In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 19-1632
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
KEVIN W. SCHAUL,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Central District of Illinois.
No. 3:16-cr-30067-SEM-TSH-1 — Sue E. Myerscough, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED FEBRUARY 14, 2020 — DECIDED JUNE 18, 2020
____________________
Before RIPPLE, SYKES, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judges.
RIPPLE, Circuit Judge. Kevin Schaul pleaded guilty to five
counts of health care fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1347.
He now challenges his conviction, submitting that his guilty
plea was not knowing and voluntary because he never was
informed of the elements of the offense.
The indictment gave Mr. Schaul sufficient notice of the
charges. However, he was informed erroneously of the mens
2 No. 19-1632
rea required by the statute; such an affirmative misrepresen-
tation of the elements of the offense constitutes plain error.
We conclude nevertheless that this error did not affect
Mr. Schaul’s substantial rights. The record affirmatively
demonstrates that he knowingly and willfully violated the
law. We therefore affirm the judgment of the district court.1
I.
BACKGROUND 2
Mr. Schaul owned and operated ChildRite Medical Sup-
ply, a business that participated in the Medicaid program by
suppling incontinence supplies for special-needs individu-
als. From August 2009 to September 2013, Mr. Schaul sub-
mitted claims for reimbursement to the Illinois Department
of Healthcare and Family Services, which reimburses the
cost of certain medical supplies provided to eligible individ-
uals through Medicaid. Although Mr. Schaul reported that
ChildRite had delivered roughly four million units during
the years in question, approximately one million of those
units did not exist. He obtained $582,844.10 from Medicaid
for those nonexistent items.
A grand jury indicted Mr. Schaul for five counts of health
care fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1347. The indictment charged
that Mr. Schaul
1 The jurisdiction of the district court was predicated on 18 U.S.C. § 3231.
Our jurisdiction is secure under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2 The district court adopted the factual findings of the presentence re-
port. R.76 at 6. The parties do not dispute the facts.
No. 19-1632 3
knowingly devised and participated in a
scheme to defraud Medicaid … and to obtain
Medicaid funds by means of material false
statements, pretenses, representations, and
promises. As part of the scheme, Defendant
Schaul, through ChildRite, repeatedly submit-
ted and caused to be submitted false and
fraudulent Medicaid claims … for the delivery
of incontinence products that he represented
had been provided to Medicaid recipients …
when in fact, as Defendant Schaul well knew,
no such products had been delivered or had
not been delivered in the amount claimed. 3
Mr. Schaul, who was represented by counsel during all pro-
ceedings in the district court, entered into a written plea
agreement. The agreement contained language describing a
“scheme to defraud Medicaid” that was substantially identi-
cal to the one described in the indictment.4 The agreement
also stated that Mr. Schaul’s counsel had “fully explained”
to him the indictment and the charges and that Mr. Schaul
fully understood the nature and elements of the crimes to
which he was pleading guilty. 5
The plea agreement erroneously stated, however, that,
under § 1347, the Government needed to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that the defendant “knowingly or willfully
3 R.1 at 3–4.
4 Compare R.39 at 12–13, with R.1 at 3–4.
5 R.39 at 3.
4 No. 19-1632
executed or attempted to execute the scheme [to defraud].” 6
The statute requires the Government to prove that the de-
fendant acted “knowingly and willfully.” 18 U.S.C. § 1347(a)
(emphasis added). Specifically, the statute provides in rele-
vant part:
(a) Whoever knowingly and willfully executes,
or attempts to execute, a scheme or artifice—
(1) to defraud any health care benefit pro-
gram; or
(2) to obtain, by means of false or fraudu-
lent pretenses, representations, or promises,
any of the money or property owned by, or
under the custody or control of, any health
care benefit program, in connection with
the delivery of or payment for health care
benefits, items, or services, shall be [pun-
ished] …
(b) With respect to violations of this section, a
person need not have actual knowledge of this
section or specific intent to commit a violation
of this section.
§ 1347.
