State v. Sinclair

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 120,677

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

PATRICIA E. SINCLAIR,
Appellant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Douglas District Court; PAULA B. MARTIN, judge. Opinion filed May 8, 2020.
Affirmed.

Kasper Schirer, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Kate Duncan Butler, assistant district attorney, Charles E. Branson, district attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before LEBEN, P.J., SCHROEDER, J., and LAHEY, S.J.

PER CURIAM: Patricia E. Sinclair appeals her jury conviction for arson. She now
argues there were several points of error that denied her the opportunity for a fair trial.
She alleges the district court committed judicial comment error, the prosecutor committed
prosecutorial error, and the statements she made to a fire investigator while she was in the
hospital resulted in a custodial interrogation and should have been suppressed. Sinclair
claims these errors are reversible both individually and cumulatively. Upon our review,
we find no errors sufficient individually or cumulatively to warrant reversal. We affirm
her conviction.

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 FACTS

Sinclair was convicted by a jury of arson based on a fire at her house on October
11, 2016. At trial, the State presented evidence reflecting Sinclair knowingly set fire to
her house on the day she was scheduled to be served with an eviction notice after the
completion of foreclosure proceedings.

Sinclair owned her house, but she failed to make her mortgage payments to U.S.
Bank (the Bank). Based on the delinquent loan, the Bank foreclosed on the property. On
October 11, 2016, Lieutenant Clark Rials with the Douglas County Sheriff's Office tried
to serve Sinclair with the eviction notice. Before he arrived, someone from the sheriff's
office had called Sinclair to tell her someone would be by to serve the eviction notice.

When Rials arrived at the house, he noticed a car parked in the driveway. He
banged on the front and back doors and announced his presence, but no one answered. As
he returned to the front door, he heard a tapping sound and followed it to the east side of
the house near the gas meter. Rials said it sounded as if someone was tapping on a metal
gas line in the basement. He knocked on the front door a second time and then left.

That same day, Melissa Warren, a retired firefighter and Sinclair's neighbor two
houses down, was outside observing a contractor crew pour concrete in her garage. She
heard what sounded like a heavy metal tool banging on a pipe coming from Sinclair's
house. She went to the house and determined the noise was coming from the basement.
Warren yelled into the basement window and asked Sinclair whether she was all right,
but no one responded. Hours later, Warren saw smoke coming from the back door of the
house. One of the contractors called 911, and Warren started moving furniture, boxes,
and other debris obstructing the front door to help the firefighters make entry. She tried to
open the front and back doors, but both were locked.

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 The Lawrence Fire Department (the Department) responded to the fire. Lieutenant
Jeff Holland testified the fire was still growing when the firefighters arrived. Holland and
another firefighter forced open the front door. Due to the amount of debris in the house,
even after the door was opened, they were able to open the door barely wide enough to
squeeze through. The house was heavy with white smoke, so they used a thermal imaging
device to locate Sinclair in the kitchen.

According to Holland, he made it to the kitchen by crawling on top of the clutter.
When he announced his presence, Sinclair immediately asked him to get out of her house.
He said Sinclair appeared angry and repeatedly resisted their attempts to remove her.
Holland and another firefighter carried Sinclair out of the house through the back door.

Sinclair was taken to an ambulance and treated for smoke inhalation. According to
one medic, Sinclair appeared very angry and was cussing and saying things like, "They
should have left me there to die," and "I can't believe the police were smoking me out."
Sinclair mentioned to the medic she had taken pills and admitted she had tried to commit
suicide. Another medic similarly testified Sinclair had mentioned she wanted to die.
Sinclair was air-lifted to a hospital in Kansas City for treatment.

Jason Love, a lieutenant and fire investigator with the Department, investigated
the house to determine the fire's origin and cause. He took photographs of the house to
document his investigation, which the State admitted into evidence. Love ruled out an
extension cord, the chimney, the electrical panel, and the furnace as the origin. By tracing
the smoke, burn, and char patterns throughout the house, he concluded someone had
intentionally started the fire a few feet inside the basement door. He found a used match
surrounded by burnt debris at the origin of the fire. In the kitchen adjacent to the
basement, Love found a box of matches and a metal-headed hammer next to a green
wooden chair. He testified the matches in the kitchen, like the match recovered from the
basement, had wooden stalks with square-shaped ends.

