NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
______________
Nos. 18-2012, 18-2225, 18-2249, 18-2253, 18-2281, 18-2332, 18-2416, 18-
2417, 18-2418, 18-2419, 18-2422, 18-2650, 18-2651, 18-2661, 18-2724,
and 19-1385
In Re: NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE PLAYERS’ CONCUSSION INJURY
LITIGATION
MELVIN ALDRIDGE; PATRISE ALEXANDER; CHARLIE ANDERSON;
CHARLES E. ARBUCKLE; CASSANDRA BAILEY, individually and as the
Representative of the Estate of JOHNNY BAILEY; ROD BERNSTINE;
REATHA BROWN, Individually and as the Representative of the Estate of
AARON BROWN, JR.; CURTIS CEASAR, JR.; LARRY CENTERS; TREVOR
COBB; DARRELL COLBERT; ELBERT CRAWFORD, III; CHRISTOPHER
CROOMS; GARY CUTSINGER; JERRY W. DAVIS; TIM DENTON; LELAND
C. DOUGLAS, JR.; MICHAEL DUMAS; CORRIS ERVIN; ROBERT EVANS;
DOAK FIELD; JAMES FRANCIS; BALDWIN MALCOLM FRANK;
DERRICK FRAZIER; MURRAY E. GARRETT; CLYDE P. GLOSSON;
ANTHONY GUILLLORY; RODERICK W. HARRIS; WILMER K. HICKS, JR.;
PATRICK JACKSON; FULTON JOHNSON; RICHARD JOHNSON; GARY
JONES; ERIC KELLY; PATSY LEWIS, Individually and as the Representative
of the Estate of MARK LEWIS; RYAN MCCOY; EMANUEL MCNEIL;
GERALD MCNEIL; JERRY JAMES MOSES; ANTHONY E. NEWSOM;
WINSLOW OLIVER; JOHN OWENS; ROBERT POLLARD; DERRICK POPE;
JIMMY ROBINSON; GLENELL SANDERS; THOMAS SANDERS; TODD
SCOTT; NILO SILVAN; MATTHEW SINCLAIR; DWIGHT A. SCALES;
RICHARD A. SILER; FRANKIE SMITH; ERIC J. SWANN; ANTHONY
TONEY; HERBERT E. WILLIAMS; JAMES WILLIAMS, JR.; BUTCH
WOOLFOLK; KEITH WOODSIDE; MILTON WYNN; JAMES A. YOUNG,
SR.; LUBEL VOYLES, LLP; WASHINGTON & ASSOCIATES PLLC; THE
CANADY LAW FIRM,
Appellants
______________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
(No. 2:12-md-02323)
District Judge: Honorable Anita B. Brody
______________
Submitted under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
April 24, 2020
______________
Before: AMBRO, SHWARTZ, and BIBAS, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: May 7, 2020)
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OPINION*
______________
SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.
Counsel for various plaintiffs and objectors appeal the attorneys’ fee award
in the National Football League (“NFL”) concussion injury litigation. For the
reasons set forth herein, in all but one instance, the District Court’s fee award was
factually and legally sound and reflected a proper exercise of its discretion. As a
result, we will affirm in part and remand in part.
I
A
“[R]etired professional football players” sued “Defendants NFL and NFL
Properties, LLC (collectively ‘NFL Defendants’) [for] fail[ing] to take reasonable
actions to protect players from the chronic risks posed by concussive and sub-
concussive head injuries.” In re Nat’l Football League Players Concussion Injury
Litig. (NFL I), 775 F.3d 570, 572 (3d Cir. 2014).
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P.
5.7, does not constitute binding precedent.
2
The District Court appointed Christopher Seeger of Seeger Weiss LLP to
serve as Co-Lead Class Counsel. Seeger took the lead in managing the case and
communicating with the Court. The Court also established an Executive
Committee to handle the coordination of the proceedings, and a Steering
Committee, to handle “all necessary pretrial tasks.” In re Nat’l Football League
Players Concussion Injury Litig. (NFL II), 821 F.3d 410, 421 (3d Cir. 2016). In
addition, the Court appointed a time-and-expense auditor to monitor counsels’ fees
and expenses. Thereafter, master complaints were filed to supersede the many
complaints, and Defendants moved to dismiss. Id. at 421-22.
