JAMES ATCHISON, )
)
Claimant-Respondent, )
)
vs. ) No. SD36431
)
MISSOURI STATE TREASURER, ) Filed: June 26, 2020
CUSTODIAN OF THE 2ND INJURY )
FUND, )
)
Respondent-Appellant. )
APPEAL FROM THE LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS COMMISSION
AFFIRMED
The Missouri State Treasurer (“Appellant”), as custodian of the Second Injury
Fund, appeals the award of benefits to James Atchison (“Employee”) by the Labor and
Industrial Relations Commission (“Commission”). Appellant brings one point relied on,
claiming that “Employee failed to prove that he had a preexisting disability of such
seriousness as to constitute a hindrance or obstacle to his employment[.]” At first glance,
Appellant’s challenge appears to be a claim that sufficient evidence does not support the
award; however, at oral argument and in his briefs, Appellant insists his claim is that the
facts found by the Commission do not support the award and not a claim that there was
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not sufficient competent evidence in the record to warrant the making of the award.
Thus, Appellant claims that our review is de novo.
“The Commission’s decision will be affirmed unless: (1) the
Commission acted without or in excess of its powers; (2) the award was
procured by fraud; (3) the facts found by the Commission do not support
the award; or (4) there was not sufficient competent evidence in the record
to warrant the making of the award. White v. ConAgra Packaged Foods,
LLC, 535 S.W.3d 336, 338 (Mo. banc 2017); § 287.495.1, RSMo 2000.
Upon appeal no additional evidence shall be heard and, in the absence of
fraud, the findings of fact made by the [C]ommission within its powers
shall be conclusive and binding. § 287.495.1, RSMo 2000. In addition to
findings of fact, this Court also defers to the Commission’s determinations
as to credibility of witnesses and the weight given to conflicting evidence.
Greer v. SYSCO Food Servs., 475 S.W.3d 655, 664 (Mo. banc 2015).”
Guinn v. Treasurer of State as Custodian of Second Injury Fund, Nos. SD 36380 &
36510, 2020 WL 2110990, *3 (Mo.App. S.D. May 4, 2020) (quoting Annayeva v. SAB
of TSD of City of St. Louis, 597 S.W.3d 196, 198 (Mo. banc 2020) (footnote omitted))
(internal quotations omitted).
Appellant appears to be making a challenge based on section 287.495.1(3), RSMo
2016. Section 287.220.2 provides:
2. All cases of permanent disability where there has been previous
disability due to injuries occurring prior to January 1, 2014, shall be
compensated as provided in this subsection. . . . If any employee who has
a preexisting permanent partial disability whether from compensable
injury or otherwise, of such seriousness as to constitute a hindrance or
obstacle to employment or to obtaining reemployment if the employee
becomes unemployed, . . . and if the employee is entitled to receive
compensation on the basis of the combined disabilities, the employer at
the time of the last injury shall be liable only for the degree or percentage
of disability which would have resulted from the last injury had there been
no preexisting disability. After the compensation liability of the employer
for the last injury, considered alone, has been determined by an
administrative law judge or the commission, the degree or percentage of
employee's disability that is attributable to all injuries or conditions
existing at the time the last injury was sustained shall then be determined
by that administrative law judge or by the commission and the degree or
percentage of disability which existed prior to the last injury plus the
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disability resulting from the last injury, if any, considered alone, shall be
deducted from the combined disability, and compensation for the balance,
if any, shall be paid out of a special fund known as the second injury fund,
hereinafter provided for. If the previous disability or disabilities,
whether from compensable injury or otherwise, and the last injury
together result in total and permanent disability, the minimum
standards under this subsection for a body as a whole injury or a major
extremity injury shall not apply and the employer at the time of the last
injury shall be liable only for the disability resulting from the last injury
considered alone and of itself; except that if the compensation for which
the employer at the time of the last injury is liable is less than the
compensation provided in this chapter for permanent total disability,
then in addition to the compensation for which the employer is liable
and after the completion of payment of the compensation by the
employer, the employee shall be paid the remainder of the
compensation that would be due for permanent total disability under
section 287.200 out of the second injury fund.
