or familiarity. Winthrop Prods.

Corp., 331 Mass. at 85. As the founder and director of the

Center, Hlatky was sufficiently familiar with what would be

necessary to reestablish her laboratory because she was the

person who had established it in the first place.17

17In fact, Steward in its closing argument characterized
Hlatky's role as "CEO of her lab" and "CEO of her company."
 36

Additionally, as the judge noted, other evidence admitted

at trial buttressed Hlatky's lay testimony that $10 million was

a reasonable estimate of the cost to reestablish a cancer

research laboratory. The jury heard evidence that Hlatky spent

$4 million in 2005 to purchase additional equipment and

customize her laboratory when she moved from Harvard to Caritas.

The Center's administrative coordinator estimated that the

replacement cost of only some of the equipment at the Center

totaled $1.5 million. The laboratory employed thirty staff at

the time it closed, Hlatky's salary alone was $425,000 annually,

and her contract with Steward provided that it would pay

$323,000 annually for personnel and laboratory supplies. This

is in addition to evidence that Hlatky had been accumulating

equipment for years which she brought with her from Berkeley to

Harvard, to Caritas, and then to Steward. When determining

damages for a breach of contract, the plaintiff need not prove

her damages with mathematical certainty, as long as the damages

are not too remote, speculative, or hypothetical. See Lowrie v.

Castle, 225 Mass. 37, 51 (1916). See also Pierce v. Clark, 66

Mass. App. Ct. 912, 914 (2006). The judge did not err in

concluding that the $10 million figure was not too speculative

to form the basis for an award.

3. Remittitur. Hlatky in her cross-appeal argues that the

judge abused her discretion in ordering a new trial unless
 37

Hlatky agreed to remit all but $10.2 million of the jury's award

of damages of $22,637,500. She contends that remittitur was

improper in this case because the jury's calculation is entitled

to deference and the evidence introduced at trial clearly

warranted a verdict in the amount awarded by the jury when one

adds future operational costs to the cost of reestablishing the

Center.

Under Mass. R. Civ. P. 59 (a), "[a] new trial shall not be

granted solely on the ground that the damages are excessive

until the prevailing party has first been given an opportunity

to remit so much thereof as the court adjudges is excessive."

The rule "does not require the judge to give the plaintiff the

opportunity to remit only so much of the amount of the verdict

as exceeds the maximum amount which the jury warrantably might

have allowed." D'Annolfo v. Stoneham Hous. Auth., 375 Mass.

650, 661 (1978). The trial judge has the "discretion to fix the

amount of remittitur to bring the verdict anywhere within the

range of verdicts supported by the evidence." Id. at 662.

Given this standard, it is not surprising that we rarely

conclude that a judge abused her discretion in ordering a

plaintiff either to remit an amount the judge deems excessive or

proceed to a new trial. See Reckis v. Johnson & Johnson, 471

Mass. 272, 299 (2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 896 (2016),

quoting Loschi v. Massachusetts Port Auth., 361 Mass. 714, 715
 38

(1972) (abuse of discretion in grant of new trial "on the ground

of excessive damages 'can so seldom be found that actual

instances in which this court has set aside the action of the

trial judge . . . are almost nonexistent, and it has repeatedly

been stated that occasions when this court can do so are

exceedingly rare'"). Applying this standard, the judge here did

not abuse her discretion in ordering a new trial unless Hlatky

accepted the remittitur of $10.2 million.

We do not know how the jury calculated the damages they

awarded. The special verdict asked only for the total amount of

damages, and did not ask them to specify how they reached that

total. The judge found that an award of over $22 million in

damages was "grossly disproportionate to the proven injury

Hlatky suffered from the destruction of her life's work." The

judge acknowledged that there was testimony that the Center had

procured $30 million in Federal grants, and that some of that

money remained after Steward's breach. But the judge ruled, and

Hlatky concedes, that none of the Federal grant monies would go

directly to Hlatky. The judge also rejected Hlatky's argument

that, based on evidence at trial that it costs between $3.75

million and $4 million per year to operate the Center, and that

Hlatky expected to continue her research for at least six years,

the jury could have awarded her a substantial amount to continue

to pay for the future operations of the Center. The judge
 39

declared that such an award would be a windfall to Hlatky,

because she was not entitled to recover for the cost of future

operations.