While the motion was pending, the parties participated in a mediation and
reached a settlement. Id. at 422. Class counsel then filed a class action complaint
and moved for preliminary class certification and approval of the settlement. Id.
The Court “denied the motion because it had doubts that the capped fund for
paying claims would be sufficient.” Id. at 422-23. The parties thereafter “reached
a revised settlement that uncapped the fund for compensating retired players.” Id.
at 423.
Several groups filed objections to the revised settlement, including seven
former NFL players, known as the Faneca Objectors. They argued, among other
things, that the interests of all class members were not adequately represented and
that the revised settlement would not compensate all afflicted class members. To
address these concerns, “[c]lass counsel filed a second motion for preliminary
class certification,” which was granted, and the District Court “preliminarily
3
approved the settlement, conditionally certified the class, approved classwide
notice, and scheduled a final fairness hearing.” Id. (citing In re Nat’l Football
League Players’ Concussion Injury Litig., 301 F.R.D. 191 (E.D. Pa. 2014)). The
Faneca Objectors and others renewed their objections to the settlement,
complaining about other purported defects in the settlement.
Thereafter, the District Court held “a day-long fairness hearing and heard
argument from class counsel, the NFL, and several objectors.” Id. The Court
appointed Faneca Objectors’ counsel to present the objectors’ arguments. “After
the hearing, the Court proposed several changes to benefit class members,” which
the parties adopted, and it thereafter “granted the motion for class certification and
final approval of the amended settlement[.]”1 Id. We affirmed. Id. at 420.
1
In sum,
[t]he settlement has three components: (1) an uncapped Monetary
Award Fund that provides compensation for retired players who
submit proof of certain diagnoses; (2) a $75 million Baseline
Assessment Program that provides eligible retired players with free
baseline assessment examinations of their objective neurological
functioning; and (3) a $10 million Education Fund to instruct football
players about injury prevention.
NFL II, 821 F.3d at 423.
4
B
In addition to benefits to the class, the settlement required Defendants to
pay class counsel reasonable fees and costs up to $112.5 million. On behalf of
counsel, Seeger filed a fee petition seeking the full $112.5 million.2
The District Court applied the factors set forth in Gunter v. Ridgewood
Energy Corp., 223 F.3d 190 (3d Cir. 2000), and In re Prudential Insurance Co. of
America Sales Practice Litigation Agent Actions, 148 F.3d 283 (3d Cir. 1998),
performed a lodestar cross-check, and awarded $106,817,220.62 in attorneys’
fees3 and $5,682,779.38 in costs. In re Nat’l Football League Players’ Concussion
Injury Litig., No. 2:12-md-02323-AB, 2018 WL 1635648, at *1, 3-9 (E.D. Pa.
Apr. 5, 2018). The fee award amounted to approximately 11% of the then-present
value of the settlement. Id. at *1, 3, 7-8.
To determine how to allocate the award among counsel, the District Court
ordered Seeger to “submit a detailed submission as a proposal for the allocation of
lawyers’ fees among class counsel[,] including the precise amounts to be awarded
along with a justification of those amounts based on an analysis of the work
2
The District Court approved the settlement term that provided for up to a
5% holdback from each Monetary Award to pay for costs and fees associated with
implementing the settlement. The Court acted within its discretion to overrule the
more than twenty objections to this term, as it provides funds for work on behalf
of eligible players seeking benefits in the future. In re Nat’l Football League
Players’ Concussion Injury Litig.¸No. 2:12-md-023230AB, 2018 WL 1635648, at
* 2 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 15, 2018).
3
Rather than adopting the proposed hourly rates for counsel and paralegals,
the District Court applied a blended billing rate, averaged from rates for partners,
of counsel attorneys, associates, contract attorneys, and paralegals.
5
performed.” JA 7920. Attorneys seeking fees provided Seeger with itemized
timesheets and declarations, which he used to develop his proposal. Seeger
analyzed the records and provided the Court with declarations, which set forth
each requesting firm’s “common benefit hours and expenses” and described “what
they did to merit” a fee award. JA 8228. He then submitted a proposed allocation
to the Court. Numerous declarations were filed in opposition to the proposed
allocation. In reply, Seeger explained the process for reviewing time sheets and
stated that he “provided each firm with an opportunity to justify why any
challenged time should be deemed ‘common benefit’ time.” JA 8227.
