Case: 19-1557 Document: 88 Page: 1 Filed: 05/20/2020
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
MCRO, INC., DBA PLANET BLUE,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA INC.,
TREYARCH CORPORATION,
Defendants
SONY COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT AMERICA
LLC, SUCKER PUNCH PRODUCTIONS, LLC,
INFINITY WARD, INC., LUCASARTS, A DIVISION
OF LUCASFILM ENTERTAINMENT COMPANY
LTD. LLC, ACTIVISION PUBLISHING, INC.,
BLIZZARD ENTERTAINMENT, INC., NAUGHTY
DOG, INC., ELECTRONIC ARTS, INC., DISNEY
INTERACTIVE STUDIOS, INC., SQUARE ENIX,
INC.,
Defendants-Appellees
______________________
2019-1557
______________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Central District of California in Nos. 2:12-cv-10322-GW-
FFM, 2:12-cv-10329-GW-FFM, 2:12-cv-10333-GW-FFM,
2:12-cv-10335-GW-FFM, 2:12-cv-10338-GW-FFM, 2:14-cv-
00332-GW-FFM, 2:14-cv-00336-GW-FFM, 2:14-cv-00352-
GW-FFM, 2:14-cv-00358-GW-FFM, 2:14-cv-00383-GW-
FFM, Judge George H. Wu.
Case: 19-1557 Document: 88 Page: 2 Filed: 05/20/2020
2 MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA
______________________
Decided: May 20, 2020
______________________
MARK STEWART RASKIN, King & Wood Mallesons LLP,
New York, NY, for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by
MICHAEL DEVINCENZO, JOHN FRANCIS PETRSORIC, ROBERT
WHITMAN; MARC AARON FENSTER, PAUL ANTHONY
KROEGER, Russ August & Kabat, Los Angeles, CA.
JOHN D. GARRETSON, Shook, Hardy & Bacon, LLP,
Kansas City, MO, for defendants-appellees Sony Computer
Entertainment America LLC, Sucker Punch Productions,
LLC, Naughty Dog, Inc. Also represented by BETH A.
LARIGAN.
SONAL NARESH MEHTA, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale
and Dorr LLP, Palo Alto, CA, for defendants-appellees In-
finity Ward, Inc., Activision Publishing, Inc., Blizzard En-
tertainment, Inc., Electronic Arts, Inc.
EVAN FINKEL, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP,
Los Angeles, CA, for defendants-appellees LucasArts, Dis-
ney Interactive Studios, Inc. Also represented by JAMES
CHANG.
BENJAMIN J. FOX, Morrison & Foerster LLP, Los Ange-
les, CA, for defendant-appellee Square Enix, Inc. Also rep-
resented by WENDY J. RAY.
______________________
Before REYNA, MAYER, and TARANTO, Circuit Judges.
TARANTO, Circuit Judge.
McRO, Inc., d/b/a Planet Blue (McRO) brought this
case against more than a dozen video game developers (the
Developers), alleging that the Developers infringed three
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MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA 3
method claims of U.S. Patent No. 6,611,278, owned by
McRO. The district court held the claims invalid for ineli-
gibility under 35 U.S.C. § 101, but we reversed that holding
in McRO, Inc. v. Bandai Namco Games America Inc., 837
F.3d 1299 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (McRO I). On remand, the dis-
trict court ultimately held that the Developers were enti-
tled to summary judgment of noninfringement because the
accused products do not practice the claimed methods and
to summary judgment of invalidity because the specifica-
tion fails to enable the full scope of the claims.
McRO appeals. We affirm the judgment of noninfringe-
ment. We vacate the judgment of invalidity and remand
for the district court to consider any appropriate further
proceedings in light of, among other things, the Developers’
offer to withdraw their counterclaims without prejudice.
See ECF No. 86.
I
A
McRO owns U.S. Patent No. 6,611,278, which describes
and claims a method for automatically generating anima-
tions, with a three-dimensional appearance, depicting lip
movements and facial expressions. The method uses two
basic building blocks: “phonemes” and “morph targets.” A
“phoneme,” the patent explains, is “the smallest unit of
speech, and corresponds to a single sound.” ’278 patent,
col. 1, lines 38–40. A “morph target” is a model of a mouth
position—one “reference model” displays a “neutral mouth
position,” while other models display “other mouth posi-
tions, each corresponding to a different phoneme or set of
phonemes.” Id., col. 1, lines 48–53.
The patent describes specifying a model by identifying
groups of vertices placed in particular positions. In a “typ-
ical case,” “[e]ach morph target has the same topology as
the neutral model, the same number of vertices, and each
vertex on each model logically corresponds to a vertex on
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4 MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA
each other model.” Id., col. 1, lines 54–59. Because of that
precise correspondence, each morph target can be defined
as a set of “deltas,” each delta a vertex-specific vector: there
is a “vector from each vertex n on the reference to each ver-
tex n on each morph target,” and that vector is the “delta”
for that vertex. Id., col. 1, lines 60–63.