The judge acted within her discretion in determining that

the award of damages was excessive to the extent it exceeded the

amount of Hlatky's out-of-pocket expenses and the amount she

testified would allow her to reestablish a cancer research

laboratory to some "minimal-functioning place." I also note the

absence of any evidence in the record that a laboratory would

need to be in operation for a number of years before it could

reasonably apply for Federal funding, so there is no evidence

that reestablishing a laboratory necessarily includes financial

support for future operational expenses. See Ferrer, 573 Pa. at

341-343 (researcher whose laboratory was destroyed due to breach

of contract could recover cost of rebuilding laboratory, which

was not premised on future funding).

4. Prejudgment interest. Finally, Steward contends that

the judge erred in allowing Hlatky's motion to amend the

judgment pursuant to Mass. R. Civ. P. 59 (e) to award

prejudgment interest from the date of the alleged breach,

December 31, 2012, rather than from the date Hlatky filed her

complaint. I agree that interest should run from the date the

complaint was filed.
 40

Under G. L. c. 231, § 6C, prejudgment interest on a

judgment resulting from a breach of contract claim is calculated

from the date of the breach or demand but, if that date is not

established, interest runs from the date of the commencement of

the action. Establishing the "date of an alleged breach is a

question of fact for the trier of fact." Karen Constr. Co. v.

Lizotte, 396 Mass. 143, 149 (1985). Where a trial has proceeded

before a jury, neither the trial judge nor an appellate court

may make such a determination. Id. If the judge does not

instruct the jury to make a special finding as to the date of

the breach, and the plaintiff fails to object to that omission,

interest properly runs from the date of the complaint. Deerskin

Trading Post, Inc. v. Spencer Press, Inc., 398 Mass. 118, 125-

126 (1986).

Here, the jury were not asked in the special verdict in the

liability phase of the trial to find the date of the breach.

Nor were they asked to identify the term of the contract that

was in breach or the nature of the breach; they were simply

asked whether Steward had "breached any terms of the Contract."

And Hlatky did not object to the absence of questions asking for

more specific findings.

The judge, however, determined that the jury had implicitly

found that Steward committed a breach of the contract on

December 31, 2012, when it withdrew from SRSPC, because in her
 41

jury instructions during the liability phase of trial she

stated: "Now, Dr. Hlatky alleges that Steward Health Care LLC

breached the contract when it resigned as the sole member of

Steward Research & Specialty Projects Corporation on December

31, 2012." But this statement merely summarized Hlatky's theory

of the case; the absence of objection to this statement cannot

be deemed the equivalent of a stipulation regarding the date of

breach. There is certainly evidence in the record to support a

finding that Steward committed a breach of the contract on

December 31, 2012, but the availability of evidence in the

record "does not satisfy the requirement that the trier of fact

establish the date for breach." Aimtek, Inc. v. Norton Co., 69

Mass. App. Ct. 660, 668 (2007). Nor is the date of breach

crystal clear from the evidence. To be sure, Steward withdrew

from SRSPC on December 31, 2012, but it did not withdraw its

support from the Center on that date; it continued to make

payroll and perform other obligations of the project

administrator even when it no longer served in that capacity.

The jury reasonably could have found that the breach occurred,

not when Steward withdrew from SRSPC, but when it effectively

withdrew its support for the Center.

The burden rests with the plaintiff to establish the date

of breach. Where the plaintiff fails to request a special

finding during a jury trial (or object to its omission), and
 42

fails otherwise to meet that burden, prejudgment interest

properly runs from the date the complaint was filed, which here

was February 7, 2014. See Deerskin, 398 Mass. at 125-126.
 LENK, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part, with

whom Budd and Cypher, JJ., join). I agree that Dr. Lynn Hlatky

suffered personal harm due to the defendant's breach of

contract, as well as its breach of the covenant of good faith

and fair dealing. I agree that her harm -- the loss of the

benefit of her bargain with Steward Health Care System, LLC

(Steward) -- was compensable by money damages. I also agree

that Hlatky properly was permitted to testify as to the costs of

rebuilding the laboratory that she brought to Steward and that

was necessary to sustain her cancer research. The evidence at

trial was sufficient to undergird the remittitur award of $10

million, the cost to rebuild a "minimal-functioning place,"

possibly allowing for requisite future grant funding and the

resumption of Hlatky's once-vibrant research.

I write separately because I disagree with Chief Justice

Gants's remedy, one that would control how Hlatky may spend the

damages that were awarded her. The Chief Justice acknowledges

that his remedy is unprecedented, see ante at , and arises

from his concern that, because she did not own the laboratory

itself, and testified that she wanted the money to rebuild the

laboratory, it somehow would be an unfair windfall were Hlatky

to be permitted to spend the money damages in any other way.

