STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
Michael Sheliga,
Plaintiff Below, Petitioner FILED
May 26, 2020
vs.) No. 19-0606 (Braxton County 118-C-33) EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
Gassaway Public Library,
Debra Shaver, Keith Shaver,
Imogene Clutter, John Doe #1,
and John Doe #2,
Defendants Below, Respondents
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner Michael Sheliga, by counsel Alan L. Pritt, appeals the June 5, 2019, order of the
Circuit Court of Braxton County that granted the motion to dismiss filed by Respondents
Gassaway Public Library, Debra Shaver, and Imogene Clutter (collectively “the library
respondents”), and the motion for summary judgment filed by Respondent James Shaver1 on
petitioner’s claims of “false reporting,” assault, battery, and the tort of outrage following an
incident that transpired at the Gassaway Public Library. The library respondents, by counsel Brent
K. Kesner, Ernest G. Hentschel, II, and Shawn C. Gillispie, and Mr. Shaver, by counsel Daniel R.
Grindo, filed responses in support of the circuit court’s order.
This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision affirming the order of the circuit court is appropriate under Rule 21 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
On July 27, 2016, petitioner stopped at the Gassaway Public Library (“the Library”) while
traveling from Pennsylvania through the Town of Gassaway on his bicycle. When asked by one
of the librarians, Debra Shaver, if he needed any help, petitioner replied that he did not. Petitioner
proceeded to change his clothes in the Library’s bathroom. According to petitioner, an unknown
male, identified in petitioner’s amended complaint as John Doe #1, collected items that petitioner
left on a table in the Library and dumped them onto the sidewalk because Ms. Shaver “did not like
his initial response to her question” about whether he needed any help. John Doe #1 then advised
petitioner that he was a “‘stranger’ in their library and that he was required to tell the library staff
1
Although, based upon petitioner’s complaint, the style of this case identifies this
respondent as “Keith” Shaver, the respondent’s name is James Shaver.
1
what he intended to do in the library.” Petitioner alleges that, as he began to walk towards John
Doe #1 to reply to this remark, Respondent James Shaver “began assaulting and violently pushing
[petitioner] out of the library and onto the street[]” and that another individual, identified in
petitioner’s amended complaint as John Doe #2, joined in the assault on petitioner. Petitioner
advised that “he would be calling the police, to which they replied that they would call the police.”
Petitioner “packed up his bicycle, moved down the street, and waited for the police to arrive.”
According to petitioner, the police questioned him and, when he informed them that he wished “to
fill out a complaint[,]” and requested “numerous times” to press charges against the Library
employees, he was told that he should drop the matter and leave town or else he would be arrested.
Petitioner eventually left town, but a warrant for his arrest was issued in the event he returned to
the area.
Respondents claimed that petitioner was acting erratically and aggressively while in the
Library and that, out of concern for the safety of those in the building, Ms. Shaver called the Town
of Gassaway office and also her husband, Mr. Shaver, to assist her and Ms. Clutter, a fellow
employee who was then 77 years old. In his statement to law enforcement upon their arrival at the
Library following the incident, Mr. Shaver stated that he led petitioner out of the building by his
elbow in response to his “aggressive behavior.” Ms. Clutter and Ms. Shaver also reported to police
that petitioner was acting erratically and that he was waving his hands at them. Ms. Shaver told
police that petitioner was cursing and was agitated, and that he lunged at her husband, Mr. Shaver.
On August 10, 2016, petitioner returned to Braxton County and was pulled over by the
West Virginia State Police for erratic driving. He was then charged in the Magistrate Court of
Braxton County with trespass, assault, and disorderly conduct as a result of the prior incident at
the Library. On February 22, 2017, petitioner, while represented by counsel, executed a general
release in which he agreed to fully release the prosecuting attorney’s office and the sheriff’s
department, “and all other persons, firms or corporations liable or who might be claimed to be
liable, (collectively the “Releases”) from any and all civil claims . . . of any kind or nature
whatsoever that I now have or may hereafter have, against said Releases, by reason of any matter,
cause or thing whatsoever, from all claims prior to the date of this instrument.” On April 17, 2017,
the case against petitioner was dismissed.