To animate a particular facial expression, an artist de-
fines a plurality of morph targets (with corresponding delta
sets) and assigns a scalar “morph weight”—“a value usu-
ally from 0 to 1”—to each target. Id., col. 1, lines 65–67.
Next, the artist chooses a vertex on the reference model
and adds the “corresponding delta set’s vertex multiplied
by the scalar morph weight.” Id., col. 2, lines 1–3. Repeat-
ing this vertex-specific process for each morph target being
used to create the desired animation, the artist sums the
resulting vectors and proceeds to the next reference-model
vertex. See id., col. 2, lines 4–5. The specification summa-
rizes this process with a formula, stating that for “each ver-
tex v in the neutral model”:
J.A. 15 (cleaning up ’278 patent, col. 2, line 6). 1
1 In the sigma (summation) term of the formula,
there are n morph targets (x = 1 through n) that contribute
to the ultimate result. For each morph target x, its delta (a
vector) for the chosen vertex—i.e., the particular vertex’s
vector within |delta setx|—is multiplied by the scalar
morph weight for that morph target. The n resulting vec-
tors (for x = 1 through n) are added in the ordinary way for
vectors, i.e., term by term in the ordered-sequence repre-
sentation. Then the sum, in its ordered-sequence represen-
tation, is added to the ordered-sequence representation of
the corresponding vertex of the neutral model.
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MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA 5
Although prior-art methods used morph weight sets,
the patent asserts, artists using those methods had to “set
all of these weights at each frame to an appropriate value.”
’278 patent, col. 2, lines 26–27. Accordingly, those methods
were time-consuming and laborious, and artists therefore
sought to reduce the required work with a “‘keyframe’ ap-
proach, where the artist [would] set[] the appropriate
weights at certain important times (‘keyframes’) and a pro-
gram [would] interpolate[] each of the channels at each
frame.” Id., col. 2, lines 28–31. But the keyframe approach
itself was “very tedious and time consuming, as well as in-
accurate.” Id., col. 2, lines 31–34.
By contrast, the ’278 patent teaches a method of “auto-
matically” generating animations using morph weight sets.
In particular, it describes a method in which a time-
marked transcript of recorded text denoting each pho-
neme—a “time aligned phonetic transcription” (TAPT)—is
received by a computer system. Id., col. 2, line 64, through
col. 3, line 5. The system takes this input and applies “a
set of rules that determine the system[’]s output compris-
ing a stream or streams of morph weight sets.” Id., col. 3,
lines 2–5. The specification describes an exemplary set of
rules, with six distinct morph targets, for animating the
word “hello.” See id., col. 7, line 33, through col. 8, line 55.
It further provides several “illustrative examples of other
rules which may be used.” See id., col. 9, line 32, through
col. 11, line 11.
McRO asserts claims 1, 4, and 13 of its patent. Claim
1 is representative for purposes of the issues on appeal:
1. A method for automatically animating lip syn-
chronization and facial expression of three-dimen-
sional characters comprising:
obtaining a first set of rules that defines a morph
weight set stream as a function of phoneme
sequence and times associated with said
phoneme sequence;
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6 MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA
obtaining a plurality of sub-sequences of timed
phonemes corresponding to a desired audio
sequence for said three-dimensional charac-
ters;
generating an output morph weight set stream by
applying said first set of rules to each sub-
sequence of said plurality of sub-sequences
of timed phonemes; and
applying said output morph weight set stream to
an input sequence of animated characters to
generate an output sequence of animated
characters with lip and facial expression
synchronized to said audio sequence.
Id., col. 11, lines 44–59.
B
In 2012, McRO sued the Developers for patent infringe-
ment based on the Developers’ production and sale of video
games that used one of two third-party software applica-
tions—FaceFX or Annosoft—to model facial animations.
Both FaceFX and Annosoft use a technique called “bones
animation,” which attaches “special control objects (called
‘bones’)” to multiple vertices on a three-dimensional image
(i.e., an image that looks three-dimensional). J.A. 4649.
Each bone stores information, whether as a 4x4 matrix or
as an equivalent 16-term vector, that acts as a “transform”
to direct the attached vertices to move to certain positions.
J.A. 4650. This movement, which can be complex, gener-
ally combines “simpler linear transformations such as ro-
tations, translations, [or] scales.” Id. Because a vertex can
attach to multiple bones, each bone is assigned a weight
and the “resulting position of a vertex is determined by
blending the transforms that it is attached to according to
the weights.” J.A. 4649.