After receiving Seeger’s recommendation and the objections, the District
Court held a hearing. During the hearing, firms challenging Seeger’s proposed fee
allocation were each given an opportunity to present oral arguments. After
considering the arguments and submissions, the Court issued a detailed opinion
allocating the attorneys’ fees.4 To calculate the multipliers, the Court considered
the same factors that Seeger used, namely: (1) the value of the contribution to the
settlement negotiations and defense of the settlement on appeal, (2) meaningful
4
The relevant allocations are as follows:
Anapol Weiss............................................................................$4,643,590.00
Kreindler & Kreindler...............................................................$1,491,097.30
Locks Law Firm........................................................................$3,855,625.00
Mitnick Law.................................................................................$673,959.38
Pope McGlamry...........................................................................$829,030.00
Seeger Weiss...........................................................................$51,737,185.70
Zimmerman Reed........................................................................$811,600.87
Faneca Objectors.........................................................................$350,000.00
6
involvement in the settlement negotiations and defense, and (3) appointment to
leadership roles in the litigation.5 The Court considered “the legal acumen
necessary to construct and defend this unique settlement” and whether fee
applicants were “involved in this litigation from the earliest stages through to the
hard fought appeal.” JA 88. The Court also noted the value of Seeger’s
recommendation because of his “front row seat for the [settlement] negotiations
and the legal rigors of the appellate process.” JA 90.
Various firms appeal the awards and lodge multiple challenges. Among
other things, Appellants claim that the method used to allocate the fees among
counsel, including Seeger’s recommender role, was improper. Other Appellants,
like the Faneca Objectors, object to the specific award that they received.
II6
A
We have carefully reviewed each argument, the record, the governing law,
and the District Court’s opinion and, with just one exception, conclude that the
5
The District Court agreed with Seeger that membership on the Steering or
Executive Committees alone did not warrant a multiplier greater than 1.0.
6
The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2).
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review class action fee
decisions for abuse of discretion. In re Diet Drugs (Diet Drugs II), 582 F.3d 524,
538 (3d Cir. 2009). We give district courts considerable deference in fee
decisions, see In re AT & T Corp., 455 F.3d 160, 163 (3d Cir. 2006), because “[a]
judge is presumed knowledgeable as to the fees charged by attorneys in general
and as to the quality of legal work presented to [her] by particular attorneys,”
Lindy Bros. Builders, Inc. v. Am. Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., 487 F.2d
161, 169 (3d Cir. 1973).
7
District Court soundly exercised its discretion in its fee awards and procedures
employed.7 With one exception, the Court provided thorough explanations for
each of its rulings. As a result, it is unnecessary for us to dwell on the numerous
challenges.8 We do, however, briefly address one issue that many Appellants have
raised concerning the Court’s use of Seeger to make recommendations about the
allocation. We also explain why remand is necessary for one of the fee awards.
B
We first consider whether it was proper for the District Court to permit
Seeger to make a recommendation to the Court regarding how to allocate the more
than $100 million in fees to himself and all other counsel.
7
In fact, given the thorough consideration the District Court gave to each
fee application, “[w]e can hardly think of a sphere of judicial decisionmaking in
which appellate micromanagement has less to recommend it.” Fox v. Vice, 563
U.S. 826, 838 (2011).
8
As stated above, we need not specifically address each of the many
arguments made because all but one of Appellants’ challenges were well within
the District Court’s discretion. We do, however, note that the Court’s total fee
award reflected meticulous application of the Gunter/Prudential factors and the
lodestar cross-check, and its lodestar cross-check revealed a multiplier of 2.96,
which is within the acceptable range in this Circuit. In re Cendant Corp. PRIDES
Litig., 243 F.3d 722, 742 (3d Cir. 2001) (observing a range of reasonable
multipliers from 1.35 to 2.99). In addition, since the lodestar served only as a
cross-check, it was within the Court’s discretion to decline to make public the
billing records. See Diet Drugs II, 582 F.3d at 539 (holding that the district court
did not need to consider or make public class counsel’s individual billing records);
Prudential, 148 F.3d at 341-42 (upholding district court’s refusal of discovery of
time records in a percentage-of-recovery case, where lodestar is used only as a
cross-check). The Court also did not abuse its discretion in capping the fees for
individually retained private attorneys at 22% given the expert testimony and
similar cases that support such a ruling.