Petitioner filed his initial complaint on June 18, 2018, against the Library and the Braxton
County Commission, alleging claims of assault, battery, defamation, a violation of civil rights, and
the tort of outrage. On July 10, 2018, the Library filed its answer and served its First Set of
Interrogatories, Request for Production of Documents, and Request for Admission.
On July 24, 2018, petitioner filed his amended complaint alleging the same claims as in
the initial complaint as well as a claim of “false reporting” against the Library, Ms. Shaver, Ms.
Clutter, Mr. Shaver, and unidentified defendants known as John Doe #1 and John Doe #2. The
Braxton County Commission was no longer a named defendant.
On August 28, 2018, the Library filed a Motion to Deem Request for Admissions Admitted,
pursuant to Rule 36 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. See Id. (stating that “[t]he
matter is admitted unless, within 30 days after service of the request, . . . the party to whom the
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request is directed serves upon the party requesting the admission a written or objection addressed
to the matter[.]”).
Thereafter, as against the library respondents, all claims were subsequently voluntarily
dismissed with the exception of the claim for “false reporting.” As against Mr. Shaver, the
defamation and violation of civil rights claims were voluntarily dismissed, while the assault,
battery, tort of outrage, and “false reporting” claims remained.
On September 14, 2018, the library respondents filed a motion to dismiss under Rule
12(b)(6) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, and, on November 26, 2018, Mr. Shaver
filed a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56. A hearing on the motions, as well as on the
Library’s previously filed motion to deem requests for admissions admitted, was conducted on
December 10, 2018. By order entered June 5, 2019, the circuit court granted the motion to deem
the requests for admissions admitted because petitioner failed to respond to them within thirty days
as required by Rule 36. In so concluding, the circuit court found that petitioner admitted (1) that
“he was asked by the librarian if he needed any help, and that he did not answer and acted
erratically”[;] and (2) that “he got in the face of one of the librarians, that no employee of the
Gassaway Public Library touched him, and that no Library employee dumped his belongings on
the street.”
Also in its June 5, 2019, order, the circuit court granted the motions to dismiss and for
summary judgment on all of petitioner’s claims. It is from this order that petitioner now appeals.
With regard to that portion of the circuit court’s order granting Mr. Shaver’s motion for
summary judgment, we observe that, pursuant to Rule 56(c) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil
Procedure, summary judgment should be awarded “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter
of law.” Thus, “[a] motion for summary judgment should be granted only when it is clear that there
is no genuine issue of fact to be tried and inquiry concerning the facts is not desirable to clarify
the application of the law.” Syl. Pt. 3, Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Fed. Ins. Co. of New York, 148 W.
Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963). On appeal, this Court accords a plenary review to the circuit
court’s order granting summary judgment: “[a] circuit court’s entry of summary judgment is
reviewed de novo.” Syl. Pt. 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994).
Regarding that portion of the circuit court’s order granting the library respondents’ Rule
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss petitioner’s amended complaint, our review is likewise de novo. See
Syl. Pt. 1, Albright v. White, 202 W. Va. 292, 503 S.E.2d 860 (1998) (“‘Appellate review of a
circuit court’s order granting a motion to dismiss a complaint is de novo.’ Syllabus point 2, State
ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac–Buick, Inc., 194 W. Va. 770, 461 S.E.2d 516 (1995)”).
Further, we have instructed that a circuit court should not dismiss a complaint where sufficient
facts have been alleged that, if proven, would entitle the plaintiff to relief. “‘The trial court, in
appraising the sufficiency of a complaint on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, should not dismiss the
complaint unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of
his claim which would entitle him to relief.’” Syl. Pt. 3, Chapman v. Kane Transfer Co., 160 W.