After claim construction, the Developers filed a motion
for judgment on the pleadings, arguing that each asserted
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MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA 7
claim is invalid under 35 U.S.C. § 101. In 2014, the district
court granted the Developers judgment on the pleadings
and terminated the case. McRO, Inc. v. Sony Computer
Entertainment America, LLC, 55 F. Supp. 3d 1214 (C.D.
Cal. 2014). Although the claims “are tangible, each cover-
ing an approach to automated three-dimensional computer
animation,” the court noted, the claims “preempt the field
of lip synchronization using a rules-based morph target ap-
proach.” Id. at 1224, 1227.
We reversed the district court’s determination. McRO
I, 837 F.3d at 1302–03. Holding that the patent does not
preempt the field of rules-based animation, we stated that
the claims “are limited to rules with certain common char-
acteristics, i.e., a genus.” Id. at 1313. Specifically, the
“rules are limiting in that they define morph weight sets as
a function of the timing of phoneme sub-sequences.” Id.
Although “[p]atent law has evolved to place additional re-
quirements on patentees seeking to claim a genus,” we ex-
plained, “these limits have . . . principally been in terms of
whether the patentee has satisfied the tradeoff of broad
disclosure for broad claim scope implicit in 35 U.S.C.
§ 112.” Id. at 1313–14.
The case returned to the district court, and in July
2018, the court tentatively granted the Developers’ motion
for summary judgment of noninfringement. The court con-
cluded that the bones animation technique, because it does
not use three-dimensional vectors for its movement of ver-
tices, does not practice the “morph weight set” limitation.
But, the court stated, it would “not issue a final ruling” un-
til it determined whether the asserted claims of the ’278
patent are enabled, as required by 35 U.S.C. § 112.
In November 2018, the district court granted the De-
velopers’ motion for summary judgment of invalidity (as-
serted by most of the Developers through counterclaims).
The district court noted that the Developers had identified
two animation techniques—bones animation and the
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8 MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA
“BALDI system”—that are not enabled by the specification.
McRO, Inc. v. Namco Bandai Games America, Inc., No. CV
12-10322-GW(FFMx), 2018 WL 9410401, at *12 (C.D. Cal.
Nov. 13, 2018) (Enablement Opinion). The court concluded
that the Developers had provided clear and convincing ev-
idence that “at the time of the invention, a person of skill
in the art would not have the tools to practice the full scope
of the ‘first set of rules’ limitation.” Id.
The district court entered a final judgment of nonin-
fringement and invalidity on January 9, 2019. McRO
timely appealed to this court. We have jurisdiction pursu-
ant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
II
We review the grant of summary judgment de novo and
ask whether there is a “genuine dispute of material fact,
after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party.” Weber v. Allergan, Inc., 940 F.3d 1106,
1110 (9th Cir. 2019); Eli Lilly & Co. v. Hospira, Inc., 933
F.3d 1320, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (applying regional circuit
law). Claim construction is a legal question that may in-
volve underlying factual findings. Teva Pharms. USA, Inc.
v. Sandoz, Inc., 574 U.S. 318, 331–32 (2015). Similarly,
whether a patent satisfies the enablement requirement is
a question of law based on underlying factual findings. Wy-
eth & Cordis Corp. v. Abbott Labs., 720 F.3d 1380, 1384
(Fed. Cir. 2013). The party challenging the validity of the
patent must provide clear and convincing evidence to sup-
port such factual findings. Cephalon, Inc. v. Watson
Pharms., Inc., 707 F.3d 1330, 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2013).
A
We begin with McRO’s appeal of the judgment of non-
infringement. We agree with the Developers that the claim
term “morph weight set” requires three-dimensional vec-
tors. That is, we conclude that the district court was cor-
rect as a matter of law in ruling that a “vector,” in the
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MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA 9
context of the ’278 patent, must have “3-D magnitude and
direction computed by pure subtraction/addition between
the neutral and target models, with one vector correspond-
ing to each set of two vertices.” J.A. 16–17. Because the
parties agree that there is no infringement under this con-
struction, we affirm the district court’s grant to the Devel-
opers of summary judgment of noninfringement.
The district court construed the term “morph weight
set” as “[a] set of values, one for each delta set, that, when
applied, transform the neutral model to some desired state,
wherein each delta set is the set of vectors from each vertex
on the neutral (reference) model to each vertex on a model
of another mouth position.” J.A. 902. This construction
combines two express definitions from the specification—
“morph weight set” is defined in terms of a “delta set,”
which, in turn, is defined in terms of “vectors.” ’278 patent,
col. 4, lines 35–37; id., col. 1, lines 60–62. The parties do
not dispute this construction of “morph weight set.”
The parties do dispute the meaning of “vector” within
that construction. The district court construed “vector” as
“a vector with direction and magnitude in three-dimen-
sional space.” J.A. 21. This construction accords with the
Developers’ argument that “the vectors constituting the
‘delta set’ must be vectors in three-dimensional space.”