Section 287.220.2, RSMo 2016 (emphasis added).
In summary, “[t]he Second Injury Fund compensates workers who are
permanently and totally disabled by a combination of past disabilities and a primary work
injury.” Payne v. Treasurer of State, Custodian of Second Injury Fund, 417 S.W.3d
834, 847 (Mo.App. S.D. 2014) (internal quotation and citation omitted). The
Commission is guided by section 287.220 in determining when there is a previous
disability that may be compensable from the Second Injury Fund. Id. First, the
Commission must determine the degree of disability from the last injury alone. Id. As a
result, preexisting disabilities are not relevant until this determination is made. Id. If the
primary injury standing alone rendered an employee permanently and totally disabled,
then the Second Injury Fund has no liability and Employer is responsible for all of the
compensation. Id.
Furthermore, a 2005 amendment to Missouri’s Workers’ Compensation Law
“provided the Act’s ‘provisions are to be construed strictly and to require the evidence to
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be weighed impartially without giving any party the benefit of the doubt.’ Miller v. Mo.
Highway & Transp. Comm’n, 287 S.W.3d 671, 673 (Mo. banc 2009); section 287.800.1.”
Schoen v. Mid-Missouri Mental Health Center, 597 S.W.3d 657, 660 (Mo. banc 2020).
“Strict construction means that a statute can be given no broader
application than is warranted by its plain and unambiguous terms. The
operation of the statute must be confined to matters affirmatively pointed
out by its terms, and to cases which fall fairly within its letter. A strict
construction of a statute presumes nothing that is not expressed.”
Lewis v. Treasurer of State, 435 S.W.3d 144, 154 (Mo.App. E.D. 2014) (quoting Shaw
v. Mega Industries, Corp., 406 S.W.3d 466, 472 (Mo.App. W.D.2013)).
First we look to the facts as determined by the Commission and not disputed in
this appeal by Appellant:
• Employee had a compensable injury;
• The injury was a herniated disc at L4-L5;
• Employee suffered from both degenerative disc and degenerative joint disease
from L2-L3 through L5-S1 which was a permanent and potentially disabling
medical condition;
• The herniated disc from the July 8, 2007 fall, in isolation, created a 35%
permanent partial disability referable to a man as a whole;
• The pre-existing degenerative processes created a 65% permanent partial
disability referable to a man as a whole;
• The medical testimony of Garth Russell, M.D (who performed two Independent
Medical Examinations on Employee) was found to be more credible than the
testimony of Norbert Belz, M.D. (who performed an Independent Medical
Examination on behalf of Employee’s employer) who based his opinion on
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discredited hearsay that was never in evidence in the first instance, and refused to
acknowledge Employee’s actual history of complaints following the fall;
• The testimony of Employee’s Vocational Rehabilitation expert Sherry Browning
was more credible than Appellant’s expert Gary Weimholt, who based his
opinions largely upon the Independent Medical Examination and testimony of the
discredited Dr. Belz;
• The degenerative disease process was superimposed upon the July 8, 2007 fall
that caused the herniated disc;
• Employee is permanently and totally disabled;
• Employee’s back never bothered him prior to the July 8, 2007 fall, and it has
never stopped debilitating him since the fall;
• Employee’s pre-existing condition is a hindrance or obstacle for future
employment or re-employment;
• That condition, combined with the July 8, 2007 fall, resulted in a greater disability
than would have resulted if there were no such prior condition;
• The degenerative process significantly aggravates the subsequent (July 8, 2007)
injury, in fact, rendering it inoperable; and
• The pre-existing condition, combined with the primary injury, rendered Employee
permanently and totally disabled.
In this case, the Commission determined that Employee suffered from a
permanent partial disability as a result of the last compensable injury in the amount of
35%. Next, per the statute, the Commission needed to determine whether that disability
combined with a prior permanent partial disability resulted in permanent total disability.