Va. 530, 236 S.E.2d 207 (1977) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957)). The
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purpose of a 12(b)(6) motion is to test the sufficiency of the complaint. “For purposes of the motion
to dismiss, the complaint is construed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, and its allegations
are to be taken as true.” John W. Lodge Distrib. Co. v. Texaco, Inc., 161 W. Va. 603, 605, 245
S.E.2d 157, 158 (1978). We will review the circuit court’s order using these standards.
First, we address petitioner’s argument that the circuit court erred in granting Mr. Shaver’s
motion for summary judgment on the claim that Mr. Shaver committed the tort of outrage when,
without provocation, he “violently push[ed]” petitioner out of the library “only because Petitioner
stepped toward an unknown male to respond to the inflammatory remarks this individual made
towards Petitioner.” Petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in finding that no rational trier of
fact could have found that Mr. Shaver’s conduct was outrageous. We find no error.
The tort of outrage is also known as the “intentional or reckless infliction of emotional
distress.” See Travis v. Alcon Labs., Inc., 202 W. Va. 369, 374, 504 S.E.2d 419, 424 (1998). This
Court has stated that “‘[o]ne who by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly
causes severe emotional distress to another is subject to liability for such emotional distress, and
if bodily harm to the other results from it, for such bodily harm.’ Syllabus Point 6, Harless v. First
Nat. Bank in Fairmont, 169 W.Va. 673, 289 S.E.2d 692 (1982).” Travis, 202 W. Va. at 371, 504
S.E.2d at 421, syl. pt. 2.
In order for a plaintiff to prevail on a claim for intentional or reckless
infliction of emotional distress, four elements must be established. It must be
shown: (1) that the defendant’s conduct was atrocious, intolerable, and so extreme
and outrageous as to exceed the bounds of decency; (2) that the defendant acted
with the intent to inflict emotional distress, or acted recklessly when it was certain
or substantially certain emotional distress would result from his conduct; (3) that
the actions of the defendant caused the plaintiff to suffer emotional distress; and,
(4) that the emotional distress suffered by the plaintiff was so severe that no
reasonable person could be expected to endure it.
Id. at 371, 504 S.E.2d at 421, syl. pt. 3. Further,
“[t]he first element of the cause of action is a showing by the plaintiff that the
defendant’s actions towards the plaintiff were atrocious, intolerable, and so extreme
and outrageous as to exceed the bounds of decency. The defendant’s conduct “must
be more than unreasonable, unkind or unfair; it must truly offend community
notions of acceptable conduct.” Grandchamp v. United Air Lines, Inc., 854 F.2d
381, 383 (10th Cir.1988).
Travis at 375, 504 S.E.2d at 425. Finally,
[i]n evaluating a defendant’s conduct in an intentional or reckless infliction
of emotional distress claim, the role of the trial court is to first determine whether
the defendant’s conduct may reasonably be regarded as so extreme and outrageous
as to constitute the intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress. Whether
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conduct may reasonably be considered outrageous is a legal question, and whether
conduct is in fact outrageous is a question for jury determination.
Id. at 371, 504 S.E.2d at 421, syl. pt. 4.
The circuit court found that petitioner acted erratically when Ms. Shaver asked him if he
needed any help; that “he got in the face of the one of the librarians”; that, based upon petitioner’s
own deposition testimony, he was “‘pushed’ to, and out of, the door of the library, but not beyond
the threshold of the door”; and that Mr. Shaver did not “push him to the ground,” “grab him[,]” or
strike him with any object.2 In its role as gatekeeper with respect to whether Mr. Shaver’s conduct
could reasonably be considered outrageous, the circuit court determined that it could not
find that [Mr.] Shaver’s conduct may reasonably be regarded as so extreme and
outrageous as to exceed the bounds of decency. He received a phone call from his
wife, Debra Shaver, regarding a Library patron who was acting erratically and
making his wife nervous. In his statement to Trooper Schoolcraft, he stated that he
had never before received a call of that nature from his wife, and therefore he
believed it to be a serious matter. He stated to Trooper Schoolcraft that [petitioner]
was acting in an agitated and aggressive manner, and in an attempt to assist his wife
and her co-worker, Imogene Clutter, he took [petitioner] by the arm and directed
[petitioner] to the exit.