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 About two weeks after the fire, as part of Love's investigation, he interviewed
Sinclair at the hospital. Love made an audio recording of the interview, which the State
admitted into evidence. According to Love, when he asked Sinclair during the interview
whether she had started the fire, Sinclair responded, "[A]nything's possible."

The defense's overall theory was the State provided only speculative evidence
Sinclair had the required motive to burn the house. Sinclair testified she was 71 years old
at the time of the trial. She said the foreclosure process on her house was incredibly long
and very painful. She admitted she was aware at the time of the fire the house was owned
by the Bank. Sinclair testified her health limited her mobility before the fire and it was
hard for her to get up and down the stairs to the basement.

Sinclair could recall very little about the day of the fire. She denied knowing the
sheriff's department was going to serve her with eviction papers. All she remembered
about the fire was being in a state of unconsciousness or nothingness and sitting on her
kitchen chair when she saw smoke going out the small opening in her kitchen window.
When the firefighters came to rescue her, she was worried they would hurt her shoulders
as they carried her. Sinclair explained she used the matches found next to the chair she
was sitting on during the fire to relight the pilot light on her gas stove and furnace. She
denied having suicidal thoughts that day.

Sinclair remembered Love visiting her at the hospital in October 2016. She
testified they got along fine but he asked her some really ridiculous questions. She said,
"[T]here was a point in time where I thought he'd gone too far in terms of saying I'd said
things and trying to get me to say things that weren't true." She denied lighting a match in
the basement to burn down the house.

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 The jury convicted Sinclair of arson, and she was sentenced to 18 months in
prison, suspended to 24 months' supervised probation. Sinclair timely appealed.
Additional facts are set forth as necessary herein.

ANALYSIS

No reversible judicial comment error

Sinclair argues the district judge engaged in reversible judicial comment error by
misstating the legal reasoning for an admonishment to the jury and by relying on the
State to clarify the district court's explanation of the admonishment to the jury.

Kansas courts have generally "used the term 'judicial misconduct' to loosely
describe any judicial error that implicates the right to a fair trial and does not concern a
jury instruction or legal ruling." State v. Boothby, 310 Kan. 619, 626, 448 P.3d 416
(2019). But in Boothby, 310 Kan. at 626, our Supreme Court carved out "judicial
comment error" from the "'judicial misconduct' umbrella," defining "judicial comment
error" as "erroneous judicial comments made in front of a jury (that are not jury
instructions or legal rulings)." The court found "Sherman's 'error and prejudice'" test for
prosecutorial error "applies with equal force to judicial comment error," both of which
can affect a defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial. Boothby, 310 Kan. at 627; see
State v. Sherman, 305 Kan. 88, 109, 378 P.3d 1060 (2016).

Now, in line with Sherman, whether judicial comment error occurred "must be
conducted on a case-by-case basis, always informed by existing caselaw concerning
when judicial comments fall outside a permissible latitude." Boothby, 310 Kan. at 627.
Assuming an error occurred, under the prejudice prong, "the party benefitting from the
error . . . [must prove] beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not affect the outcome
of trial in light of the entire record." 310 Kan. at 627. This review differs from the

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traditional judicial misconduct test "which puts the burden on the party alleging error to
show prejudice." 310 Kan. at 625.

Both parties agree the challenged comments should be analyzed under Boothby's
judicial-comment-error analysis. We agree. Judicial comment error is reviewed under the
same standard as judicial misconduct. Appellate courts "'exercise unlimited review over
judicial misconduct claims, and review them in light of the particular facts and
circumstances surrounding the allegation.'" 310 Kan. at 624.

Sinclair admits she did not contemporaneously object to the district judge's
comments at trial. But her failure to do so does not bar our review. "When a defendant's
right to a fair trial is alleged to have been violated, the judicial comments are reviewable
on appeal despite the lack of a contemporaneous objection." State v. Brown, 280 Kan. 65,
70, 118 P.3d 1273 (2005).

