THIRD DIVISION
MCFADDEN, C. J.,
DOYLE, P. J., and HODGES, J.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
Please refer to the Supreme Court of Georgia Judicial
Emergency Order of March 14, 2020 for further
information at (https://www.gaappeals.us/rules).
May 27, 2020
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A20A0501. HENRY v. STATE. HO-019C
HODGES, Judge.
Kemar Henry was convicted by a jury of driving under the influence of alcohol
per se (OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (5)) and for failure to dim his headlights (OCGA § 40-
8-31).1 Henry moved for a new trial, which the trial court denied. He now appeals,
contending that OCGA § 40-6-392 (e) is unconstitutional because it violates his right
to confront witnesses called against him. He also contends that his trial counsel was
ineffective for (1) failing to object to the admission of the State-administered blood
test result which was obtained in violation of his right to be free from unreasonable
search and seizure; (2) failing to object to the admission of the State-administered
1
Henry was acquitted of driving under the influence of alcohol to the extent
he was less safe (OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (1)) and for failure to maintain his lane
(OCGA § 40-6-48).
blood test result because he was denied his right to independent testing after having
requested it; (3) failing to have his blood independently tested after obtaining a court
order to permit it; and (4) failing to obtain the underlying documents to the GBI’s
summary blood test report. For the reasons that follow, we reverse the denial of
Henry’s motion for new trial and remand the case for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
“On appeal from a criminal conviction, a defendant no longer enjoys the
presumption of innocence, and the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to
the guilty verdict.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Walker v. State, 349 Ga. App.
188 (825 SE2d 578) (2019).
So viewed, the evidence shows that on the night of June 17, 2017, Henry was
pulled over by a Georgia State Patrol trooper. The trooper observed Henry’s vehicle
with its bright lights on driving in the opposite direction from the trooper. When the
trooper made contact with Henry, his eyes were bloodshot and watery, and his speech
was slurred, though the trooper did not detect any smell of alcohol. Henry agreed to
the trooper’s request to perform field sobriety testing. Henry demonstrated four clues
of impairment on the horizontal gaze nystagmus test, three clues of impairment on the
walk and turn test, and two clues of impairment on the one-leg stand test. After
2
several unsuccessful attempts to obtain a reading on the alco-sensor, Henry finally
provided an adequate sample which registered positive for alcohol.
At that time, Henry was placed under arrest for driving under the influence of
alcohol. The officer read Henry the age-appropriate implied consent notice, after
which Henry asked the officer “[s]o you’re gonna let me do the breathalyzer one more
time?” The trooper responded that “[w]e’re past that bridge. We’re past it.” The
trooper read Henry the implied consent notice again, after which Henry said “so you
are saying I can take, my blood, my blood, my doctor can do my blood test and all
that?” The trooper responded to Henry’s question by stating, “I need a yes or a no
right now. I did not ask anything about your doctor. I said the State. Yes or no.”
Henry’s response on the dash camera video is inaudible. The trooper then asked
Henry “[i]s that a yes?”, and Henry’s response is again inaudible on the dash camera
video. Although it is not discernable on the video, the trooper testified that Henry
consented to a blood test in a soft voice.
Henry’s blood was drawn at the jail, and testing performed by the GBI
concluded that Henry’s blood alcohol concentration was .085 grams per 100
milliliters of blood, with a variance, or margin of error, of plus or minus .004. Henry
was charged by accusation of driving under the influence of alcohol per se, driving
3
under the influence of alcohol to the extent he was less safe, failure to maintain lane,
and failure to dim headlights. Prior to trial, Henry’s counsel secured an order to
obtain additional independent testing of Henry’s blood, but no additional testing was
performed. Henry was convicted of driving under the influence per se and failure to
dim lights, and he was acquitted of driving under the influence to the extent he was
less safe and failure to maintain lane. Henry timely filed a motion for new trial, which
the trial court denied following an evidentiary hearing. Henry now appeals his DUI
conviction.
1. Henry contends that OCGA § 40-6-392 is unconstitutional because it
violates his right to confront his accusers. The Supreme Court found this enumeration
waived.
Henry initially filed this appeal in the Supreme Court of Georgia. See Ga.