Mr. Schaul entered his guilty plea at a hearing before a
magistrate judge. He agreed with the Government’s factual
6 Id. (emphasis added). The plea agreement defined “knowingly” as in-
dicating that “the defendant realized what he was doing and was aware
of the nature of his conduct, and did not act through ignorance, mistake
or accident.” Id. at 4. It did not define “willfully.”
No. 19-1632 5
allegations. He stated that he had had sufficient time to dis-
cuss the charges with counsel and had done so; that he un-
derstood the charges against him; that he had no questions
about the nature of the charges; and that he was satisfied
with his counsel’s representation. 7 When counsel for the
Government explained the elements of the offense, he read
from the plea agreement, which, as we have noted, incorrect-
ly stated the mens rea required to violate § 1347. 8
In due course, after accepting the guilty plea, the district
court sentenced Mr. Schaul to twenty-four months’ impris-
onment followed by three years of supervised release and
ordered him to pay $582,844.10 in restitution. Mr. Schaul
timely appealed. After his trial counsel filed a motion to
withdraw, Mr. Schaul filed a pro se motion to delay the date
of his reporting to the Bureau of Prisons. The district court
denied the motion; Mr. Schaul filed a motion to reconsider
and stated, for the first time, that he could “prove … there
was no intent to commit fraud.” 9 The district court denied
the motion for reconsideration.
II.
DISCUSSION
A.
Mr. Schaul submits that his guilty plea was invalid be-
cause it was not entered knowingly and voluntarily as re-
7 R.75 at 7–8, 10.
8 Id. at 8.
9 R.69 at 2.
6 No. 19-1632
quired by Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Proce-
dure. 10 Because Mr. Schaul did not move to withdraw his
plea at the district court, our review is for plain error. United
States v. Vonn, 535 U.S. 55, 58–59 (2002) (holding that “a de-
fendant who lets Rule 11 error pass without objection in the
trial court … has the burden to satisfy the plain-error rule”).
Under that standard, we may reverse the judgment of the
district court only if we decide: (1) that an error occurred; (2)
that the error was plain; and (3) that the error affected the
defendant’s substantial rights. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S.
725, 732 (1993); United States v. Corona-Gonzalez, 628 F.3d 336,
340 (7th Cir. 2010). If a court determines that these criteria
are satisfied, it may, in its discretion, reverse if the error “se-
riously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation
of judicial proceedings.” Olano, 507 U.S. at 732 (quotation
marks omitted).
10 Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure ensures that a de-
fendant’s plea is knowing and voluntary. Before the court accepts a
guilty plea, it must ensure that the defendant understands, among other
things, “the nature of each charge to which the defendant is pleading.”
Fed. R. Crim. P. Rule 11(b)(1)(G). Further, before accepting a guilty plea,
“the court must address the defendant personally in open court and de-
termine that the plea is voluntary.” Id. at (b)(2). See United States v.
Pineda-Buenaventura, 622 F.3d 761, 768 (7th Cir. 2010) (concluding that
Rule 11 was not satisfied when it was not clear that the defendant under-
stood the nature of the charge to which he pleaded guilty). Although
Mr. Schaul waived his right to appeal by pleading guilty, he is “entitled
to challenge his plea on knowledge and voluntariness grounds despite
the plea waiver.” United States v. Olson, 880 F.3d 873, 880 (7th Cir. 2018).
No. 19-1632 7
B.
Mr. Schaul challenges the validity of his plea on two
fronts. First, he contends that he did not receive sufficient
notice of the nature of the charges against him because the
Government never made clear whether it was charging him
with a violation of § 1347(a)(1) or of § 1347(a)(2). Second, he
submits that he was not apprised adequately that the statute
required that he commit the crime knowingly and willfully.
The general principles governing our evaluation of both
of these contentions are well-settled. Because a guilty plea
waives important rights, it is valid only when it is entered
“voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently, ‘with sufficient
awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely conse-
quences.’” Bradshaw v. Stumpf, 545 U.S. 175, 183 (2005) (quot-
ing Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970)). A district
court must ensure that the record adequately demonstrates
that a defendant understands the nature of the charges
against him, including the elements of the crime. Id.; see Hen-
derson v. Morgan, 426 U.S. 637, 645 (1976). Within this general
framework, we now turn to an examination of each of
Mr. Schaul’s specific contentions.