Before closing arguments, the parties met with the district judge in chambers to
discuss jury instructions. During that discussion, the prosecutor said she anticipated
defense counsel would bring up in his closing the State had failed to test the match
recovered from the basement for DNA evidence. She told the judge that under Kansas
caselaw, if defense counsel made the argument, she could respond in rebuttal that Sinclair
could have had the match tested for DNA evidence. According to the prosecutor, such an
argument would not effectively shift the burden of proof from the State to Sinclair.

During the closing argument defense counsel argued:

"[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Let's talk about, for example, the investigation. This
investigation was incomplete. And the reason it was incomplete is because [the State] had
that match that they had recovered from the house, and they were aware of the fact that
the KBI lab can test those kinds of articles, particularly a match, forensically.

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 "They have DNA capabilities which they could have recovered some materials
that might have matched whoever set the fire. They could have had handprints, perhaps,
or thumbprints or any kind of forensic test that was possible by the KBI. But they didn't
even send it in.

....

"Now, the State's going to tell you, well, why didn't the defendant run those
tests? The defendant didn't run the test because it's not our burden of proof. It's the State's
burden of proof."

At that point, the prosecutor requested a sidebar with the district judge. The
prosecutor explained her objection to defense counsel's burden-shifting argument and
requested an admonition to the jury. The district judge admonished the jury to disregard
defense counsel's last comments, stating:

"THE COURT: Had a little discussion about the law. And I'm going to ask you
to disregard the last comments made by [defense counsel] concerning the testing not
being done by the defendant and that they don't have to because the State has the burden.

"It is an accurate statement that the defense could have had that tested. But the
fact that they did not does not shift that burden, then, to—I'm not saying this very artfully
—to the State.

"Would that be accurate? I admit I'm not saying that very well. And [prosecutor],
I think you said it better than I did when you were at the bench.

"[PROSECUTOR]: Judge, that by the defense alleging that the State's going to
come back up and say that they could have tested those objects and didn't, it's not burden-
shifting by the State.

"THE COURT: It is not—that's correct. It is not burden-shifting by the State for
the State to say the defendant could have had these things tested."

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 Before us, Sinclair does not object to the admonition itself but, rather, the district
judge's explanation of her admonition to the jury. She argues the district judge's
explanation "left the jury profoundly confused about who had the burden of proof in [the]
case" and the jury likely "started deliberations with the belief that Ms. Sinclair had some
obligation to prove her innocence." Sinclair also argues, during the same exchange, the
district judge's request for the State to clarify her inarticulate explanation to the jury
"conveyed the impression that the State's interpretation of the law was controlling on the
court."

As for Sinclair's first argument, the State has the burden to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt every required element of the defendant's charged crime. See K.S.A.
2019 Supp. 21-5108(a); Miller v. State, 298 Kan. 921, 930, 318 P.3d 155 (2014). It is
"'improper for the [State] to attempt to shift the burden of proof to the defendant.'" State
v. Pribble, 304 Kan. 824, 837, 375 P.3d 966 (2016). But generally, the prosecutor does
not shift the burden of proof to the defendant by pointing out the defendant's failure to
present certain evidence. See State v. Duong, 292 Kan. 824, 832-33, 257 P.3d 309 (2011).
The parties' sidebar with the district judge shows this was the legal distinction behind the
district judge's admonition to the jury: the prosecutor could point out Sinclair could have
tested the match for forensic evidence herself without shifting the burden of proof to
Sinclair.

The prosecutor's objection to defense counsel's actual argument caused the district
judge's explanation of the admonition to misinform the jury about the State's burden of
proof. The district court's instruction for the jury to "disregard the last comments made by
[defense counsel]" effectively told the jury to disregard defense counsel's last statement
entirely, including his correct remark about the burden of proof. (Emphasis added.) And
the district judge then told the jury defense counsel's failure to get the match tested did
not shift the burden to the State. A more accurate statement would have been "defense
counsel's failure to get the match tested did not shift the burden to Sinclair."

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 Under the prosecutorial error analysis, a prosecutor's clear misstatement of the law
is error. State v. Ross, 310 Kan. 216, 221, 445 P.3d 726 (2019). As Sinclair points out,
now that Boothby has aligned judicial comment error with the prosecutorial error
analysis, the district judge's misstatements about the State's burden of proof were error as
misstatements of the law.