J.A. 7302. The construction rejects McRO’s proposal that
the term should be construed as, simply, “an ordered set of
numbers.” J.A. 6138. The court noted that it had already
“rejected [McRO’s] request to construe ‘delta set’ in the con-
text of ‘morph weight set’ as ‘wherein each delta set is the
mathematical representation of the difference between the
neutral model and another model,’” and the court con-
cluded that McRO was “effectively urging the same imper-
missibly broad meaning.” J.A. 17.
The difference matters for assessing the accused bones
system for infringement. The bones system, in its relevant
aspect, uses vectors as that term is used in one general
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10 MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA
mathematical sense, i.e., any ordered collection of individ-
ual terms such as (a1, a2, a3, . . ., an). But there is no dispute
that the relevant aspect of the bones system does not come
within the meaning of “vector” if that word is limited, in
the ’278 patent, to the ordinary three-dimensional geomet-
ric vector, which can be represented by a three-term se-
quence (ax, ay, az), each term for one of the three spatial
dimensions. The district court adopted the latter construc-
tion, rejecting infringement on that basis.
We agree with the district court. The proper claim con-
struction is based “not only in the context of the particular
claim in which the disputed term appears, but in the con-
text of the entire patent, including the specification.” Phil-
lips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1313–16 (Fed. Cir. 2005);
see Ruckus Wireless, Inc. v. Innovative Wireless Solutions,
LLC, 824 F.3d 999, 1003 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“Ultimately,
‘[t]he only meaning that matters in claim construction is
the meaning in the context of the patent.’” (quoting Trus-
tees of Columbia Univ. v. Symantec Corp., 811 F.3d 1359,
1365 (Fed. Cir. 2016))). Here, the specification compels the
three-dimensional geometric construction of “vector”
adopted by the district court.
Vertices in the neutral model (points on a face) are lo-
cations in three-dimensional space, and the specification’s
express definition of “delta set” requires a one-to-one corre-
spondence between the vertices of the neutral model and
the vertices of each morph target, with a “vector” connect-
ing these corresponding vertices in three-dimensional
space. According to the specification, a “delta” is “com-
puted as a vector from each vertex n on the reference to each
vertex n on each morph target.” ’278 patent, col. 1, lines
60–62 (emphasis added). The term “vertex” naturally car-
ries a spatial meaning, as do the words “from” and “to,” and
they imply that a delta is a direct path from the vertex (a
spatial point) on the reference to the vertex (a spatial point)
on the morph target, i.e., a three-dimensional vector. The
conclusion is reinforced by the specification’s statement, in
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MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA 11
the paragraph preceding the definitional sentence, that
“[e]ach morph target has the same topology as the neutral
model . . . .” Id., col. 1, lines 53–56 (emphasis added). All
these terms strongly favor the narrow geometric meaning
of “vector”—especially in the spatial context of the inven-
tion, reflected in claim 1’s stated object of creating visually
recognizable “three-dimensional characters.” Id., col. 11,
line 44.
The equation in the specification confirms the require-
ment of three-dimensional vectors that can be added and
subtracted. Each delta set (a set of vectors) is assigned a
“scalar” morph weight, “usually from 0 to 1,” and each vec-
tor is multiplied by that scalar value. See id., col. 1, line
65, through col. 2, line 3. Then, the corresponding scalar-
multiplied vectors from each set are added together—these
summations are, finally, added to the corresponding neu-
tral vertices. Id., col. 2, lines 5–9. The specification pro-
vides an equation that summarizes this process:
J.A. 15 (cleaning up ’278 patent, col. 2, line 6).
The specification’s surrounding discussion confirms
that this equation is naturally understood as referring to
three-dimensional vectors. The “symbol |xxx| is used to
indicate the corresponding vector in each referenced set,”
the specification explains, and, specifically, |neutral| rep-
resents “vertex v in the neutral model.” See ’278 patent,
col. 2, lines 5–13. The vertex in the neutral model (a point
on a face) is a location in three-dimensional space, which is
represented by a three-dimensional vector from the Carte-
sian origin. Accordingly, to add |neutral| to the result of
the summation, the result of the summation must be a
three-dimensional vector. And to get that result,
|delta setx| must also be a three-dimensional vector.
Thus, the equation strongly supports the district court’s
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12 MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA
construction: a “vector” must have “3-D magnitude and di-
rection computed by pure subtraction/addition between the
neutral and target models, with one vector corresponding
to each set of two vertices.” J.A. 16–17.