Const. of 1983, Art. VI, Sec. VI, Par. II (1). However, our Supreme Court transferred
Henry’s appeal to this Court, finding:
regardless of whether [Henry’s] Confrontation Clause claim might
otherwise invoke [the Supreme Court’s] constitutional question
jurisdiction, his failure to raise this issue until the filing of his amended
motion for new trial prevents its assertion as a basis for [the Supreme
Court’s] jurisdiction. See Hardeman v. State, 272 Ga. 361 (529 SE2d
368) (2000) (transferring appeal where constitutional question was
4
raised for the first time in motion for new trial); Kolokouris v. State, 271
Ga. 597 (1) (523 SE2d 311) (1999) (constitutional challenge cannot be
raised for first time after a guilty verdict has been returned).
“As a result, this enumeration is without merit because the Supreme Court’s
determination in its transfer order is final and binding. Accordingly, this enumeration
provides nothing for us to review.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Vaughn v.
State, 352 Ga. App. 32, 37 (2) (833 SE2d 723) (2019).
2. Henry also contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object
to the introduction of the blood test result because he was denied the independent
testing he requested.2 We agree.
When this Court reviews a ruling on a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel
we accept the trial court’s factual findings and credibility determinations
unless clearly erroneous, but we independently apply the legal principles
to the facts. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel, a defendant bears the burden of showing both that trial counsel
was deficient and that he was prejudiced by the deficiency. To
demonstrate deficient representation, a convicted criminal defendant
2
“For convenience of discussion, we have taken the enumerated errors out of
the order in which appellant has listed them . . .” Foster v. Morrison, 177 Ga. App.
250 (1) (339 SE2d 307) (1985).
5
must show that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard
of reasonableness.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Thrasher v. State, 300 Ga. App. 154 (684 SE2d
318) (2009).
To determine whether it was ineffective for trial counsel to fail to file a motion
to suppress the blood test result or otherwise object to its admission, Henry is
required to make a strong showing that such a motion would have been granted. Id.
at 155 (1). “Reversal is required when a showing is made that a motion to suppress
would have been meritorious and when there is a reasonable likelihood that the
outcome of the trial would have been different if evidence had been suppressed.” Id.
Accordingly, we must analyze the merits a motion to suppress would have had in this
case.
Georgia law provides that a person who consents to chemical testing of his
blood, urine, breath, or other bodily substance
may have a physician or a qualified technician, chemist, registered
nurse, or other qualified person of his own choosing administer a
chemical test or tests in addition to any administered at the direction of
a law enforcement officer. The justifiable failure or inability to obtain
an additional test shall not preclude the admission of evidence relating
to the test or tests taken at the direction of a law enforcement officer[.]
6
OCGA § 40-6-392 (a) (3). “[A]n accused’s right to have an independent test
performed does not attach until the State performs its test, but the right to request an
independent test may be exercised when the accused is read [his] informed consent
rights.” (Citation and emphasis omitted.) Ladow v. State, 256 Ga. App. 726, 729 (569
SE2d 572) (2002). “An accused’s right to have an additional, independent chemical
test or tests administered is invoked by some statement that reasonably could be
construed, in light of the circumstances, to be an expression of a desire for such test.”
(Emphasis supplied.) Id. at 728.
Implied consent warnings ask an accused to submit to a State-
administered test; they do not ask the accused whether he wants an
additional, independent chemical test. And none specifies to the accused
any requirements for requesting that test – linguistically, temporally, or
otherwise[.]
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) McGinn v. State, 268 Ga. App. 450, 452 (602
SE2d 209) (2004). Indeed,
[b]y its terms, “reasonably could” means we must treat a defendant’s
statements as a request if reasonable people could disagree about
whether those statements expressed a desire for an independent test. The
fact that [an ambiguous statement] reasonably could support two
different interpretations – either as a request for an independent test or
not – requires us to resolve the ambiguity in [the defendant’s] favor,
7
because his statements “reasonably could” be construed as a request for
an independent test.
Wright v. State, 338 Ga. App. 216, 224 (1) (c) (789 SE2d 424) (2016). “If an
individual requests an independent test but is unable to obtain it, the results of the
State-administered test cannot be used by the State as evidence against him unless the
failure to obtain the test is justified.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Johnson v.