The circuit court concluded that, based upon “the totality of the circumstances . . . [Mr.]
Shaver’s conduct was not so outrageous as to exceed the bounds of decency, and therefore a claim
for Tort of Outrage cannot be sustained.” We are mindful that, “[a]t the summary judgment stage,
the benefit of the doubt is to be given to the nonmoving party[,]” and that “[b]oth this Court and
the court below ‘must draw any permissible inference from the underlying facts in the light most
favorable to the party opposing the motion.’” Harris v. Jones, 209 W. Va. 557, 561, 550 S.E.2d
93, 97 (2001) (quoting Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. at, 192, 451 S.E.2d at 758). Viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to petitioner—and considering that petitioner’s own
deposition testimony regarding Mr. Shaver’s conduct was not inconsistent with the police
statements given by the individual respondents—we find that the circuit court did not err in
concluding, as a matter of law, that Mr. Shaver’s conduct could not reasonably be regarded as so
extreme and outrageous as to constitute the tort of outrage.
We next address petitioner’s assignments of error that the circuit court erred in resolving
his claims for “false reporting” against all of the respondents before discovery had been fully
conducted. He argues that this case is “fact intensive,” and that his claim “hinged” on the written
2
Given this testimony by petitioner, this Court questions the veracity of the contrary
statement in petitioner’s brief—which was made without citation to the appendix record—that
“[t]he force used [by Mr. Shaver] was enough to push Petitioner to the ground more than once.”
This Court has reviewed the appendix record and finds no evidentiary support for such a statement.
5
police report and audio tapes of the police statements given by the individual respondents that he
claims he had not received or knew existed at the time the circuit court entered its order. 3 Thus,
with regard to Mr. Shaver’s motion for summary judgment on petitioner’s “false reporting” claim,
petitioner argues that the motion was improvidently granted. With regard to the library
respondents, petitioner argues that the amended complaint “put[] [them] on notice of the [false
reporting] claim against them and adequately describes what facts the Petitioner plans to use to
support that claim.” Thus, he contends that the circuit court erred in granting the library
respondents’ motion to dismiss with regard to the “false reporting” claim.
We find no error. Petitioner’s arguments are fundamentally flawed in that he has utterly
failed to identify any supporting legal authority for a “false reporting” claim in the context of a
civil action.4 Not surprisingly, therefore, petitioner has failed to define or otherwise identify the
elements of such a claim and to argue how respondents’ alleged conduct constitutes “false
reporting.” Given these most basic deficiencies, we need not further discuss this assignment of
error except to caution that “liberalization in the rules of pleading in civil cases does not justify a
carelessly drafted or baseless pleading. . . . Simplicity and informality of pleading do not permit
carelessness and sloth: the plaintiff’s attorney must know every essential element of his cause of
action and must state it in the complaint.” Sticklen v. Kittle, 168 W. Va. 147, 164, 287 S.E.2d 148,
157-58 (1981). See also Fass v. Nowsco Well Serv., Ltd., 177 W. Va. 50, 52, 350 S.E.2d 562, 563
(1986) (“The complaint must set forth enough information to outline the elements of a claim or
permit inferences to be drawn that these elements exist.”).