See ante at . The Chief Justice, moreover, is satisfied that

the circumstances here are sufficiently unique so as to have no
 2

effect on future cases. See ante at . I disagree with him

on both counts.

To begin, it is the Chief Justice's remedy itself that is

unfair. So far as I can tell (and as the Chief Justice himself

agrees, see ante at ), those awarded money damages by a jury

have never before been told by a court that they may spend the

award only to restore what was lost. Once a plaintiff's

recognized loss has been assessed and measured by the finder of

fact, and then transformed into fungible money damages, it has

been for the plaintiff to decide how to spend that compensatory

award of damages. I see no good reason to depart from that

well-established course by singling out for different treatment

this distinguished woman, whose life's work as a scientist was

derailed by a breached contract. That breach resulted in the

foreseeable loss of the laboratory necessary to sustain her

work, and all of the experimental samples she had created.

Whether she wishes to start again, whether she even could start

again after so much time has passed and her faculty position has

been lost, whether she wishes to use the money to fund different

research or others' research in the same field, or whether she

wants to hike the Appalachian trail -- these matters simply are

not our concern.

The Chief Justice views this departure from the norm as

warranted both because Hlatky did not own the laboratory itself,
 3

and because, by testifying that she intended to rebuild the

laboratory, she somehow waived the right to use the money

damages awarded her in any other way. While I can see how her

not owning the laboratory might be relevant to an argument that

she has not herself been harmed and simply cannot have suffered

compensable damage (a view that the Chief Justice and I both

reject),1 it has no evident connection to the scope of damages

she may receive.

The Chief Justice seems to think, unsupported by treatise

or case law, that this fact of nonownership distinguishes

Hlatky's case from all other contract cases, and that it thereby

implicates a fairness calculus, i.e., if she does not own the

laboratory, she does not fully own the loss, and any money

damages cannot really be fully hers. Fairness, as the Chief

Justice sees it, requires that money awarded to her has to come

with strings attached -- it can be spent only to rebuild the

laboratory, or in support of "comparable cancer research," and,

in the interim, must be held in some form of trust.2 Yet there

1 Compare Ferrer v. Trustees of the Univ. of Pa., 573 Pa.
310, 349-352 (2002) (Cappy, J., dissenting).

2 The alternative limitation that the Chief Justice would
impose on Hlatky's award of damages -- that it be used to
support "comparable cancer research"-- is curious, at best. It
has nothing to do with Hlatky's expectation damages. The Chief
Justice indicates elsewhere that the measure of her personal
damages is that amount of money necessary to restore her to the
position she would have been in had Steward provided the support
 4

is no requirement in the Restatement of Contracts, nor in our

prior cases, that a plaintiff own the property at issue. See

Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 344(a) (1981) (in breach of

contract claim, plaintiff is entitled to damages to protect

"h[er] 'expectation interest,' which is h[er] interest in having

the benefit of h[er] bargain by being put in as good a position

as [s]he would have been in had the contract been performed").3

See e.g., Hadley v. Baxendale, 156 Eng. Rep. 145, 151-152 (Ex.

Ch. 1854); Leland v. Stone, 10 Mass. 459, 462-464 (1813).

As the Chief Justice recognizes, see ante at , far from

being unique, the form of arrangement at issue here is typical

it had promised her -- being able to "continue her life's
scientific work" at the "peak of her career" by having a
functioning laboratory supported by grant funding. See ante at
. Even if the $10.2 million remittitur award were all that the
evidence supports -- a questionable assumption in my view, given
that she also expected a faculty position, support staff,
researchers, the use of her irreplaceable cell samples, the
ongoing money necessary to run the laboratory, as well as other
"indirect costs," see ante at n.1, it hardly would include
supporting other "comparable cancer research." Moreover, one
readily could envision how the $10.2 million would be eroded by
legal fees if this mandated alternative were invoked: for
starters, just what cancer research in fact would be
"comparable"? To be sure, however, Hlatky would be free to use
her award of damages to support other cancer research of her
choice, if she elected to do so.