Regarding the last instance of alleged error, the district judge's remark—the
prosecutor "said it better than I did"—indicated to the jury the State's explanation of the
law was "better" or more accurate than her own. At the district judge's request, the
prosecutor provided her own explanation of the admonition, which the district judge
acknowledged was correct. A district judge "should endeavor to conduct the trial in an
atmosphere of impartiality and, therefore, should refrain from remarks or conduct that
may injure a party." State v. Miller, 308 Kan. 1119, 1154, 427 P.3d 907 (2018); see also
Canon 2, Rule 2.3, Comment [1] (2020 Kan. S. Ct. R. 449) (A judge must not show "bias
or prejudice in a proceeding."). For a moment in the trial, the district judge showed at
least some partiality to the State. The better practice would have been for the district
judge to take a short recess or discuss the explanation with the prosecutor and defense
counsel at the bench and outside the jury's hearing. The district judge's remark was
improper.

But even assuming this isolated transfer of authority to explain a point of law to
the jury was error, the error is not reversible, either on its own or when combined with
the district judge's misstatements about the State's burden of proof. The State has proved
beyond a reasonable doubt the district judge's comments "did not affect the outcome of
trial in light of the entire record." See Boothby, 310 Kan. at 628-29.

The State argues the district judge's improper comments were brief. The district
judge's mischaracterization of the State's burden of proof only occurred twice in the trial.
And aside from the district judge's momentary partiality to the State during the same

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exchange, the trial record shows this was not a reoccurring issue. See State v. Miller, 274
Kan. 113, 118, 49 P.3d 458 (2002) ("Mere possibility of prejudice from a judge's remark
is not sufficient to overturn a verdict.").

The State also relies on the mitigating effect of the correct burden-of-proof jury
instruction given by the district judge. In support, the State cites State v. Carmichael, 240
Kan. 149, 727 P.2d 918 (1986). There, the district judge repeatedly thwarted defense
counsel's arguments about the burden of proof, and at one point the district judge
commented: "'State has the burden, but that doesn't mean the Defendant doesn't have the
burden of meeting the evidence. Overruled.'" 240 Kan. at 157. Later in the trial, the
district judge correctly instructed the jury on the burden of proof. On appeal, Carmichael
argued the district judge engaged in misconduct by suggesting to the jury the burden to
prove his guilt did not rest with the State. Our Supreme Court found the district judge's
comments were not prejudicial enough to demand reversal because any confusion caused
by the comments was cured by the district judge's legally correct instruction. 240 Kan. at
158. Although decided under the pre-Boothby judicial misconduct analysis, the State
maintains Carmichael's reasoning should apply here.

In response, Sinclair claims Miller, 308 Kan. 1119, and State v. McBride, 307
Kan. 60, 405 P.3d 1196 (2017), support her position that Carmichael's reasoning is
inconsistent with more recent Kansas cases. But we find no support for Sinclair in those
cases. The Miller court addressed whether the district court erred in denying the
defendant's for-cause challenges to prospective jurors who allegedly had preconceived
opinions about his guilt. 308 Kan. at 1137-44. And in McBride, our Supreme Court found
the jury would not have understood the judge's instruction on the defendant's presumption
of innocence to exclude "the evidentiary presumption for which the prosecutor
advocated, i.e. 'doesn't [the victim] deserve a certain presumption as well?'" 307 Kan. at
72.

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 Carmichael is a better match to these facts. And Boothby recognized jury
instructions may mitigate the prejudicial effect of improper judicial comments. Like the
jury in Boothby, the jury here was also instructed to decide the case only on the evidence
admitted. See 310 Kan. at 629.

Finally, the State argues, given the "incredibly strong" evidence presented at trial,
the district judge's errors did not affect the jury's verdict. See Sherman, 305 Kan. at 111
("[T]he strength of the evidence against the defendant may secondarily impact [the
prosecutorial-error] analysis."). The jury was instructed to find the following facts
beyond a reasonable doubt to convict Sinclair of arson:

"1. [Sinclair] knowingly, by means of fire, damaged a building in which U.S. Bank
had an interest, without the consent of U.S. Bank.