1.
Mr. Schaul first submits that he was not given adequate
notice of the charge against him. As we noted earlier, he
submits that the indictment failed to notify of the subsection
of the statute he allegedly violated.
The principles governing our analysis of this contention
are well-established. A defendant is entitled to understand
the nature of each charge against him, including the ele-
ments of the crime. Bradshaw, 545 U.S. at 183. When there is
8 No. 19-1632
general confusion over the elements of the crime with which
a defendant is charged, the resulting guilty plea cannot
stand. Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 618–19 (1998). A
plea is invalid when the record reveals that neither the de-
fendant, nor his counsel, nor the court correctly understood
the essential elements of the crime with which the defendant
was charged. Id.
This principle must be applied in a practical way. An in-
dictment must notify the defendant of the nature of the
charges against him, but it need not precisely mimic the
words of the relevant statute. 11 “Indictments are reviewed
on a practical basis and in their entirety”; their function is to
provide enough factual allegations to “pin[] down the specif-
ic conduct at issue.” United States v. Smith, 230 F.3d 300, 305
(7th Cir. 2000).
Application of this principle to the present case requires
that, as a first step, we set forth the elements of the statute
underlying Mr. Schaul’s conviction. An individual violates
the health care fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1347, by “knowing-
ly and willfully execut[ing], or attempt[ing] to execute, a
scheme or artifice” to either: (1) “defraud any health care
benefit program” or (2) “obtain, by means of false or fraudu-
lent pretenses, … money or property owned by, … any
health care benefit program.” § 1347(a)(1)–(2). Mr. Schaul
contends that, because the indictment against him employed
language from both subsections, he could not identify with
sufficient precision the crime of which he was accused. In his
view, § 1347(a) tracks very closely the language of the bank
11 United States v. Harvey, 484 F.3d 453, 456 (7th Cir. 2007).
No. 19-1632 9
fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1344, 12 and therefore should be in-
terpreted along the same lines as that statute. 13 Mr. Schaul
submits that because §§ 1347(a)(1) and (a)(2), like the two
subsections of the bank fraud statute, are listed in the dis-
junctive, they constitute two distinct offenses.
In his view, because the two subsections “criminalize[]
different behavior,” the failure to specify the subsection with
which he is charged renders it impossible for him to have
proper notice of the elements of his offense. 14
Our decision in United States v. Harvey, 484 F.3d 453, 456
(7th Cir. 2007), is instructive. There, the Government
charged the defendant with violating 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1),
12 The text of 18 U.S.C. § 1344, the bank fraud statute, is below. The
words in italics are those that differ from 18 U.S.C. § 1347(a), the health
care fraud statute.
Whoever knowingly executes, or attempts to execute, a
scheme or artifice —
(1) to defraud a financial institution; or
(2) to obtain any of the moneys, funds, credits, assets,
securities, or other property owned by, or under the
custody or control of, a financial institution, by means
of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or
promises;
shall be [punished] … .
13 Cf. Smith v. City of Jackson, 544 U.S. 228, 233 (2005) (“[W]hen Congress
uses the same language in two statutes having similar purposes, … it is
appropriate to presume that Congress intended that text to have the
same meaning in both statutes.”).
14 Appellant’s Br. 17.
10 No. 19-1632
which makes it a crime to “use[] or carr[y] a firearm, or … in
furtherance of any [violent or drug trafficking] crime, pos-
sess[] a firearm … .” Harvey contended that this subsection
contained two separate offenses, separated by the disjunc-
tive “or.” He argued that, because the indictment contained
a mix of the language of the two allegedly separate offenses,
it was invalid. Harvey, 484 F.3d at 455–56. We concluded,
however, that whether the statute was read to encompass
two separate offenses or one, “the separate parts of § 924(c)
criminalize similar behavior.” Id. at 456. The indictment noti-
fied Harvey that he was “charged with what the statute as a
whole aims to prevent: carrying a firearm that is closely
connected to an underlying drug offense.” Id. Similarly, here
the indictment explained to Mr. Schaul that he was charged
with executing a scheme to submit fraudulent Medicaid
claims and pocket the money.
