FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT June 10, 2020
_________________________________
Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
LAURA M. FORD,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 19-3171
(D.C. No. 2:18-CV-02373-JWL)
COMMISSIONER, SSA, (D. Kan.)
Defendant - Appellee.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before MATHESON, BALDOCK, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
The Social Security Act provides for the payment of disability insurance
benefits (DIB) to qualifying individuals who have “not attained retirement age.”
42 U.S.C. § 423(a)(1)(B). When an individual who has been receiving DIB reaches
full retirement age, her entitlement to DIB ends and those benefits are automatically
converted to old-age benefits. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.316(b)(2). Ms. Ford, the pro se
plaintiff in this action, received DIB beginning in 1990. When she reached full
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
retirement age in 2015, the Social Security Administration (SSA) notified her that
she was no longer entitled to DIB but would begin receiving old-age benefits in the
same amount as her previous monthly disability benefit. She challenged that
determination and received a hearing before an administrative law judge (ALJ), who
affirmed it. She sought review in the district court, which affirmed the ALJ’s
determination. She has now appealed to this court. Exercising jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291 and 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In 1990, Ms. Ford filed applications for DIB and Supplemental Security
Income (SSI) benefits. The SSA determined that she had become disabled on
December 27, 1989, and it granted the application for DIB. But it denied her SSI
application, apparently because her income was too high to qualify for those benefits.
See generally 42 U.S.C. § 1382(a) (setting income eligibility requirements for receipt
of SSI benefits by disabled individuals).
Ms. Ford began receiving monthly DIB in June 1990. In February 2015, the
SSA notified her that she was no longer entitled to disability benefits because she had
reached her full retirement age. The notice explained that the amount of her monthly
benefits would remain the same but that she would now begin receiving old-age
benefits instead of DIB. She appealed the notice, stating “I need my Retirement
benefits and all other Benefits I am entitle[d to].” R. at 46. The SSA responded that
her monthly benefit would remain the same but would “now be made from the Social
Security retirement trust fund rather than the disability trust fund.” Id. at 49. The
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SSA upheld that decision on reconsideration. Ms. Ford then requested a de novo
hearing before an ALJ.
Before the ALJ hearing, Ms. Ford contacted the SSA and requested a copy of
her medical records. She was told “there are none on this claim.” Id. at 88.
Ms. Ford later complained to the ALJ that she had requested her disability file but
had not received it. The ALJ explained that the disability file, if it still existed, was
not relevant to the issues he needed to resolve.
At the hearing, Ms. Ford asserted that she had been receiving SSI benefits, not
DIB. See id. at 133. She stated she believed she was entitled to DIB because she had
worked for 12 years before her disability and paid into the system during these years.
The ALJ rejected Ms. Ford’s assertion that she had been receiving SSI benefits rather
than DIB. He further explained that the change in her DIB status was a trust-fund
change only, from the disability trust fund to the retirement trust fund. This change
did not imply that she was no longer disabled. Nor did it disadvantage her or change
the amount of benefit that she received. Based on the totality of the evidence, the
ALJ concluded Ms. Ford had failed to show a basis for reversing the agency decision.
Ms. Ford sought review from the Appeals Council. She submitted additional
evidence with her request for review. The Appeals Council found that she had not
shown a reasonable probability that her new evidence would change the outcome of
the ALJ’s decision. It denied the request for review, making the ALJ’s decision the
final agency decision.
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II. DISCUSSION
Our review of the Commissioner’s decision in a social security case “is limited
to determining whether the Commissioner applied the correct legal standards and
whether the agency’s factual findings are supported by substantial evidence.” Noreja
v. Comm’r, SSA, 952 F.3d 1172, 1177 (10th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks
omitted). “We do not defer to the district court when evaluating the Commissioner’s
decision.” Id. at 1177-78. Because Ms. Ford is proceeding pro se, we liberally
construe her filings but we will not act as her advocate. See James v. Wadas,
724 F.3d 1312, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013).
A. Conversion to Old-Age Benefits
DIB and old-age benefits are authorized under Title II of the Social Security
Act (Act), 42 U.S.C. §§ 401-434. They are funded by employment taxes and are
administered through statutorily authorized trust funds. Eligibility for DIB or
old-age benefits depends on insured status, which generally requires that the insured
has paid into the Social Security fund for a designated period. See id. §§ 414, 423(a).