"2. The property was a dwelling.

"3. This act occurred on or about the 11th day of October, 2016, in Douglas County,
Kansas."

Love provided extensive testimony about the source of the fire. After methodically
eliminating potential fire sources—an extension cord, the chimney, electrical panel, and
furnace—he traced the smoke, burn, and char patterns throughout the house and
concluded the fire had been set intentionally a few feet within the door to basement. Love
found a used match at the fire's origin, as well as a box of matches and a metal-headed
hammer next to the chair Sinclair testified she was sitting on during the fire. The State
admitted into evidence pictures taken after the fire in support of Love's testimony. These
photos as well as Love's testimony provided a clear picture the house was filled with
clutter. Earlier that day, two witnesses heard banging sounds coming from around the gas
meter as the pipe entered the basement.

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 The evidence reflects sometime before the fire, Sinclair received a phone call
about her impending eviction. Although Sinclair denied receiving the call, she admitted
she was aware she no longer owned the house. When inside the ambulance, Sinclair
repeatedly voiced her wish to die and accused the police of "smoking her out." She
admitted to one medic she had tried to commit suicide. Love said when he asked Sinclair
during his interview whether she had started the fire, Sinclair responded, "[A]nything's
possible." This evidence supports the State's argument Sinclair had the necessary motive
to burn down her house.

Given the legally correct jury instruction on the burden of proof, the jury
instruction to decide the case only on the evidence, the isolated occurrence of the judicial
comments, and the strength of the evidence presented at trial, we find the State has met
its burden to prove the judicial comment errors were harmless and, in light of the record
as a whole, did not affect the outcome of the trial.

No reversible prosecutorial error

Sinclair next argues the prosecutor erred during defense counsel's closing
arguments when she objected to defense counsel's statement about the State's burden of
proof. She also claims the prosecutor erred by arguing a fact not in evidence during her
closing.

When evaluating a claim of prosecutorial error, we follow a two-step process:
First, we determine whether an error occurred; and second, if an error has been found, we
evaluate the prejudice it caused to determine whether it was harmless. Under the first
step, error occurs if we find the prosecutor's statements "fall outside the wide latitude
afforded prosecutors to conduct the State's case and attempt to obtain a conviction in a
manner that does not offend the defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial." Sherman,
305 Kan. at 109.

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 It is improper for the prosecutor to attempt to shift the burden of proof to the
defendant or to misstate the legal standard of the burden of proof. But prosecutors have
"'considerable latitude to address the weaknesses of the defense.'" Pribble, 304 Kan. at
837; see State v. McKinney, 272 Kan. 331, 346, 33 P.3d 234 (2001) (where jury properly
instructed on State's burden of proof, "prosecutor may argue inferences based on the
balance or lack of evidence"), overruled on other grounds by State v. Davis, 283 Kan.
569, 158 P.3d 317 (2007).

During the same exchange in which Sinclair alleges the district judge's comments
were error, the prosecutor lodged an objection outside of the jury's hearing:

"[Defense Counsel]: Now, the State's going to tell you, well, why didn't the
defendant run those tests? The defendant didn't run the test because it's not our burden of
proof. It's the State's burden of proof.

"[Prosecutor]: Your Honor, may we approach?

"The Court: Yes.

"(Whereupon, the following proceedings were had outside the hearing of the
jury:)

"[Prosecutor]: My objection is for [defense counsel] to make that statement, 'It's
not our burden of proof. It's the State's burden of proof.' That is exactly the argument that
I was trying to prevent when we had our conversation back in chambers and I cited the
cases. It's improper argument. It should—they should not be allowed to consider that."
(Emphasis added.)

Sinclair now argues the substance of the prosecutor's objection misstated the
State's burden of proof. Although it is well established a prosecutor's misstatement of the
law is error, prosecutorial error concerns the prejudicial effect a prosecutor's statements

13
may have on the jury. See Ross, 310 Kan. at 221. Here, the substance of the prosecutor's
objection occurred during a sidebar discussion outside the jury's hearing. All the jury
heard was, "Your Honor, may we approach?" Sinclair improperly frames the prosecutor's
objection as a prosecutorial-error issue. It was not. The jury never heard the discussion at
the bench. We will proceed no further on this point.