Mr. Schaul also submits that the two subsections of
§ 1347 contain different elements. Accepting Mr. Schaul’s
invitation to analogize the bank fraud statute to the health
care fraud statute, we note that the comparison supports the
Government’s position. We have held, with respect to the
bank fraud statute, that “where a statute defines two or
more ways in which an offense may be committed, all may
be alleged in the conjunctive in one count in order to ade-
quately apprise the defendant of the government’s intention
to charge him under either prong of the statute.” United
States v. LeDonne, 21 F.3d 1418, 1427 (7th Cir. 1994). This was
so even though the Government’s use of mixed language
from both subsections of the bank fraud statute “might have
blurred the elements of the offense, and possibly confused
[the defendant]’s understanding of the charge.” Id.
No. 19-1632 11
Here, the indictment listed the statute under which
Mr. Schaul was charged and provided factual particulars
about the alleged wrongdoing. The indictment therefore
provided sufficient notice that the Government charged him
with having violated both subsections of the statute. See
United States v. Franklin, 547 F.3d 726, 731 (7th Cir. 2008) (de-
clining to reverse where an indictment both identified the
statute under which the defendant was charged and provid-
ed “specifics about … the conduct that ran afoul of the stat-
ute”).
2.
Mr. Schaul next submits that, even if he had notice of the
conduct for which he was being charged, the Government
affirmatively misrepresented the mental state that it was re-
quired to prove. This is plain error; as Mr. Schaul puts it, the
Government “undersold [its] burden of proof.” 15
Throughout the proceedings, the Government stated
Mr. Schaul had to “knowingly or willfully” commit the pro-
scribed acts. 16 The statutory language requires, however,
that a defendant act “knowingly and willfully.” § 1347(a)
(emphasis added). The Government acknowledges that
Mr. Schaul must be informed of the correct mens rea re-
quirement. It asks us, nevertheless, to place the responsibil-
ity on defense counsel to inform the defendant. It points out
that both Mr. Schaul and his attorney represented that they
15 Appellant’s Br. 10.
16 R.39 at 3 (emphasis added); see R.1 at 3 (charging that the defendant
“knowingly devised and participated in a scheme to defraud Medicaid”)
(emphasis added).
12 No. 19-1632
had adequate time and opportunity to discuss the charges
and had no questions about them. We may conclude, urges
the Government, that Mr. Schaul was sufficiently apprised of
the correct elements of the offense.
It is true that “[w]here a defendant is represented by
competent counsel, the court usually may rely on that coun-
sel’s assurance that the defendant has been properly in-
formed of the nature and elements of the charge to which he
is pleading guilty.” Bradshaw, 545 U.S. at 183. If Mr. Schaul
had been provided with a copy of his indictment that con-
tained a correct statement of the elements, that would “give
rise to a presumption that the defendant was informed of the
nature of the charge against him.” Bousley, 523 U.S. at 618.
Here, however, the Government did not simply neglect to
state the elements of health care fraud; it affirmatively mis-
represented them. According to both the written indictment
and the statements made by the prosecution at the plea hear-
ing, Mr. Schaul could be found guilty of health care fraud if
he acted knowingly or willfully. Those affirmative state-
ments were incorrect. Notably, moreover, neither the court
nor defense counsel corrected the misstatement, and we see
no reason to indulge in the fiction that Mr. Schaul’s counsel
did in private what all present failed to do in open court. If
“neither [the defendant,] nor his counsel, nor the court cor-
rectly understood the essential elements of the crime with
which he was charged … [the] plea [is] … constitutionally
invalid.” Id. at 618–19. When all parties involved in a plea
hearing misapprehended the law, we will not place the bur-
den of the mutual mistake on the defendant.