8
The District Court has the authority to decide how to gather attorneys’ fees
information and make its assessment, see, e.g., In re Diet Drugs (Diet Drugs II),
582 F.3d 524, 539 (3d Cir. 2009) (“In large cases, especially one of prodigious
proportions like this, reliance on summaries is certainly within the discretion of
the district court.”), and to appoint others to assist with or provide
recommendations for calculating and allocating attorneys’ fees, In re Warfarin
Sodium Antitrust Litig., 391 F.3d 516, 533 n.15 (3d Cir. 2004); Prudential, 148
F.3d at 329 n.96, 330. When a court chooses to seek input from interested
lawyers, it of course must closely scrutinize their recommendations, In re Diet
Drugs (Diet Drugs I), 401 F.3d 143, 173 (3d Cir. 2005) (Ambro, J., concurring),
and, as the fiduciary of the class, it must remain the final arbiter of both the
amount of the award and to whom it is allocated based upon the work performed
and whether that work benefitted the class, see, e.g., In re AT & T Corp., 455 F.3d
160, 168-69 (3d Cir. 2006); In re Rite Aid Corp. Sec. Litig., 396 F.3d 294, 308 (3d
Cir. 2005), as amended (Feb. 25, 2005).
Here, the District Court sought input from Seeger in making its allocation
decision. Given Seeger’s role as Co-Lead Class Counsel from almost the
inception of the case through settlement and multiple appeals, the Court
reasonably viewed him as uniquely knowledgeable about the work performed by
all counsel and believed that he could provide a perspective about how their work
benefitted the class. Seeger, however, only gave the Court a recommendation.
The Court also considered vigorous challenges to the recommendation and gave
9
all counsel an opportunity to share their views about their own contributions to the
case. Thus, all counsel had a chance to correct any misimpressions that they
believed Seeger conveyed. Armed with this information, the Court did not blindly
accept a recommendation from a single interested counsel but rather considered
that recommendation in light of its knowledge of the case, the work of all counsel,
and how all counsel described their own work.9 As result, the Court conducted a
“robust” and “thorough judicial review” of each application. See Sullivan v. DB
Invs., Inc., 667 F.3d 273, 329 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting Diet Drugs II, 582 F.3d at
537-38).
Furthermore, at all times, the District Court understood its role as the
ultimate decisionmaker and fulfilled its obligation to make an independent
assessment of each fee petition. In making allocation decisions, the Court
considered whether the fee applicant held an “appointed leadership” role in the
case, whether counsel was meaningfully involved throughout the litigation,
whether counsel demonstrated “the legal acumen necessary to construct and
defend this unique settlement,” and the “value” counsel provided “to the
settlement negotiations and the defense of the [s]ettlement on appeal.” JA 88.
Given our deference to the District Court’s methodology in making its fee
awards, In re Gen. Motors Corp. Pick-Up Truck Fuel Tank Prod. Liab. Litig., 55
9
The District Court’s rejection of the proposed hourly rates as unreasonable
and its application of a blended rate is just one way it showed that Seeger did not
have special influence over this process.
10
F.3d 768, 821 (3d Cir. 1995), that the record supports the method used, and that
the Court acted independently in its allocation decisions, we conclude that it acted
well within its discretion in both its fee calculation methodology and allocation
procedure.10
C
We next address the only area in which the District Court’s fee award
requires additional attention on remand: the explanation for its award to the
Faneca Objectors.
In class action settlements, a court may award attorneys’ fees to prevailing
parties, including objectors. See Halley v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 861 F.3d 481,
496 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h)); In re Cendant Corp. PRIDES
Litig., 243 F.3d 722, 743 (3d Cir. 2001). District courts have “broad discretion in
10
Contrary to the arguments of several Appellants, the District Court’s
allocation procedure did not offend due process, and their citation to In re
Nineteen Appeals Arising Out of the San Juan Dupont Plaza Hotel Fire Litig., 982
F.2d 603, 613 (1st Cir. 1992), does not further their argument. Nineteen Appeals
is not binding and is factually distinguishable. There, the district court precluded
one group of fee applicants from “rais[ing] objections or otherwise address[ing]
the Court” at the fee allocation hearing. Id. In our case, all firms were permitted
to make written submissions, and the Court heard oral argument from
representatives of each group challenging Seeger's proposed fee allocation.