McRO offers two arguments that this specification evi-
dence should be interpreted differently. The first argu-
ment, which relies on the key definitional sentence,
misreads our precedent and ignores most of the language
in that sentence. According to McRO, the phrase “a vector
from each vertex n on the reference” implies that each ver-
tex on the reference can have multiple corresponding vec-
tors because “it is a well settled rule that the article ‘a’
means one or more and not ‘a single.’” Brief for Appellant
at 24 (citing KCJ Corp. v. Kinetic Concepts, Inc., 223 F.3d
1351, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). The patent would have used
the phrase “a single vector,” McRO argues, if it had meant
to require one-to-one correspondence. Id. But McRO mis-
reads KCJ Corp., which explains that “an indefinite article
‘a’ or ‘an’ in patent parlance carries the meaning of ‘one or
more’ in open-ended claims containing the transitional
phrase ‘comprising.’” 223 F.3d at 1356 (emphasis added).
This specific canon of claim construction has no bearing
here. And as discussed, the word “a” is hardly the only rel-
evant textual evidence of meaning.
McRO’s second argument, which relies on the para-
graph in the specification that precedes the key definitional
sentence, gives too much weight to an ambiguous phrase
that does not clearly refer to the relevant term. After dis-
cussing the topological correspondence between the neu-
tral model and each morph target, the passage states that
“such rigid correspondence may not be necessary.” Id., col.
1, lines 58–59. This language, McRO contends, overrides
the natural understanding of all the specification evidence
we have discussed and renders the specification’s guidance
optional. But the statement that “such rigid correspond-
ence may not be necessary” is too equivocal and uncertain
to alter the clear teaching of the specification. Indeed, it
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MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA 13
does not even refer specifically to the claim term, “morph
weight set”; it might be referring to some notion independ-
ent of that claim limitation, which, by the specification, is
defined to include the “vector” requirement. Nothing in the
specification shows a use of “vector,” or representation of
“delta sets” (sets of vectors), other than the ordinary, geo-
metric, three-dimensional one.
What remains is McRO’s brief argument, relying on ex-
trinsic evidence, that one ordinary meaning of “vector” is
broader than the district court’s construction. Citing a
computer graphics textbook called “Real Time Rendering,”
Dr. Gleicher (McRO’s expert) stated that “[t]he term ‘vec-
tor’ in mathematics, computer science and computer
graphics is a general concept that roughly means an or-
dered list of numbers.” J.A. 2289 (citing J.A. 2068–69). It
is, in fact, not disputed that one broad meaning of “vector”
in mathematics and other fields is an “ordered list of num-
bers.” But the existence of one broader meaning in the field
is not controlling. What matters is the meaning most ap-
propriate in the context of the particular patent. Here, it
is clear, based on the intrinsic evidence, that the term “vec-
tor” has the narrower geometric meaning in this patent.
That construction, as is undisputed, compels the judgment
of noninfringement, which we therefore affirm.
B
We now address McRO’s appeal of the judgment of in-
validity based on the specification’s failure to enable the
full scope of claim 1’s required “first set of rules.” We agree
with McRO that the Developers failed to identify with par-
ticularity any method of animation that falls within the
scope of claim 1 and is not enabled. Without any specific
examples, the district court’s reasoning is too abstract, too
conclusory, to support summary judgment. We do not go
so far as to hold that there is a triable issue of fact on ena-
blement—instead, we vacate the judgment and remand for
the district court to consider how to proceed.
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14 MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA
1
The requirement of enablement, stated in 35 U.S.C.
§ 112, enforces the essential “quid pro quo of the patent
bargain” by requiring a patentee to teach the public how
“to practice the full scope of the claimed invention.” AK
Steel Corp. v. Sollac, 344 F.3d 1234, 1244 (Fed. Cir. 2003).
“The specification shall contain a written description of the
invention, and of the manner and process of making and
using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to
enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains . . .
to make and use the same . . . .” 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 1 (2006)
(now § 112(a)). Although a patent’s specification need not
“describe how to make and use every possible variant of the
claimed invention,” “when a range is claimed, there must
be reasonable enablement of the scope of the range.” AK
Steel, 344 F.3d at 1244. To qualify as “reasonable,” “the
specification . . . must teach those skilled in the art how to
make and use the full scope of the claimed invention with-
out ‘undue experimentation.’” ALZA Corp. v. Andrx
Pharm., LLC, 603 F.3d 935, 940 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing
Genentech Inc. v. Novo Nordisk A/S, 108 F.3d 1361, 1365
(Fed. Cir. 1997)).
This statutory requirement is limited to what is
claimed. Section 112 requires enablement of “only the
claimed invention,” not matter outside the claims. Union
Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Tech. Corp. v. Shell Oil Co.,
308 F.3d 1167, 1186 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (citing Durel Corp. v.
Osram Sylvania Inc., 256 F.3d 1298, 1306–07 (Fed. Cir.
