NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 20a0349n.06
No. 19-2021
UNITED STATES COURTS OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
Jun 12, 2020
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
Plaintiff - Appellee,
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
PETER LOUIS MESHIGAUD, ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
Defendant - Appellant. )
Before: CLAY, WHITE, and READLER, Circuit Judges
HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. After serving a sentence of imprisonment for
domestic assault, Defendant-Appellant Peter Louis Meshigaud admitted to violating a condition
of his supervised release. He was then sentenced to an additional term of imprisonment and
supervised release with new special conditions. Meshigaud appeals, challenging a special
condition that bars him from entering two Michigan counties and an Indian community without
the permission of a probation officer. We affirm.
I.
Meshigaud is a member of the Hannahville Indian Community, a federally recognized tribe
located near Escanaba, Michigan. In 2014, a grand jury indicted Meshigaud for committing
domestic assault on “J.M.,” with whom he cohabitated on tribal land and shares a child. R. 1, PID
1. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to sixty months’ imprisonment and three years’ supervised
No. 19-2021, United States v. Meshigaud
release. As a special condition of supervision, the court ordered Meshigaud not to use or possess
any alcoholic beverage.
Meshigaud began his supervised release on February 23, 2018. On October 26, 2018, the
United States Probation Office (“Probation”) filed a petition alleging that Meshigaud had violated
the conditions of his supervision by committing domestic assault and sexual abuse against J.M.
Probation then amended its petition, adding a violation for the consumption of alcohol. The parties
agreed that Meshigaud would admit to the alcohol violation and the remaining violations would
be dismissed.
At a hearing before a magistrate judge, Meshigaud admitted to consuming alcohol and
waived his right to allocution and sentencing before a district judge. During the sentencing
hearing, Meshigaud’s counsel noted that there was “still an outstanding personal protection order
against JM, so [Meshigaud] would not be able to have contact through that order.” R. 80, PID
453. When asked if anything suggested that Meshigaud would not repeat his alcohol use, Counsel
responded, “[Meshigaud] admits he drank at the casino. I don’t even really understand why they
would even serve him, knowing that he is not allowed to consume alcohol, . . . he works for the
casino security . . . . So I think we could put them on notice.” Id. at 460-61. Counsel continued
that Meshigaud was doing well at work and argued that “taking him away from that reservation,
where he could have that job” would not be in anyone’s best interest. Id. at 463. Counsel further
noted that Meshigaud wants to be involved in the lives of his three young children and to support
them financially. Counsel suggested that Meshigaud could “do some outpatient rehab,” stay at
Great Lakes Recovery Center, or reside off the Hannahville reservation with his uncle “at a tribal
subsidized sober living environment in which, as part of the requirements to live there, you have
to go to a counselor . . . . It has multiple cameras and it has police involvement at the living center.”
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Id. at 464. Similarly, Meshigaud stated that he had been promoted at work and enrolled in college
and that he wanted “nothing more than to be able to have some type of relationship with [his]
children.” Id. at 466. Meshigaud suggested that he spend time at the Great Lakes Recovery Center
so that he could maintain contact with his family and reside in Escanaba, “somewhere away from
the reservation.” Id. at 467.
The magistrate explained, “My big concern is releasing him back into that community
because I think that’s a dangerous situation and not good for his rehabilitation.” Id. at 458.
“[Meshigaud’s] criminal history suggests he drinks, he gets violent, he has problems, which
suggests to me, he has surrounded himself with a network of friends that encourage that, or don’t
discourage it.” Id. at 462. The magistrate further explained, “I want to fashion a sentence that’s
going to give you an opportunity to turn your life around, but I also want to fashion a sentence
which is going to provide you with an opportunity to see your kids.” Id. at 471. The magistrate
then recommended a sentence of ten months’ custody with credit for time served, followed by
twenty-four months’ supervision with discretionary conditions, including a prohibition against
entering Delta County, Menominee County, and the Hannahville Indian Community without the
permission of a probation officer.
Meshigaud filed an objection to the magistrate’s report and recommendation with the
district court. The district court rejected the objection to the special condition, explaining that “the
geographical exclusion reasonably relates to the nature of the offense and the history and
characteristics of the defendant, and involves no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably
necessary to deter criminal conduct, protect the public, and foster rehabilitation.” R. 90, PID 507.