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“The determination of whether a claimant is permanently and totally disabled is based
upon the claimant’s ability to compete in the open labor market.” Lewis, 435 S.W.3d at
159; Brashers v. Treasurer of State as Custodian of Second Injury Fund, 442 S.W.3d
152, 155 (Mo.App. S.D. 2014). “The primary determination is whether an employer can
reasonably be expected to hire the employee, given his or her present physical condition,
and reasonably expect that employee to successfully perform the work.” Lewis, 435
S.W.3d at 159 (quoting Highley v. Von Weise Gear, 247 S.W.3d 52, 55 (Mo.App. E.D.
2008)). The Commission found that Employee is totally and permanently disabled.
Appellant admits that determination is a factual finding and does not challenge the
finding for lack of sufficient evidence.
Instead, Appellant argues that the employer at the time of the work-related injury
should pay for the entire disability. Appellant argues that the pre-existing permanent
partial disability was not symptomatic and, therefore, not compensable. 1 The facts as
found by the Commission indicated preexisting disabilities based on the testimony of Dr.
Garth Russell of the degenerative disease process. Dr. Russell testified that Employee
had objective signs of degenerative disc disease and degenerative joint disease. The
Commission specifically found that the degenerative diseases were serious enough to be a
hindrance or obstacle for future employment or re-employment.
Appellant cites cases where the employee was awarded permanent partial
disability for language suggesting the Commission must determine that the preexisting
disabilities were quantifiable at the time of the final injury. As noted in section
287.220.2, the calculations are different for permanent total disability and permanent
1
Appellant does not show us any language in the statute that supports that proposition. Instead, Appellant
relies upon cases that were decided prior to the 2005 amendment; however, the amendment mandates strict
construction of the Workers’ Compensation statutes.
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partial disability. The distinction between the benefits are vast, particularly in how Fund
liability is calculated. Lewis, 435 S.W.3d at 156. Fund liability for permanent total
disability under section 287.220.2 2 “occurs when the claimant establishes that he is
permanently and totally disabled due to the combination of his present compensable
injury and his preexisting partial disability.” Id. at 157. To demonstrate Fund liability
for permanent total disability, the claimant “must establish (1) the extent or percentage of
the [permanent partial disability] resulting from the last injury only, and (2) prove that the
combination of the last injury and the preexisting disabilities resulted in [permanent total
disability].” Id. Once the Commission determines the amount of disability resulting
from the primary injury alone (which would have fixed the amount of employer’s
liability) the Commission then deducts that amount from the compensation due to the
claimant for permanent total disability to determine the Fund’s liability. Id. at 158-59.
There is no requirement in the statute that any of the preexisting injuries be
“symptomatic.” The requirement is simply that the Commission must find that the
combination of the last injury and the preexisting disabilities resulted in permanent total
disability. 3 The Commission properly followed the mandate of the statute.
We find no misapplication of the law. The Commission did not err in its
application of the law to the facts of this case. The award is affirmed.
2
Prior to 2014, subsection 2 of section 287.220 was subsection 1 -- the subsection of section 287.220
identified and discussed in Lewis.
3
It is important to reiterate that “[i]f a claimant’s last injury in and of itself rendered the claimant
permanently and totally disabled, then the Second Injury Fund has no liability and employer is responsible
for the entire amount.” Hughey v. Chrysler Corp., 34 S.W.3d 845, 847 (Mo.App. E.D. 2000); Hazeltine v.
Second Injury Fund, 591 S.W.3d 45, 57 n.7 (Mo.App. E.D. 2019); Blackshear v. Adecco, 420 S.W.3d
678, 681 (Mo.App. E.D. 2014); and Lewis, 435 S.W.3d at 157.
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Nancy Steffen Rahmeyer, J. – Opinion Author
Gary W. Lynch, P.J., – Concurs
William W. Francis, Jr., J., – Concurs
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