Nonetheless, we must remember that our review is for
plain error. To prevail under this standard, Mr. Schaul must
No. 19-1632 13
show not only that an error occurred and that it was plain,
but also that it affected his substantial rights. See Coro-
na-Gonzalez, 628 F.3d at 340. Only then may we remedy an
error that “seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or pub-
lic reputation of judicial proceedings.” Olano, 507 U.S. at 732
(quotation marks omitted).
Given the case law, it is evident that, under the circum-
stances here, a failure to set forth the elements of the charged
offense—including the crucial element of the mental state
required to violate the statute—is plain error. However,
Mr. Schaul cannot show that such an error affected his sub-
stantial rights. “[A] defendant who seeks reversal of his con-
viction after a guilty plea, on the ground that the district
court committed plain error under Rule 11, must show a rea-
sonable probability that, but for the error, he would not have
entered the plea.” United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S.
74, 83 (2004). Mr. Schaul has offered no more than an asser-
tion that he might have calculated his strategy differently
had he been informed of the nature of his charges. 17
More importantly, it is clear that Mr. Schaul did act
knowingly and willfully in violating the health care fraud
statute, which
makes it a crime to “knowingly and willfully
execute[ ], or attempt[ ] to execute, a scheme or
17 Mr. Schaul asserts that “[t]here is a reasonable probability that
Mr. Schaul would have ‘assessed his strategic position differently’ had
he realized that the government was required to prove his intent to de-
fraud.” Appellant’s Br. 26 (quoting United States v. Sura, 511 F.3d 654, 662
(7th Cir. 2007)).
14 No. 19-1632
artifice: ... (1) to defraud any health care benefit
program; or ... (2) to obtain, by means of false
or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or
promises, any of the money or property owned
by, or under the custody or control of, any
health care benefit program, in connection with
the delivery of or payment for health care ben-
efits, items, or services.”
United States v. Davis, 471 F.3d 783, 785 n.1 (7th Cir. 2006) (al-
terations in original) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1347). Mr. Schaul
does not contest that he acted knowingly, but he argues that
he lacked the “intent to defraud.”18 We have said that “in-
tent to defraud … requires a specific intent to deceive or mis-
lead.” United States v. Natale, 719 F.3d 719, 741 (7th Cir. 2013).
It is evident, however, that Mr. Schaul’s conduct meets this
definition.
In the plea agreement, Mr. Schaul stipulated to certain
facts, including that over the course of at least four years, he
“knowingly devised and participated in a scheme to defraud
Medicaid … and to obtain Medicaid funds by means of ma-
terial false statements … [and] representations.” 19 He sub-
mitted numerous false claims for products that he represent-
ed had been provided to Medicaid recipients but, “as [he]
well knew,” no such products had been delivered.20 He also
admitted that as part of the scheme he had converted the
18 Appellant’s Br. 26.
19 R.39 at 12.
20 Id. at 12–13.
No. 19-1632 15
funds received from fraudulent claims to his own personal
use.
Mr. Schaul therefore has admitted facts that establish that
his violation of the health care statute was both knowing and
willful. He submitted false claims to Medicaid for products
that were never delivered, fraudulently obtaining Medicaid
funds that he put to personal use. It is clear that he intended
to defraud Medicaid, and indeed did, to the tune of over half
a million dollars. Although the district court erred in allow-
ing a misstatement of the elements of the offense to stand
uncorrected, this error was of no consequence because
Mr. Schaul has admitted facts that make clear that his viola-
tion was willful. The error, therefore, had no effect on his
substantial rights, and Mr. Schaul has not met the standard
for reversal under plain error review.
Conclusion
The indictment adequately informed Mr. Schaul of the
Government’s charge. Although the district court plainly
erred in letting stand a misstatement of the requisite scienter,
Mr. Schaul’s own statements demonstrate that the offense
was committed both knowingly and willfully. Therefore, we
affirm the judgment of the district court.
AFFIRMED