Furthermore, Appellants fail to recognize that in a subsequent appeal in the
Nineteen Appeals litigation, a second due process challenge to the fee allocation
proceedings was rejected because the district court gave all parties the chance “to
present their case” and provided them “a meaningful opportunity to be heard.” In
re Thirteen Appeals Arising Out of the San Juan Dupont Plaza Hotel Fire Litig.,
56 F.3d 295, 301 (1st Cir. 1995). Since the parties here received “a meaningful
opportunity to be heard” and to “present their case,” due process was provided.
Id.
11
deciding whether, and in what amount, attorneys’ fees should be awarded [to
objectors] since [they are] in the best position to determine whether the
participation of objectors assisted the court and enhanced the recovery.” Cendant
PRIDES, 243 F.3d at 743 (quoting White v. Auerbach, 500 F.2d 822, 828 (2d Cir.
1974)).11
To determine whether to award a fee, courts consider several factors,
including the benefits attorneys have given to the class. Diet Drugs II, 582 F.3d at
541; see also In re Fine Paper Antitrust Litig., 751 F.2d 562, 583 (3d Cir. 1984)
(instructing that a court allocating a common fund among attorneys “responsible
for its creation” must “determine the value of each attorney’s services to the
class”). We review that determination for abuse of discretion, Cendent PRIDES,
243 F.3d at 742, by looking to the district court’s reasoning, AT & T Corp., 455
F.3d at 164 (“We require district courts ‘to clearly set forth their reasoning for fee
awards so that we will have a sufficient basis to review for abuse of discretion.’”
(quoting Rite Aid, 396 F.3d at 301)).
11
Appellants argue that the District Court was not “in the best position to
determine whether the participation of objectors assisted the court and enhanced
the recovery,” Cendant PRIDES, 243 F.3d at 743 (quoting White v. Auerbach, 500
F.2d at 828), and should have instead appointed a special master or asked a
magistrate judge to provide a report. We are hard-pressed to think of anyone
better than Judge Brody in this instance to make this decision. The Court presided
over the case from the start and thus had a “very full picture of the roles and
responsibilities of the different attorneys in the litigation,” JA 91, and an
informational advantage that a special master or magistrate judge not involved in
the case would lack. Retaining this duty was well within the Court’s discretion.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 53; Gen. Motors Corp., 55 F.3d at 821.
12
Unlike its explicit fact finding and the fulsome explanations it provided for
the other fee applicants, we cannot discern the factual basis for the District Court’s
$350,000 award to the Faneca Objectors. Despite recognizing that the Faneca
Objectors “are entitled to compensation for the work they performed for the
class,” the District Court awarded them $350,000, a 0.08 multiplier of their $4.3
million lodestar. JA 106. The Court gave no explanation for how it came up with
this amount. Nor did it explain why it awarded the Faneca Objectors a multiplier
less than the full amount of their lodestar or why the Faneca Objectors’ work
warranted a multiplier far below that awarded to every other counsel. The Court
noted only that the Faneca Objectors’ $20 million requested fee (nearly five times
its $4.3 million lodestar) was “unreasonable” and that $350,000 was sufficient
“[i]n consideration of the service provided as liaison counsel and the firms’ role in
providing benefits to the class.” JA 106.
Because the Court did not identify the facts that led it to reach these
conclusions, we are unable to review it. Therefore, we will remand for the Court
to provide the facts that supported its fee determination. Interfaith Cmty. Org. v.
Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 726 F.3d 403, 416 (3d Cir. 2013) (instructing that a district
court “must support its findings with a sufficient articulation of its rationale to
allow for meaningful appellate review”).
III
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm in part and remand in part with
respect to the attorneys’ fee awarded to the Faneca Objectors.
13
In Re: NFL Players' Concussion v.
Combined Opinion