Next, Sinclair argues the prosecutor filled in unknown facts with an unreasonable
inference during her closing argument when she claimed Rials "actually spoke with Ms.
Sinclair about her pending eviction shortly before the fire."

As a fundamental rule, a prosecutor must confine his or her remarks to matters in
evidence. But prosecutors may craft arguments on reasonable inferences to be drawn
from the evidence. State v. Banks, 306 Kan. 854, 862, 397 P.3d 1195 (2017).

The prosecutor remarked during her closing argument:

"Corporal Rials told you that he called [Sinclair] before he went over there and actually
talked to her on the phone and said, 'I'm coming to serve you eviction papers.' Those
documents are there. You can look at them.

"So Ms. Sinclair knew before Corporal Rials ever arrived at the house why he
was coming."

To a degree, Sinclair is right. Rials did not directly testify he was the person who
called Sinclair about the impending eviction. Using passive voice, Rials said, "Prior to
me taking the papers over there, she was given a phone call that we were going to serve
her." (Emphasis added.) Rials could have been referring to himself or someone else as the
person who called Sinclair. The prosecutor filled in the unanswered fact by inferring
Rials was the one who called Sinclair.

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 But even if the prosecutor's inference were unreasonable, the error would be
harmless. "[P]rosecutorial error is harmless if the State can demonstrate 'beyond a
reasonable doubt that the error complained of will not or did not affect the outcome of the
trial in light of the entire record, i.e., where there is no reasonable possibility that the
error contributed to the verdict.'" Sherman, 305 Kan. at 109.

The State argues the crucial component of Rials' testimony was not the identity of
the caller, but, rather, someone called Sinclair to tell her eviction papers were going to be
served on her. The State's argument is convincing. Even though the prosecutor's
statement overstated Rials' testimony, it tracked with the evidence reflecting Sinclair was
aware of her impending eviction. The prosecutor pointed out right after the challenged
statement, "So Ms. Sinclair knew before Corporal Rials ever arrived at the house why he
was coming." (Emphasis added.) The prosecutor argued Sinclair's knowledge of the
eviction was evidence of her motive to burn the house. Context shows the primary
inference the prosecutor wanted the jury to draw was not the identity of the caller but
Sinclair's motive for arson. See State v. Davis, 306 Kan. 400, 413, 394 P.3d 817 (2017)
(court must consider prosecutor's comments in the context in which they were made,
rather than in isolation).

And the potential prejudicial effect of the prosecutor's statement is lessened by the
district court's jury instruction to decide the case only on the evidence admitted. This
court presumes jurors follow the instructions they were given. State v. Mattox, 305 Kan.
1015, 1027, 390 P.3d 514 (2017).

The strength of the evidence against the defendant is relevant to the prosecutorial-
error analysis. See Sherman, 305 Kan. at 111. Here, there was substantial circumstantial
evidence to support the conclusion Sinclair knowingly set fire to the house. As the State
points out, "[T]he only person with the means, motive, and opportunity to set the fire was
Sinclair."

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 Based on the context in which the prosecutor's statements were made, the district
court's instruction to the jury to disregard any statement by counsel unsupported by the
evidence, and the strength of the evidence, we find the State met its burden to establish
there is no reasonable possibility the statements contributed to the verdict.

No custodial interrogation

Sinclair continues her claim on appeal by arguing her interview by Love at the
hospital was an interrogation while in custody and must be suppressed. In support of her
argument, she notes Love failed to read her the warnings required before questioning her
under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).

We use a two-part inquiry to review the district court's determination on whether
the questioning was custodial. First, we apply a substantial competent evidence standard
to review the district court's factual findings on the circumstances of the interrogation. In
doing this review, we do not reweigh the evidence, resolve conflicting evidence, or
redetermine witness credibility. Second, we apply a de novo standard of review to
determine whether, under the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person would
have felt free to end the questioning and leave. State v. Guein, 309 Kan. 1245, 1251-52,
1254, 444 P.3d 340 (2019). It is the State's burden to prove the challenged statements are
admissible. K.S.A. 22-3215(4).