The district court adopted the magistrate’s report and recommendation as its opinion. Meshigaud
appeals.
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II.
Meshigaud argues that the district court committed clear error by ordering that he not enter
Delta County, Menominee County, and the Hannahville Indian Reservation without the permission
of his probation officer. “We review the imposition of a supervised-release condition for abuse of
discretion.” United States v. Carter, 463 F.3d 526, 528 (6th Cir. 2006). “Abuse of discretion is
defined as a definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment.
A district court abuses its discretion when it relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, or when
it improperly applies the law or uses an erroneous legal standard.” Id. (quoting U.S. ex rel. A+
Homecare, Inc. v. Medshares Mgmt. Grp., 400 F.3d 428, 450 (6th Cir. 2005)).
Our review has a procedural and a substantive dimension. Id. at 528–29. As a matter of
procedure, “the Court must determine whether the district court adequately stated in open court at
the time of sentencing ‘its rationale for mandating special conditions of supervised release.’”
United States v. Brogdon, 503 F.3d 555, 563 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Carter, 463 F.3d at 528–29).
Meshigaud does not make any argument regarding procedure and the magistrate adequately stated
his rationale at the sentencing hearing.
Substantively, the sentencing court may order any “condition it considers to be
appropriate,” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d), subject to three requirements:
First, the condition must be “reasonably related to” several sentencing factors.
18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(1). These factors are “the nature and circumstances of the
offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant” and “the need for the
sentence imposed . . . to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct; . . . to
protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and . . . to provide the
defendant with needed educational or vocational training, medical care or other
correctional treatment in the most effective manner.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1),
(a)(2)(B)-(D). Second, the condition must “involve[ ] no greater deprivation of
liberty than is reasonably necessary for” several sentencing purposes. 18 U.S.C.
§ 3583(d)(2). These purposes are “to afford adequate deterrence to criminal
conduct; . . . to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and . . . to
provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training, medical care
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or other correctional treatment in the most effective manner.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(2)(B)-(D). Third, the condition must be “consistent with any pertinent
policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(3).
Because they are written in the conjunctive, a condition must satisfy all three
requirements. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(1)-(3). However, a condition need not
satisfy every single factor and purpose within each of the first two requirements.
Carter, 463 F.3d at 529–30 (alterations in original) (citations and footnote omitted).
Meshigaud argues that the “banishment provision . . . is not reasonably related to the nature
and circumstances of his crime” and “involves a greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably
necessary.” Appellant’s Br. at 13. The government responds that the “district court carefully
balanced [] Meshigaud’s liberty interests and the rehabilitative goals of supervision” because
“Meshigaud can still meet his family in a nearby county, and he can still enter the restricted area
with prior permission from his probation officer.” Appellee’s Br. at 25.
We previously considered an argument similar to Meshigaud’s advanced by “Sheldon
Alexander, a long-time resident of the Hannahville–Potawatomi Indian Community, located in the
upper peninsula of Michigan.” United States v. Alexander, 509 F.3d 253, 254 (6th Cir. 2007).
Alexander “violated the terms of his supervised release through a series of alcohol-related
incidents, and the district court imposed a new sentence.” Id. Alexander then challenged “one of
his new conditions of supervised release, which require[d] him to live in Grand Rapids, Michigan,
for one year.” Id. Alexander argued that “because Grand Rapids . . . is several hundred miles
from Hannahville, where his child, other family members and friends live, . . . the restriction [was]
greater than necessary to address his drinking problems.” Id. at 256. We disagreed and concluded
that the “court permissibly struck a balance between the relevant statutory purposes and
Alexander’s liberty interests by temporarily removing him from the Hannahville area while
permitting him to remain in the State of Michigan.” Id. at 257. We reasoned that the restriction
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had “the potential to help Alexander conquer his drinking demons” and “to protect the community
from future crimes.” Id.