2001)); Liquid Dynamics Corp. v. Vaughan Co., 449 F.3d
1209, 1224 & n.2 (Fed. Cir. 2006); In re Vaeck, 947 F.2d
488, 495 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (all that must be enabled is “the
claimed invention”). For that reason, the “enablement in-
quiry necessarily depends on an interpretation of the
claims.” Liquid Dynamics, 449 F.3d at 1224 & n.2.
Once the precise scope of the claimed invention is de-
fined, the question is whether undue experimentation is
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MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA 15
required to make and use the full scope of embodiments of
the invention claimed. See Union Carbide, 308 F.3d at
1186 n.9 (“Evidence of unsuccessful experimentation with-
out any link to the claims at issue is not evidence of a lack
of enablement.”). Whether undue experimentation is re-
quired “is not a single, simple factual determination, but
rather is a conclusion reached by weighing many factual
considerations.” ALZA, 603 F.3d at 940 (citing In re
Wands, 858 F.2d 731, 737 (Fed. Cir. 1988)). Conducting
the Wands analysis has routinely involved concrete identi-
fication of at least some embodiment or embodiments as-
serted not to be enabled—including what particular
products or processes are or may be within the claim, so
that breadth is shown concretely and not just as an ab-
stract possibility, and how much experimentation a skilled
artisan would have to undertake to make and use those
products or processes. See, e.g., id. at 939–43 (conducting
Wands analysis in terms of the specifically identified claim
embodiments—tablets and capsules for oral medication
dosages). 2
2 In cases involving claims that state certain struc-
tural requirements and also require performance of some
function (e.g., efficacy for a certain purpose), we have ex-
plained that undue experimentation can include undue ex-
perimentation in identifying, from among the many
concretely identified compounds that meet the structural
requirements, the compounds that satisfy the functional
requirement. See, e.g., Idenix Pharms. LLC v. Gilead Scis.
Inc., 941 F.3d 1149, 1155–56 (Fed. Cir. 2019); Enzo Life
Scis., Inc. v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., 928 F.3d 1340,
1346–47, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2019); Wyeth & Cordis Corp. v.
Abbott Labs., 720 F.3d 1380, 1384, 1387 (Fed. Cir. 2013);
Enzo Biochem, Inc. v. Calgene, Inc., 188 F.3d 1362, 1372
(Fed. Cir. 1999); ALZA, 603 F.3d at 939.
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16 MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA
All the enablement cases on which the district court re-
lied, and on which the Developers rely in this court, in-
volved specific identification of products or processes that
were or may be within the scope of the claims and were
allegedly not enabled. In Automotive Technologies Interna-
tional, Inc. v. BMW of North America, for example, we con-
sidered whether a claimed “side impact crash sensor for a
vehicle having front and rear wheels” was enabled. 501
F.3d 1274, 1277 (Fed. Cir. 2007). We observed that, under
the governing claim construction (not disputed by the par-
ties), the claim term embraced “electronic side impact sen-
sors.” Id. at 1282. The enablement question, then, was a
concrete one: whether the “specification did not enable the
full scope of the invention because it did not enable elec-
tronic side impact sensors.” Id.
In Genentech, Inc. v. Novo Nordisk, A/S, 108 F.3d
1361, 1367–68 (Fed. Cir. 1997), a case involving a func-
tional cleaving property, the court noted the wide range of
enzyme-protein combinations that were not enabled; in-
deed, it concluded that the specification omitted crucial de-
tails (e.g., starting materials, process conditions) for
teaching even a single way of producing the claimed result
for the identified matter. In MagSil Corp. v. Hitachi
Global Storage Technologies, Inc., 687 F.3d 1377, 1381–83
(Fed. Cir. 2012), the claim covered all changes in resistance
of 10% or more (e.g., 100% or 1000%) in a particular pro-
cess, and it was the lack of any teaching of how to achieve
the resistance change even a little bit above 10% that was
not enabled (and was concededly unknown at the time). In
Sitrick v. Dreamworks, LLC, 516 F.3d 993, 999–1001 (Fed.
Cir. 2008), the claim covered both video games and movies,
and it was movies that the court held to be not enabled. In
In re Vaeck, 947 F.2d at 495, the claims covered use of any
of the many known species of cyanobacteria, but there was
no enabling of the required gene expression in any but a
small subset (and such expression in cyanobacteria was un-
predictable). In Trustees of Boston University v. Everlight
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MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA 17
Electronics Co. Ltd., 896 F.3d 1357, 1360, 1362 (Fed. Cir.
2018), the parties agreed that the claim covered six permu-
tations for the relationship between a growth layer and a
buffer layer, and it was one of those permutations that the
court concluded was not enabled. 3
In short, none of the cases invoked by the district court
and by the Developers have involved an abstract assertion
of breadth, without concrete identification of matter that is
not enabled but is or may be within the claim scope. As
next explained, this case, in its current posture, involves
such an abstract assertion of breadth. Under our claim
construction, the bones and BALDI techniques are nonin-
fringing and so cannot support a nonenablement determi-
nation. And no other concretely identified animation
techniques have been advanced to support the district
court’s and Developers’ enablement analyses.