Before trial, Sinclair moved to suppress her conversations with several firefighters,
including Love's recorded interview of her while still a patient in the hospital. At the
hearing on Sinclair's motion, Love testified he did not give Sinclair Miranda warnings
before asking her whether she had started the fire. Love said Sinclair was the only suspect
in the case when he interviewed her. The district court reviewed the audio recording of
the interview before ruling on the motion. The district court made the following factual
findings about the interview:

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 • The interview occurred at the hospital;
• Love's demeanor was "very kind and very patient" and Sinclair's demeanor was
"coherent and very conversational";
• The interview lasted about two hours, but for most of the interview, "Sinclair
was simply talking without questions being asked," and Love "patiently
listened to everything she had to say without . . . directing her";
• Love asked Sinclair directly whether she had started the fire, but they also
discussed other ways the fire might have started;
• They "talked at length about other people in [Sinclair's] neighborhood, their
personal habits, [and] their private lives";
• Sinclair never asked Love to leave, and when Love tried to finish the
interview, Sinclair kept the conversation going; and
• Sinclair was not arrested after the interview.

Based on these factual findings, the district court found "[w]ith the exception of
the fact of whether she was being questioned as a suspect, I believe every other [factor
definitely weighs in favor that it was an investigative interview." Accordingly, the district
court denied Sinclair's suppression motion.

The parties do not dispute Love questioned Sinclair, nor do they dispute the
underlying facts. Consequently, the only question before us is whether, under the totality
of the circumstances, Sinclair was in custody at the time of the Love's questioning. See
Guein, 309 Kan. at 1254.

"Miranda warnings are necessary to satisfy the requirements of the Fifth
Amendment to the United States Constitution, which provides a right to remain silent
about possible criminal wrongdoing and thus avoids coerced statements and confessions."
State v. Bordeaux, 38 Kan. App. 2d 757, 759, 172 P.3d 78 (2007). Section 10 of the

17
Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights provides the same protection. See State v. Aguirre,
301 Kan. 950, 954, 349 P.3d 1245 (2015).

But the Miranda safeguards are triggered only when the accused is subject to
custodial questioning, which occurs when law enforcement has taken a person into
custody or the person is otherwise deprived of his or her freedom in any significant way
at the start of the interview. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444. "A custodial interrogation is
distinguished from an investigatory interrogation, which occurs as a routine part of the
fact-finding process before the investigation has reached the accusatory stage." State v.
Warrior, 294 Kan. 484, 496, 277 P.3d 1111 (2012).

"An officer's words or actions, including explicit questioning, is interrogation only
if the officer should have known that the questioning was 'reasonably likely to elicit an
incriminating response from the suspect.'" State v. Palacio, 309 Kan. 1075, 1085, 442
P.3d 466 (2019). And Kansas courts have considered a list of nonexclusive factors to
determine whether an interrogation is custodial or merely investigatory. Those factors
include:

"(1) the interrogation's time and place; (2) its duration; (3) the number of law
enforcement officers present; (4) the conduct of the officer and the person questioned; (5)
the presence or absence of actual physical restraint or its functional equivalent, such as
drawn firearms or a stationed guard; (6) whether the person is being questioned as a
suspect or a witness; (7) whether the person questioned was escorted by officers to the
interrogation location or arrived under his or her own power; and (8) the interrogation's
result, e.g., whether the person was allowed to leave, was detained further, or was
arrested after the interrogation. No single factor outweighs another, nor do the factors
bear equal weight. Every situation must be analyzed on its own particular facts. " Guein,
309 Kan. at 1254.

We now analyze each of the factors as they apply under these facts.

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 1. Time and place. When Love conducted the interview, Sinclair was the only
suspect in the case. The interview occurred in Sinclair's hospital room. Generally, a
hospital is a neutral location, and a person questioned in a neutral location does not
normally face the same coercive pressures as someone "questioned in a police-dominated
atmosphere." Warrior, 294 Kan. at 497.

