NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 19-2981
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FREDERICK BOUNASISSI;
STACEY BOUNASISSI,
Appellants
v.
PHH MORTGAGE SERVICES, INC.
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On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. No. 1-17-cv-01028)
District Court Judge: Honorable Robert B. Kugler
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Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
March 23, 2020
Before: JORDAN, RESTREPO and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: June 11, 2020)
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OPINION *
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RESTREPO, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal of the District Court’s dismissal of this case without prejudice
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m) for failure to timely serve the defendant.
Under 8 U.S.C. § 1291, this Court shall not exercise jurisdiction over decisions that
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
are not “final.” Because Appellants have not provided any reason for this Court to
find an exception to this rule, we must dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
I
In the underlying District Court action, Appellants Frederick and Stacey
Bounasissi alleged that PHH Mortgage Services, Inc. violated their statutory rights in
its handling of the 2014 foreclosure of their home. They filed a ten-count complaint
on February 15, 2017. Approximately eight months later, on October 5, 2017, the
District Court issued a “notice of call for dismissal pursuant to L. Civ. R. 41.1(a) for
lack of prosecution.” App. 60. After this notice, the Bounasissis provided a
certificate of service indicating that PHH was served on July 28, 2017—over 150 days
after they filed their Complaint. 1
The District Court reviewed the Bounasissis’ unopposed motion for default
judgment, ordering them to show cause as to “why the Complaint should not be
dismissed with prejudice for lack of jurisdiction under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine
and/or because Plaintiffs’ claims are barred by New Jersey’s entire controversy
doctrine”—and why it should not be dismissed “without prejudice for lack of timely
service pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m).” App. 50–51 (emphasis
added).
1
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m), “[i]f a defendant is not served
within 90 days after the complaint is filed, the court--on motion or on its own after
notice to the plaintiff--must dismiss the action without prejudice against that
defendant or order that service be made within a specified time.” A court must extend
the time for service “if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
4(m).
2
The Bounasissis filed a response. Considering their submission, the District
Court found that they “failed to show good cause for their failure to timely serve
defendants.” App. 59. Specifically, the Court found unconvincing their argument that
the “process server failed to effectuate timely service for ‘reasons unknown’” and
accordingly dismissed the case pursuant to Rule 4(m). App. 62. Dismissal under
Rule 4(m) operates as a dismissal without prejudice. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m) (stating that
dismissals under this rule are “without prejudice”). The Bounasissis now appeal the
District Court’s Rule 4(m) ruling.
II
A
We cannot reach the merits of this appeal—or any other—unless we have
jurisdiction. “[F]ederal courts have an independent obligation to assure themselves of
their own jurisdiction.” Wayne Land and Mineral Grp. LLC v. Del. River Basin
Comm’n, 894 F.3d 509, 522 n.9 (3d Cir. 2018).
The District Court exercised jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1331. This Court has jurisdiction over “appeals from all final decisions of the district
courts.” 8 U.S.C. § 1291 (emphasis added). A final decision is an order that “ends
litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the
judgment.” Core Commc’ns Inc. v. Verizon Pa., Inc., 493 F.3d 333, 337 (3d Cir.
2007) (quoting Richman Bros. Records, Inc. v. U.S. Sprint Commc’ns Co., 953 F.2d
1431, 1441 (3d Cir. 1991)). Although an order dismissing a complaint without
prejudice (as with a dismissal under Rule 4(m)) is generally not considered a final
order, there are certain exceptions, including when the applicable statutes of
3
limitations would prohibit refiling the claims. Id.; Ahmed v. Dragovich, 297 F.3d 201,
207 (3d Cir. 2002). See also S.B. v. KinderCare Learning Ctrs. LLC, 815 F.3d 150,
152–53 (3d Cir. 2016) (recognizing the “legal prejudice exception” applicable when
“the plaintiff’s ability to refile is foreclosed”); Weber v. McGrogan, 939 F.3d 232, 240
(3d Cir. 2019) (recognizing the narrow “stand on the complaint” doctrine applicable
when a plaintiff “submit[s] a clear and unequivocal declaration of intent to ‘stand on
her complaint’”).
B
In order to assess whether this case may fit an exception to the general rule that
a dismissal without prejudice is not a final order, this Court entered the following Order
on March 31, 2020:
Please address in a supplemental letter brief no more than two single-
spaced pages whether the District Court’s dismissal of this case “without
prejudice” pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m) is a final
order over which this Court has jurisdiction. See 8 U.S.C. Section 1291;
Core Communications Inc. v. Verizon Pa., Inc., 493 F. 3d 333, 337 (3d
Cir. 2007). In your analysis, please specifically note (1) whether the
statutes of limitations have run on some or all your claims (specifying
which claims), see Core Communications Inc.[], 493 F. 3d at 337; Ahmed
v. Dragovich, 297 F. 3d 201, 207 (3d Cir. 2002), and whether you are
abandoning any claims that may remain viable, see Trevino v. Pittsburgh
Nat. Bank, 919 F. 2d 874, 877-78 (3d Cir. 1990), and (2) whether you are
abandoning all claims before the District Court in favor of “standing on
your complaint” (if you answer this request affirmatively, there is no need
to address the first request), Weber v. McGrogan, 939 F. 3d 232, 240-41
(3d Cir. 2019). This letter brief shall be filed on or before April 10, 2020.
Appellants never responded. And Appellants have not otherwise provided this
Court any basis for deeming the District Court’s order final and exercising our
jurisdiction.
4
Generally, issues not raised in an appellant’s opening brief are deemed waived
on appeal. New Jersey v. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., 640 F.3d 545, 547 n.3 (3d Cir.
2011). Because the Bounasissis neither addressed our Court’s jurisdiction in their
opening brief nor when expressly given the opportunity to do so, we are left with no
choice but to conclude that the District Court’s dismissal under Rule 4(m) does not
constitute a final order. Accordingly, we will dismiss this case for lack of jurisdiction.
5