3 "Expectation damages for breach of contract include
consequential damages, i.e., 'those that cannot be reasonably
prevented and arise naturally from the breach, or which are
reasonably contemplated by the parties.'" Selmark Assocs., Inc.
v. Ehrlich, 467 Mass. 525, 545 (2014), quoting Polaroid Corp. v.
Travelers Indem. Co., 414 Mass. 747, 762 (1993).
 5

in scientific research.4 The sponsoring institution may "own"

the laboratory for purposes of scientific neutrality in

government-sponsored work, but it has no ability to control the

use of the equipment and materials, to maintain custody of the

laboratory, or to direct the researchers. The laboratory is a

creature of the principal investigator, and would not exist

without her.

Nor is it in the least surprising that Hlatky testified, in

support of her claim for money damages, as to the importance of

the hoped-for rebuilding of her laboratory. In order to

establish the amount of damages she claimed, it was necessary

(and typical) that she focus on the cost of such intended

rebuilding, rather than -- even if relevant -- the immeasurable

harm done to her cancer research resulting from the loss of her

4 The principal investigator brings in grant funding based
on her standing and reputation in the field, develops the
laboratory using her knowledge, training, skill, and experience,
hires and supervises the laboratory staff and subordinate
researchers attracted by the principal's scientific standing and
reputation, and is entitled to move all of this, along with any
remaining grant funding, to any other institution she chooses.
See ante at . See generally National Science Foundation,
Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (Dec. 26,
2014), https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/policydocs/pappguide/nsf15001
/gpg_print.pdf [https://perma.cc/RZ8Q-EBLM]; 2 C.F.R. § 200.56
(2014) (indirect facilities and administrative costs). See also
National Science Foundation, Indirect Cost Rates, https://
www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/caar/indirect.jsp [https://perma.cc/W3Z4-
2RF3], NASA Grant and Cooperative Agreement Manual (Dec. 26,
2014, rev. Aug. 22, 2019), https://prod.nais.nasa.gov
/pub/pub_library/srba/documents/Grant_and_CooperativeAgreement
Manual.pdf [https://perma.cc/WP2L-GSCX].
 6

laboratory. That she did so testify does not operate as a form

of waiver as to any other use of the awarded damages and in no

way warrants the extraordinary limitation that the Chief Justice

would impose.

I am not persuaded that the Chief Justice's remedy, a

curious mixture of expectation damages coupled with partial

specific performance,5 is either necessary or appropriate. "One

cannot have damages for the breach of a contract, and a decree

also for its specific performance. Not because the remedies are

inconsistent. On the contrary, they are alternative."

Perroncello v. Donahue, 448 Mass. 199, 204 (2007), quoting

Slaughter v. La Compagnie Francaises Des Cables Telegraphiques,

119 F. 588, 588–589 (2d Cir. 1902), cert. denied, 191 U.S. 574

(1903). See, e.g., Anthony's Pier Four, Inc. v. HBC Assocs.,

411 Mass. 451, 478-479 (1991); Sullivan v. O'Connor, 363 Mass.

5 Specific performance "is usually granted in disputes
involving the conveyance of land," which is considered unique
and where money damages will not suffice to make a plaintiff
whole. McCarthy v. Tobin, 429 Mass. 84, 89 (1999). "[U]nder
traditional principles of contract law, courts normally do not
enforce employment contracts with orders for specific
performance." Redgrave v. Boston Symphony Orch., Inc., 557 F.
Supp. 230, 234 (D. Mass. 1983), quoting Loeb v. Textron, Inc.,
600 F.2d 1003, 1023 n.34 (1st Cir. 1979), overruled on another
ground, Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston, 469 U.S. 111
(1985). See Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 364(b), (c)
(specific performance will be "refused if such relief would be
unfair").
 7

579, 583-584 (1973), discussing Hawkins v. McGee, 84 N.H. 114

(1929).

I also do not agree with the Chief Justice's view that the

limitation on the damages awarded Hlatky is the only "fair"

thing to do in this case. The circumstances here are on all

fours with Ferrer v. Trustees of the Univ. of Pa., 573 Pa. 310,

334-335 (2002).6 As in Ferrer, supra, I believe that Hlatky

should receive the money damages the jury awarded, just as she

would in any other case of breach of an employment contract.7

Indeed, as the Chief Justice observes, see ante at , Hlatky

appears to have a much stronger claim to damages than did the

professor in Ferrer. She suffered the loss of a laboratory that

she created for her cancer research, and that she had built up

over twenty-five years; she brought to Steward her laboratory,

her research staff, and her irreplaceable cell samples, only to

see it all destroyed through Steward's actions and failures to

act. See, e.g., Poola v. Howard Univ., 147 A.3d 267, 272, 286-

288 (D.C. 2016); Moncton vs. Argonne Nat'l Lab., No. 03-C-3989

(N.D. Ill. Feb. 14, 2005).