2
The district court in this case determined that the spec-
ification of the ’278 patent fails to enable claim 1’s “first set
of rules” limitation. Enablement Opinion at *10. Specifi-
cally, claim 1 requires “obtaining a first set of rules that
defines a morph weight set stream as a function of pho-
neme sequence and times associated with said phoneme
3 See also Idenix, 941 F.3d at 1157 (vast number of
substituents at positions on ring other than 2′-up); Enzo
Life Scis., 928 F.3d at 1346–67, 1349 (all phosphate-labeled
polynucleotides that are hybridizable and detectable, in-
cluding any type of labels and linkages and any location of
labels); Wyeth, 720 F.3d at 1384, 1387 (large number of
compounds varying substituent groups outside a sirolimus
ring and of potential rapamycin compounds); ALZA, 603
F.3d at 939 (non-osmotic oral dosage forms—tablets and
capsules); Enzo Biochem, 188 F.3d at 1372 (all eukaryotic
and prokaryotic cell types).
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18 MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA
sequence.” ’278 patent, col. 11, lines 43–48. This claim, the
specification reveals, requires at least two operations.
First, the specification makes clear that obtaining the
set of rules presupposes identifying which mouth shapes
(morph targets) should be used for representing a particu-
lar phoneme (or phoneme sequence) appearing on the “time
aligned phonetic transcription” that is being synched to an
animation. See id., col. 4, lines 31–45 (“The method prefer-
ably comprises a set of rules that determine what the out-
put morph weight set stream will be when any sequence
o[f] phonemes and their associated times is encountered.”);
id., col. 1, lines 49–53 (“morph targets” are models of mouth
positions—one “reference model” corresponds to a “neutral
mouth position,” while other models display “other mouth
positions, each corresponding to a different phoneme or set
of phonemes”). For example, the specification explains, an
artist would have to know that “the ‘l’ in ‘hello’” requires a
wider mouth shape than the “‘l’ in ‘burly.’” ’278 patent, col.
10, lines 22–25.
But on the record before us, this aspect of the claimed
rules need not have been taught in the specification, and
the district court did not rule otherwise. An “artisan’s
knowledge of the prior art and routine experimentation can
often fill gaps, interpolate between embodiments, and per-
haps even extrapolate beyond the disclosed embodiments,
depending upon the predictability of the art,” AK Steel, 344
F.3d at 1244, and a “patent need not teach, and preferably
omits, what is well known in the art,” Spectra-Physics, Inc.
v. Coherent, Inc., 827 F.2d 1524, 1534 (Fed. Cir. 1987).
Here, the district court explained that “both experts appar-
ently agree that the state of computer animation overall
and the development of rules for animation was well-devel-
oped in other contexts.” Enablement Opinion at *17; see
J.A. 4945 (McRO’s expert); J.A. 5772 (the Developers’ ex-
pert). The specification itself indicates that animators
knew how to match mouth positions to phonemes—doing
so just took a significant amount of time because the
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MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA 19
process was manual. See ’278 patent, col. 2, lines 26–42.
The inventors here do not purport to have discovered that
the “l” in “hello” requires a wider mouth shape than the “l”
in “burly.”
The second, and assertedly novel, aspect of the inven-
tion, is a set of rules that tells the system how to automat-
ically output the chosen mouth shapes in a format that can
create an animation—as a continuous stream of morph
weight sets that can transform a neutral model. See id.,
col. 4, lines 46–60 (“The primary function of the rules is to
determine[] 1) the appropriate morph weight set corre-
spondence with each TAPT sub-sequence; and 2) the time
parameters of the morph weight set transitions between
the representation of the prior TAPT sub-sequence or other
timed data and the current one.”). Because this process is
the novel aspect of the claimed invention, the specification
must reasonably teach how to make and use this aspect of
the invention. See Auto. Techs., 501 F.3d at 1283; Genen-
tech, 108 F.3d at 1366.
3
The Developers have not, at this point in the case, met
their burden of identifying a set of rules, for automatically
outputting chosen mouth shapes, that is or may be within
the scope of claim 1. See MagSil, 687 F.3d at 1380 (“A party
must prove invalidity based on nonenablement by clear
and convincing evidence.”).
The district court identified, and relied on for the “more
important[]” part of its analysis, two specific examples of-
fered by Dr. Wyvill (the Developers’ expert): bones anima-
tion (the accused product) and the BALDI system.