Meshigaud argues that we can distinguish Alexander because he “has had only one
conviction for violation of his supervision . . . for drinking.” Appellant’s Br. at 19. But as in
Alexander, the geographic restriction “responded directly to the failing of the original
requirement.” 509 F.3d at 257. The geographic restriction was not imposed until Meshigaud
demonstrated he was unable to comply with the alcohol restriction. Meshigaud further argues that
“[t]he use of alcohol has not been determined to be connected to his living situation” and that “[h]e
is an alcohol abuser whether he is in Marquette or Hannahville.” Appellant’s Br. at 19. However,
the magistrate determined that Meshigaud “surrounded himself with a network of friends” that
facilitated his behavior and that returning to the area would be “a dangerous situation and not good
for his rehabilitation.” R. 80, PID 462, 458. That determination was supported by the statement
by Meshigaud’s counsel that he drank at the casino, his place of employment, and was served by
individuals who knew that he was prohibited from drinking. The restriction is therefore reasonably
related to the nature of Meshigaud’s crimes. Further, the condition imposed on Meshigaud is less
geographically restrictive than the one upheld in Alexander. While Alexander was required to stay
in Grand Rapids for twelve months, hundreds of miles from his family, Meshigaud may enter the
restricted area with the approval of his probation officer and may live less than one-hundred miles
from his old home.
Meshigaud makes a similar argument regarding United States v. Sicher, 239 F.3d 289 (3d
Cir. 2000). In that case, Sicher appealed “from the District Court’s denial of her motion to set
aside a special condition of supervised release which prevent[ed] her from entering Lehigh and
Northampton counties, in Pennsylvania, without permission from her probation officer.” Id. at
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289. The district court considered “substantial evidence concerning the conditions under which
she was raised and her activities prior to incarceration” including a forensic psychologist’s report.
Id. at 290. The Third Circuit upheld the special condition because it was “related to Sicher’s
history and characteristics, involve[d] no greater deprivation of liberty than [was] necessary, and
[was] not inconsistent with the pertinent policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.”
Id. at 289.
Meshigaud argues that “there was ample evidence that if Sicher returned to the location
and associates that shaped her youth, she would be likely to return to a life of crime,” but removing
him from Delta and Menominee Counties is not rationally related to keeping him from alcohol,
which “is available in every [county] and on every Indian reservation in Michigan.” Appellant’s
Br. at 13–14. But the ampleness of the evidence in Sicher does not undermine the sufficiency of
the evidence here. Further, the point of the restriction is not to keep Meshigaud geographically
separated from alcohol, which, as he suggests, would be difficult to accomplish, but to keep him
away from a specific environment in which he was unable to comply with the terms of his
supervised release.
Meshigaud further argues that he “has not had an opportunity to go to treatment and address
his alcohol issues,” suggesting this would have been a lesser deprivation of liberty. Appellant’s
Br. at 19. However, sending Meshigaud to a treatment facility inside Delta or Menominee County
would do little to relieve the concern that living in the area is counterproductive to his
rehabilitation. Further, the special condition neither prevents him from seeking treatment outside
the restricted area nor categorically bars him from seeking treatment inside that area as he may do
so with his probation officer’s approval.
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Meshigaud also briefly contends that “[h]e has a due process right to be a father.”
Appellant’s Br. at 17. “[R]estrictions infringing upon fundamental rights are ‘reviewed
carefully.’” United States v. Soltero, 510 F.3d 858, 866 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v.
Terrigno, 838 F.2d 371, 374 (9th Cir. 1988)). But “‘[e]ven individual fundamental rights
safeguarded by the United States Constitution may be denied or limited by judicially exacted
special conditions of supervised release, as long as those restrictions are directly related to
advancing the individual’s rehabilitation’ and preventing recidivism.” United States v. May, 568
F.3d 597, 608 (6th Cir. 2009) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Kingsley, 241 F.3d
828, 839 n.15 (6th Cir. 2001)). It was not a clear error of judgment to conclude that restricting
Meshigaud’s ability to visit places and people that had facilitated his conduct would advance his
rehabilitation and prevent his recidivism.
“No doubt, a district court should not lightly impose a geographical restriction as a
condition of supervised release, and least of all one that takes a person . . . from his family and
community.” Alexander, 509 F.3d at 256. But, as in Alexander, “the district court did not impose
this restriction lightly,” and it did not abuse its discretion in determining that the restriction
reasonably relates to the § 3553(a) sentencing factors and involves no greater deprivation of liberty
than is reasonably necessary. Id. Further, the order allows visitation as approved by the probation
officer.
III.
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
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