State, 261 Ga. App. 633, 636 (2) (583 SE2d 489) (2003).3
Here, after Henry was read the implied consent notice and asked to consent to
a blood test for the second time, he asked the trooper, “so you are saying I can take,
my blood, my blood, my doctor can do my blood test and all that?” The trooper
responded to Henry’s question by stating, “I need a yes or a no right now. I did not
ask anything about your doctor. I said the State. Yes or no.” Henry’s statement is
arguably ambiguous as to whether Henry sought to have his doctor perform an
independent blood test or whether he sought to forward the blood collected by the
State for subsequent testing by his doctor.4 Instead of answering Henry’s question or
3
The State does not argue that the failure to accommodate Henry’s request was
justified; rather, it argues that Henry did not make a request for independent testing.
4
Importantly, Henry was not attempting to designate a different form of
chemical testing with his question than was requested by the trooper. See, e. g.,
8
attempting to clarify what Henry meant, the trooper ignored Henry’s request and
made no attempt to accommodate it. Under our current law, the trial court would have
had to resolve any ambiguity in Henry’s statement in his favor. Accordingly, Henry
has made a strong showing that, had his counsel filed a motion to suppress the blood
test result, it would have been granted, and thus trial counsel was deficient for failing
to so move.5 See Thrasher, 300 Ga. App. at 157 (1) (trial counsel was deficient for
failing to move to suppress blood test results obtained after an inexcusable delay
between arrest and reading implied consent notice); Collier v. State, 266 Ga. App.
762, 764 (598 SE2d 373) (2004) (trial counsel was deficient for failing to move to
Mathis v. State, 298 Ga. App. 817, 818-819 (1) (681 SE2d 179) (2009) (“a
defendant’s attempt to designate the [S]tate-administered test is not a request for an
independent test.”) (citation omitted).
5
Relying on now Justice Peterson’s special concurrence in Wright, the State
invites us to revisit the “reasonably could” standard established by Ladow and replace
it with the “reasonably would” standard which is applied in other contexts. However,
we are not looking at this issue in the context of a trial court’s denial of a motion to
suppress; rather, Henry’s claim is premised on an assertion of ineffective assistance
of counsel. Regardless of whether the standard espoused in Ladow should be
revisited, it was the standard which was in place at the time of Henry’s trial, and thus
it is the standard which governs our analysis about the reasonableness of trial
counsel’s performance. Indeed, as now Justice Peterson acknowledges in his special
concurrence, “[w]hether statements ‘reasonably could be’ construed as expressing a
desire for an additional test is not, then, an exacting test.” Wright, 338 Ga. App. at
227 (Peterson, J., concurring). It was incumbent upon trial counsel to take advantage
of this low bar to the benefit of his client.
9
suppress chemical test results obtained as a result of consent tainted by the officer
misleading the defendant about the effect of his failure to consent to testing);
Jefferson v. State, 217 Ga. App. 747, 753 (1) (b) (459 SE2d 173) (1995) (trial counsel
was deficient for failing to move to exclude evidence which was obtained as the result
of an unconstitutional detention).
We then turn to whether Henry was prejudiced by this deficiency, and we
conclude that Henry in fact suffered prejudice. Henry was convicted of driving under
the influence of alcohol per se, which required the State to prove that he had a blood
alcohol concentration of at least .08 grams per 100 milliliters of blood. OCGA § 40-6-
391 (a) (5). Without the results of the blood test, the State would have been unable
to establish the elements of the claim to convict him. See Wright, 338 Ga. App. 224
(1) (c) (reversing trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress results of the State-
administered breath test and finding that the conviction for driving under the
influence per se must also be reversed in light of the fact that the evidence was
insufficient to convict the defendant in the absence of the breath test results).
“Finding deficient performance of trial counsel and prejudice, . . . we must reverse”
the trial court’s denial of Henry’s motion for new trial and remand this case for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Thrasher, 300 Ga. App. at 157 (1).
10
3. In light of our holding in Division 2, we need not address Henry’s remaining
enumerations of error.
Judgment reversed and case remanded. McFadden, C. J., and Doyle, P. J.,
concur.
11
Kemar Henry v. State
Combined Opinion