In Ferrer, 573 Pa. at 334-335, money damages were awarded
6

to compensate a professor for the costs of restoring his
research laboratory and Federally-funded program, including
research animals, to its level prior to the university's breach.

Indeed, the Chief Justice correctly characterizes the
7

contract here as "not merely an employment contract." See ante
at .
 8

To be sure, while uncommon in the employment context,8

Hlatky herself might have sought specific performance of the

contract, requiring the defendant to provide her with "non-

capital funds in the amount of $323,000 per year for a period of

[three] years . . . to be used for recruitment of research

personnel, laboratory supplies, animal expenses, and expenses

required to support [her] research," as well as "to continue to

provide support and suitable office space" for her Center of

Cancer Systems Biology. She did not do so, electing instead to

pursue a damages remedy. It is not for this court to second

guess the plaintiff and to impose retroactively even a modified

form of the road not taken.

Indeed, among the unintended consequences of the Chief

Justice's novel hybrid remedy is this: the Chief Justice

justifies his remedy by its focus upon Hlatky not "owning" the

laboratory, and by the avoidance of a purported windfall. Yet

the remedy, even if it were feasible, would render her the owner

or beneficiary of any rebuilt laboratory made possible by the

use of her funds. Ironically, Federal funding requirements

8 See Redgrave, 557 F. Supp. at 234, quoting Loeb, 600 F.2d
at 1023 n.34.
 9

generally do not permit such ownership by a principal

investigator.9

Quite apart from these concerns, I am not at all confident

that, if adopted here, the Chief Justice's hybrid remedy would

be the "one-off" that he anticipates. There are at least nine

teaching hospitals and more than sixty acute care hospitals in

Massachusetts, as well as over one hundred colleges and

universities. However well intentioned, the admixture the Chief

Justice has devised is Solomonic only in the sense that

splitting the baby becomes a real risk. That similar situations

could well arise again in our research-rich environment is

hardly unthinkable. See, e.g., Trustees of the Univ. of the

D.C. v. Vossoughi, 963 A.2d 1162, 1179-1182 (D.C. 2009)

(affirming award of damages for value of researcher's "life's

work," conducted with grant funding, and rejecting contention

that jury should be instructed that plaintiff did not have

ownership rights in materials purchased with university funds);

9 See, e.g., National Science Foundation, Prospective New
Awardee Guide (Jan. 2018), https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2018
/nsf18033/nsf18033.pdf [https://perma.cc/Q94R-4UW3]; National
Science Foundation, Grantee Standards, NSF 05-131 (July 2005),
https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/manuals/gpm05_131/gpm5.jsp#510
[https://perma.cc/7N7A-3F9S]. Neither the Chief Justice nor I
have expertise in the intricacies of Federal grants to
laboratories; that being said, however, I rather doubt that a
former owner or beneficiary of a laboratory, who then
transferred her funds to a nonprofit entity to hold title, could
thereby qualify to be the requisite neutral principal
investigator.
 10

Mossberg v. University of Or., 240 Or. App. 490, 492-493, 503-

506 (2011) (professor sued university for money damages for

destruction of laboratory and equipment he had acquired with

Federal grants and brought with him to his new university, as

well as additional equipment acquired through grants after his

arrival).10

It is not doctrinal purity for its own sake that matters

here; it is that settled expectations about fundamental legal

concepts do have value. Contract law is based on

predictability. Parties expect to get the benefit of their

negotiated bargains and, with recognized exceptions few in

number, to have the law enforce them. The prospect that

reviewing courts will, at unanticipated times and on an ad hoc

basis, craft and impose unique remedies that the parties did not

envision hardly furthers needed predictability. Introducing

unnecessary contractual uncertainty in an economy so heavily

dependent as Massachusetts's is upon education, medicine, and

technological innovation is simply not prudent.

For the reasons I have given, and because I would not open

the Pandora's box of unknown future harm to the predictability

10See also Embury v. King, 191 F. Supp. 2d 1071, 1085-1087
(N.D. Cal. 2001), aff'd, 361 F.3d 562 (9th Cir. 2004); Tavolini
v. Mount Sinai Med. Ctr., 984 F. Supp. 196, 208 (S.D.N.Y. 1997),
aff'd, 198 F.3d 235 (2d Cir. 1999).
 11

of contract law upon which contracting parties have relied for

hundreds of years, I respectfully dissent.