In 1939, Congress established the “Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
Trust Fund,” which is used to provide old-age insurance benefits to qualifying
recipients. Social Security Act Amendments of 1939, Pub. L. No. 76-379, § 201,
53 Stat. 1360, 1362; codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. § 401(a). By the 1950’s,
Congress became concerned about disabled workers who were insured for old-age
benefits under the Act but were no longer able to work and therefore faced “a period
of destitution after the onset of their disability until they were eligible to receive old-
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age benefits.” Sanchez v. Schweiker, 656 F.2d 966, 968 (5th Cir. 1981). To remedy
this problem, “Congress expanded the Social Security program to provide [DIB] as
an adjunct to old-age benefits.” Id. DIB funds provide “early eligibility for old-age
benefits,” id., but are held in a separate fund known as the “Federal Disability
Insurance Trust Fund,” 42 U.S.C. § 401(b).
When a disabled person reaches full retirement age, she is no longer eligible
for DIB payments and instead becomes entitled to old-age benefits. See 42 U.S.C.
§ 423(a)(1)(B); 20 C.F.R. § 404.316(b)(2); Sanchez, 656 F.2d at 968 (“Because
disability insurance was, in fact, early eligibility for old-age benefits, Congress
provided that when the insured became eligible for old-age benefits his monthly
disability benefits would cease.”). These benefits are then paid from the fund set
aside for old-age benefits rather than the disability fund.
In contrast to DIB and old-age benefits, SSI is authorized under Title XVI of
the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1381-1383f, and is funded from general tax
revenues. SSI is a public assistance program that provides a benefit to the aged,
blind, and disabled who meet certain income and resource requirements. It was
designed to prevent the recipients from falling below the poverty line. See id.
§ 1382.
An individual who is disabled and meets the requirements for both DIB and
SSI may receive benefits from both programs. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.350, 416.420.
As noted, Ms. Ford applied for both DIB and SSI benefits in 1990, but the SSA
determined she was ineligible for SSI. The evidence she submitted to the Appeals
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Council confirms that she has been receiving DIB, not SSI benefits, since 1990. See
R. at 96-98, 100.1 She does not contest that she has reached her full retirement age.
In light of the evidence, she fails to show that the agency erred as a legal matter by
converting her DIB benefits to old-age benefits.2
B. Other Issues
Ms. Ford also complains that the SSA “didn’t give me my papers in my file.”
Aplt. Opening Br. at 2. The record shows that before her administrative hearing, the
SSA informed her several times of the steps she could take to see the evidence in her
file. See R. at 61, 70, 80. And although it appears neither the SSA nor the ALJ
provided her with the medical records that supported her original 1990 application,
this was not reversible error. The issue in this proceeding was not whether her
medical records showed that Ms. Ford was disabled (an issue already resolved in her
favor 30 years ago) but instead whether the SSA properly converted her DIB to
old-age benefits. Ms. Ford fails to show that her medical records were relevant to
that issue or to her argument that she was receiving SSI rather than DIB (which
1
The ALJ found that Ms. Ford’s initial DIB benefit in June 1990 was $520.
This figure is consistent with her hearing testimony. See R. at 134. The
Commissioner notes this monthly benefit amount exceeds the statutory maximum SSI
payment for an eligible individual in 1990. See SSI Federal Payment Amounts,
https://www.ssa.gov/OACT/COLA/SSIamts.html (last visited June 2, 2020). Thus,
the Commissioner argues, she could not have been receiving only SSI benefits in
connection with her disability, as she claims.
2
As the district court noted, if Ms. Ford believes she is eligible for SSI
benefits in addition to her old-age benefits, she may make a new application with the
SSA.
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involves an income-based calculation), or that she was denied access to other
pertinent records in her file.
Finally, Ms. Ford complains that the ALJ did not look at the papers she
brought to the hearing. She does not identify which papers the ALJ allegedly failed
to review, and the hearing transcript does not seem to indicate that the ALJ was
presented with papers but refused to review them. See R. at 130-42. In addition, as
noted, after the ALJ issued his decision, Ms. Ford was provided the opportunity to
submit additional evidence to the Appeals Council. She did so. Ms. Ford has not
shown the Appeals Council erred when it concluded that this additional evidence did
not show a reasonable probability that it would change the outcome.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s judgment.
Entered for the Court
Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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