3
Petitioner’s claim that he did not receive the audio recordings of the individual
respondents’ police statements or the written police report is, at best, confusing, and, at worst,
completely false. In his proposed Order Denying Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and Motion for
Summary Judgment and Accompanying Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, petitioner
stated that his “false reporting” “claim is not dismissed after reviewing the audio tapes provided
in discovery and submitted by [sic] this [c]ourt[,]” and further, that
[t]he recorded statements of Debra Shaver and Imogene Clutter can be proven of
[sic] false reporting as they directly differ from the statement listed in the police
report. The statements from both employees claim [petitioner] was lunging at James
Shaver. The police report . . . state[s] that [petitioner] was lunging at Debra Shaver.
There is a material issue of fact as to whether the women were telling the truth in
their statements to the officer.
Petitioner’s proposed order further stated that Mr. Shaver “gave a statement to police which
contradicts statements in . . . the police report . . . . There is clearly a genuine issue of material fact
as to the false swearing [sic] claim.”
We observe that “false reporting” does exist as an offense in the criminal context. See W.
4
Va. Code § 61-6-20.
6
Additionally,
[a]n appellant must carry the burden of showing error in the judgment of
which he complains. This Court will not reverse the judgment of a trial court unless
error affirmatively appears from the record. Error will not be presumed, all
presumptions being in favor of the correctness of the judgment.
Syl. Pt. 4, State v. Myers, 229 W. Va. 238, 728 S.E.2d 122 (2012) (internal quotations and citations
omitted). Accordingly, we find no error in the circuit court’s order that dismissed petitioner’s
“false reporting” claims against respondents.
Finally, we address petitioner’s argument that the circuit court erred in granting Mr.
Shaver’s motion for summary judgment on his claims of assault and battery. In his response to Mr.
Shaver’s motion for summary judgment, petitioner argued simply that his medical records showed
that “the pain started after a fight on 7/28/2016, the same date as the above-mentioned battery and
assault. The records mention left hand pain, shooting pain in his arm and numbness in his left
thumb from the altercation with [Mr. Shaver].”
In its summary judgment order, the circuit court found that petitioner “incurred an
unspecified amount of medical bills as a result of being seen for an elbow injury[,]” and that the
medical records petitioner produced indicated that “he was diagnosed with tennis elbow, a
degenerative condition resulting from repetitive motion and not associated with the altercation”
with Mr. Shaver. The circuit court further determined that “[n]o other injuries were claimed as a
result of the alleged altercation[,]” and that petitioner failed to prove any “corroborating evidence
as to any claimed injury or damages suffered as a result of the contact between [him] and [Mr.]
Shaver. There is no genuine issue of fact regarding the lack of injury or damages sustained by
[petitioner].” The circuit court thus concluded that summary judgment in favor of Mr. Shaver was
appropriate on petitioner’s claims of assault and battery.
On appeal, petitioner argues that discovery had not been fully conducted at the time the
summary judgment order was entered, that the court “was not in possession of the Petitioner’s full
medical records[,]” and that the medical records that were before the court showed that petitioner
received medical treatment for “the same elbow [Mr. Shaver] grabbed” in the altercation.5
5
Petitioner also argues that, regardless of what the medical records showed, he was not
required to show that he sustained “harmful damages” as a result of the assault and battery, but,
rather, only that Mr. Shaver’s alleged conduct was “harmful or offensive.” See Hutchinson v. W.
Va. State Police, 731 F. Supp. 2d 521, 547 (S.D.W. Va. 2010), aff’d sub nom. Hutchinson v.
Lemmon, 436 F. App’x 210 (4th Cir. 2011) (“‘An actor is subject to liability to another for assault
if (a) he acts intending to cause a harmful or offensive contact with the person of the other or a
third person, or an imminent apprehension of such a contact, and (b) the other is thereby put in
such imminent apprehension.’ Restatement (Second) of Torts § 21 (1965), cited with approval in
W. Va. Fire & Cas. Co. v. Stanley, 216 W. Va. 40, 602 S.E.2d 483, 495 (2004).”); Syl. Pt. 1,
Funeral Services by Gregory, Inc. v. Bluefield Cmty. Hosp., 186 W. Va. 424, 413 S.E.2d 79 (1991)
(“In order to be liable for a battery, an actor must act with the intention of causing a harmful or
offensive contact with a person.”), overruled on other grounds, Courtney v. Courtney, 190 W. Va.