2. Duration of investigation. The interview lasted about two hours. Generally,
the shorter the interview, the less likely it is to be custodial. See, e.g., State v. Bridges,
297 Kan. 989, 1009, 306 P.3d 244 (2013) (finding 30-minute interview was "short" and
weighed in favor of interview not being custodial). But as the State points out, Love
repeatedly tried to end the interview around the 90-minute mark. Sinclair continued to
reengage Love in conversation, which extended their interaction by about 30 minutes.
And most of their conversation dealt with topics unrelated to the fire. See Warrior, 294
Kan. at 498 (declining to find custody when suspect had control over interview's length).

3. Number of law enforcement officers present. Love was the only officer
present in the room.

4. Conduct of officers and person interrogated. Sinclair volunteered most of
the information she gave without being prompted with questions. Love listened to
Sinclair patiently while she switched from topic to topic, which included her family
relationships, her physical health, and her neighbors' personal lives. Love's actual
questions of Sinclair about the cause of the fire were conversational and not accusatory.
As for Sinclair's conduct, she communicated coherently throughout the interview.

5. Physical restraint. There is no evidence Love physically restrained Sinclair.
Even so, Sinclair argues she was, in a sense, medically restrained because she could not
leave the room without risking her physical well-being. At the time of the interview,
Sinclair was being treated for burns and smoke inhalation. But even if Sinclair's injuries

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prevented her from leaving the room, Love did not instigate Sinclair's confinement. See
Warrior, 294 Kan. at 498 ("[P]hysical incapacity resulting from forces outside the control
of law enforcement does not amount to custody.").

6. Whether the person was questioned as a suspect or as a witness. Sinclair
argues Love questioned her as a suspect. Love acknowledged Sinclair was the only
suspect he had when he interviewed her. Love directly asked Sinclair several times
whether she had started the fire. About halfway into the interview he asked, "Is it possible
that you could've started the fire in the house?" Sinclair responded, "[A]nything's
possible." He asked her the same question about 30 seconds later, and Sinclair
responded, "I don't think so." At one point, Sinclair asked Love whether she was going to
be arrested. Love replied, "Not today, you're not getting arrested by anybody . . . not by
me."

7. How the person arrived at the interrogation. Sinclair was taken to the
hospital for medical treatment, not by order of law enforcement and had been in the
hospital for several days.

8. Aftermath of the interrogation. Love did not arrest Sinclair after the
interview. As he was leaving, Love said, "Take care and thank you." He left Sinclair with
his card and told her to contact him if she had any information. As the State points out,
our courts generally look to whether the individual was allowed to leave, was detained
further, or was arrested after the interrogation. See Warrior, 294 Kan. at 496, 503; State
v. Schultz, 289 Kan 334, 341, 212 P.3d 150 (2009).

The only factor somewhat favoring Sinclair's argument is she was Love's only
suspect at the time of the interview. "But the fact a suspect is the focus of an
investigation, standing alone, does not trigger the need for Miranda warnings." Warrior,

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294 Kan. at 503. Thus, looking at the totality of the circumstances, we find Sinclair's
interview was not a custodial interrogation.

No cumulative error

Finally, Sinclair argues cumulative error requires reversal of her conviction and
remand for a new trial. She argues even if the errors she alleged on appeal do not
individually require reversal of her conviction, the cumulative impact of the alleged
errors denied her a fair trial.

"'When faced with a cumulative error claim, this court conducts an unlimited
review of the entire record to determine whether the totality of the circumstances
establishes that the cumulative effect of trial errors substantially prejudiced the defendant
and denied the defendant a fair trial.' However, 'if any of the errors being aggregated are
constitutional in nature, the cumulative error must be harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt.' [Citations omitted.]" State v. Robinson, 306 Kan. 1012, 1034, 399 P.3d 194
(2017).

The only error we have clearly identified is the district judge's comment error
when she misstated the State's burden of proof while explaining the admonition to the
jury. We have also identified two potential errors: the district judge's deference to the
State in explaining her admonition and the prosecutor's overstatement of Rials' testimony.
Even if we presume each of these three instances were error, the errors are harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt, both individually and collectively. None of these errors were
significant on their own. Together, these errors are still inconsequential considering the
strength of the evidence and the mitigating effect of the jury instructions. Sinclair
received a fair trial, and we affirm her conviction for arson.

Affirmed.

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