Enablement Opinion at *12. As discussed above, bones an-
imation uses 4x4 matrices or vectors of length sixteen to
perform a combination of linear transformations on multi-
ple vertices. J.A. 4649–50. Similarly, as the district court
recognized, the BALDI system uses an “‘interlocking set of
mathematical equations . . . that balance the influence of
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20 MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA
different proximate phonemes on various aspects of the
model’s facial expression.’” Enablement Opinion at *12
(citing J.A. 5891–92). Dr. Wyvill stated that the specifica-
tion of the ’278 patent does not “even remotely suggest that
the inventor had possession of the species of rule sets that
defines a morph weight set stream as a function of pho-
neme sequence and time for bone animation,” J.A. 5893,
and that the “BALDI system provides a good example of a
system that uses ‘rules’ that are far more complex and in-
tricate than anything the ’278 Patent describes,” J.A. 5891.
The district court concluded that those statements “suggest
that at the time of the invention, a person of skill in the art
would not have the tools to practice the full scope of the
‘first set of rules’ limitation.” Enablement Opinion at *12.
Given our construction of the term “morph weight
sets,” however, both bones animation and the BALDI sys-
tem are clearly “outside the scope of the claims” and are
thus “irrelevant to enablement.” See Durel, 256 F.3d at
1307. With respect to bones animation, our noninfringe-
ment decision compels this conclusion—“bones” are not,
and do not use, three-dimensional geometric vectors to
move vertices. See supra pp. 10–13; see also Brief for Ap-
pellee at 15 (“Bone transform values . . . do not specify, or
even contain enough information to derive, the position or
the displacement of any vertex on any facial model.”). Rec-
ord evidence compels the same conclusion with respect to
the BALDI process, at least in the context of a summary-
judgment motion. Dr. Wyvill, in the context of an expert
opinion regarding obviousness, conceded that BALDI’s “pa-
rameter target values corresponding to each phoneme do
not represent delta sets as construed” and that BALDI’s
equations “do not represent the displacements of each ver-
tex in terms of a simple xyz displacement vector.” J.A.
5839.
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MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA 21
4
Without bones animation and the BALDI process avail-
able as claim-covered techniques that must be enabled, the
district court’s reasoning is too abstract and too conclusory
to support summary judgment.
Apart from its discussion of bones and BALDI, the dis-
trict court made two basic observations. First, the court
noted, the “first set of rules” limitation “is broad, encom-
passing more than simply a rule scheme that involves rules
applied at keyframes or rules in the form of ‘if . . . then . . .
else’ constructs.” Enablement Opinion at *8. Second, the
court stated, a “review of the specification supports the con-
clusion that the patent disclosure only provides working
examples of rules related to a keyframe approach using an
‘if . . . then . . . else’ construct.” Id. at *10. Tying these two
observations together, the court concluded that McRO had
failed to “provide . . . any exemplary metric that might al-
low the [c]ourt to understand the exact bounds of what is
claimed in the ’278 Patent as a first set of rules.” Id. at *11.
Accordingly, McRO could not “avoid an enablement chal-
lenge by simply arguing that [the Appellees] ha[d] failed to
identify an operative alternative embodiment.” Id.
But these observations merely state the conclusion
that the claims are too broad and the specification’s discus-
sion is too narrow. The observations do not justify the con-
clusion with any concrete support. To say that the “first
set of rules” limitation is broader than “if . . . then . . . else”
statements based on keyframes is not to say what else is or
may be within the phrase—and it was the burden of the
Developers, not McRO, to prove that such specific content
exists and that it is not enabled. Where, as here, there is
at least some expert testimony supporting enablement,
even if at a high level of generality, see, e.g., J.A. 4893–94,
J.A. 4944–47, the district court’s reasoning and the support
offered by the Developers are not enough to justify sum-
mary judgment of nonenablement for the Developers.
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22 MCRO, INC. v. BANDAI NAMCO GAMES AMERICA
We see no reason in this case to depart from our usual
requirement that the challenger identify specifics that are
or may be within the claim but are not enabled. Specifics
have always mattered. See supra pp. 16–17. Here, a “fuller
set of fact-findings [about what is] within the scope of the
claims” is necessary “to decide the enablement issue.” Du-
rel, 256 F.3d at 1307.
III
We affirm the district court’s judgment that the Devel-
opers did not infringe the ’278 patent. We vacate the dis-
trict court’s judgment that the Developers were entitled to
summary judgment that the ’278 patent is invalid for lack
of enablement. Without holding that the Developers could
not make such a showing, we remand the case for such fur-
ther proceedings as are appropriate, considering the Devel-
opers’ offer to withdraw their invalidity counterclaims. 4
The parties shall bear their own costs.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND
REMANDED
4We deny McRO’s request to direct that the case be
assigned to a different district judge on remand. See Juicy
Whip, Inc. v. Orange Bang, Inc., 382 F.3d 1367, 1371, 1373–
74 (Fed. Cir. 2004).