7
We find no error. In syllabus point 3 of Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., 194 W. Va. 52,
459 S.E.2d 329 (1995), we instructed that,
[i]f the moving party makes a properly supported motion for summary judgment
and can show by affirmative evidence that there is no genuine issue of a material
fact, the burden of production shifts to the nonmoving party who must either (1)
rehabilitate the evidence attacked by the moving party, (2) produce additional
evidence showing the existence of a genuine issue for trial, or (3) submit an
affidavit explaining why further discovery is necessary as provided in Rule 56(f) of
the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure.
In response to Mr. Shaver’s motion for summary judgment, petitioner failed to rehabilitate
the evidence that his purported elbow injury was anything other than a degenerative condition not
caused by Mr. Shaver during their altercation. Further, he failed to produce additional evidence
showing that there was a genuine issue for trial. Suffice it to say, petitioner’s argument on appeal
that he received medical treatment for the “same elbow” that Mr. Shaver grabbed when escorting
petitioner out of the library building is not adequate evidence that a genuine issue exists as to
whether he sustained an injury as a result of Mr. Shaver’s alleged assault and/or battery. Finally,
petitioner failed to submit an affidavit to the circuit court explaining why further discovery was
126, 437 S.E.2d 436 (1993). According to petitioner, a rational trier of fact could have found that
Mr. Shaver’s alleged conduct constituted assault and battery and thus, summary judgment was
improperly granted.
A review of petitioner’s response to Mr. Shaver’s motion for summary judgment reveals
that petitioner failed to raise this argument before the circuit court. In fact, petitioner’s response
failed to cite to any legal authority relating to or defining the torts of assault and battery, the result
of which deprived the circuit court of the opportunity to consider, in the first instance, whether Mr.
Shaver’s alleged contact with petitioner was “harmful or offensive” within the meaning of the torts
of assault and battery. Our general rule is that nonjurisdictional questions not raised in proceedings
below, but raised for the first time on appeal, will not be considered. Whitlow v. Bd. of Educ. of
Kanawha Cty., 190 W. Va. 223, 226, 438 S.E.2d 15, 18 (1993). We have explained that
[t]he rationale behind this rule is that when an issue has not been raised below, the
facts underlying that issue will not have been developed in such a way so that a
disposition can be made on appeal. Moreover, we consider the element of fairness.
When a case has proceeded to its ultimate resolution below, it is manifestly unfair
for a party to raise new issues on appeal. Finally, there is also a need to have the
issue refined, developed, and adjudicated by the trial court, so that we have the
benefit of its wisdom.
Id. Having failed to timely raise this argument, we necessarily find that it has been waived. See
Zaleski v. West Virginia Mut. Ins. Co., 224 W. Va. 544, 550, 687 S.E.2d 123, 129 (2009) (“Because
this argument is now being raised for the first time on appeal, we must necessarily find that the
argument . . . has been waived.”).
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necessary. Because petitioner failed to comply with the requirements of Rule 56, we find no error
in the circuit court’s conclusion that summary judgment on petitioner’s assault and battery claims
was appropriate.6
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
Affirmed.
ISSUED: May 26, 2020
CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice John A. Hutchison
NOT PARTICIPATING:
Justice Margaret L. Workman
6
Petitioner also assigns as error the circuit court’s finding that the general release petitioner
signed on February 22, 2017, in conjunction with the dismissal of the criminal offenses filed
against him as a result of the Library incident, barred petitioner’s claims against respondents. In
light of our resolution of petitioner’s other arguments on appeal, we need not address this
assignment of error.
9