v. Monroe

Opinions of the Colorado Supreme Court are available to the
public and can be accessed through the Judicial Branch’s
homepage at http://www.courts.state.co.us. Opinions are also
posted on the Colorado Bar Association’s homepage at
http://www.cobar.org.

ADVANCE SHEET HEADNOTE
June 29, 2020

2020 CO 67

No. 18SC708, People v. Monroe—Prosecutorial Misconduct—Self-Defense—
Doctrine of No Retreat.

In this case, the supreme court considers whether it’s proper to argue that a

defendant didn’t act reasonably in self-defense because the defendant failed to

retreat before using defensive force.

In light of Colorado’s longstanding no-duty-to-retreat rule, which permits

non-aggressors to stand their ground when acting in self-defense, the supreme

court holds that it’s improper to argue that a defendant acted unreasonably in self-

defense because the defendant failed to retreat from an encounter. Here, the

prosecution argued that the defendant’s failure to retreat undermined the

reasonableness of her belief that she needed to act in self-defense. Because such

argument is improper, and because the trial court’s error in permitting that

argument wasn’t harmless, the supreme court affirms the judgment of the court of

appeals on different grounds, reverses the defendant’s judgment of conviction,

and remands this case for a new trial.
 The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado
2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203

2020 CO 67

Supreme Court Case No. 18SC708
Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals
Court of Appeals Case No. 13CA1604

Petitioner:

The People of the State of Colorado,

v.

Respondent:

Sheila Renee Monroe.

Judgment Affirmed
en banc
June 29, 2020

Attorneys for Petitioner:
Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General
Matthew S. Holman, First Assistant Attorney General
Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Respondent:
Megan A. Ring, Public Defender
Anne T. Amicarella, Deputy Public Defender
Denver, Colorado

JUSTICE HOOD delivered the Opinion of the Court.
CHIEF JUSTICE COATS dissents, and JUSTICE BOATRIGHT joins in the
dissent.
¶1 Colorado has long followed the no-duty-to-retreat rule in self-defense cases.

That rule permits non-aggressors to stand their ground when acting in self-

defense. So, when the defendant, Sheila Renee Monroe, argued that she stabbed a

fellow bus passenger in the neck out of self-defense, she in effect asserted her legal

authority to do so without first retreating to a place of no escape.

¶2 Yet, during the closing arguments of Monroe’s trial, the prosecution

repeatedly argued that Monroe didn’t act reasonably in self-defense because she

failed to retreat. Although the trial court admonished the jury that Monroe didn’t

have a duty to retreat, it instructed the jury that it could consider Monroe’s failure

to retreat as relevant to whether she actually believed that she faced an imminent

use of unlawful force. The jury found Monroe guilty of first degree assault and

attempted first degree murder.

¶3 Monroe appealed, arguing that because she had no duty to retreat the trial

court should not have permitted any argument regarding her failure to do so, even

if it was ostensibly directed at undermining the reasonableness of her claim of self-

defense.

¶4 A division of the court of appeals reversed her convictions. It abstained

from deciding whether it’s ever proper to argue that a defendant’s failure to retreat

undermines the reasonableness of a defendant’s self-defense claim, but it

2
concluded that the prosecution’s arguments impermissibly imposed on Monroe a

duty to retreat. It thus remanded this case for a new trial.

¶5 We now address the question the court of appeals left for another day: We

hold that the prosecution may not argue that a defendant acted unreasonably in

self-defense because she failed to retreat from an encounter. Thus, the trial court

erred by permitting the prosecution’s arguments regarding Monroe’s failure to

retreat. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals on different

grounds, reverse Monroe’s judgment of conviction, and remand this case for a new

trial.

I. Facts and Procedural History

¶6 Monroe boarded a city bus and sat down in the back row. Monroe and the

victim, who was seated nearby, began arguing almost immediately. At some

point, Monroe displayed a pocketknife and informed the victim that one of her

acquaintances on the bus carried a gun. The victim then told Monroe that he was

going to call the police. He reached into his pocket, apparently to remove his cell

phone.

¶7 At this point, stories diverge. The victim testified that once he had removed

his phone from his pocket and began to enter a phone number, Monroe stood up

and stabbed him in the neck. Another passenger in the back row testified that the

3
victim “was opening his jacket” and had his phone “in his hand” and Monroe

stabbed the victim “almost simultaneously.”

¶8 After the stabbing, Monroe exited the bus. She was located by the police

later that day and subsequently charged with first degree assault and attempted

first degree murder.

¶9 At trial, Monroe argued that she acted in self-defense after the victim

reached into his pocket. During closing argument, the prosecutor countered by

twice highlighting Monroe’s failure to retreat before stabbing the victim. He said:

“She didn’t have any duty to retreat, but she does have a clear line of retreat, if

she’s actually scared for her safety.” Defense counsel objected, arguing that this

imposed a duty to retreat. But the trial court overruled the objection. It called the

jury’s attention to the self-defense instruction, which specified that Monroe didn’t

have a duty to retreat, and it directed the jury to only consider Monroe’s failure to

retreat as relevant to “whether or not she reasonably believed there was an

imminent use of force.”1 The prosecutor then continued his same line of argument,

stating, “Again, she did not have any duty to retreat but could have backed away,

if she wanted to, if she was actually afraid.”

1 In relevant part, the self-defense instruction stated: “The Defendant was not
required to retreat to a position of no escape in order to claim the right to employ
force in her own defense.”
4
¶10 The prosecution referenced Monroe’s failure to retreat three more times

during rebuttal closing, first arguing, “You have no duty to retreat. No one in

Colorado has to run away from someone endangering them. But let’s be clear.

When you do not remove yourself from a situation when you easily can, that

contradicts that you were in fear of being hurt.” Defense counsel objected, but,

after reiterating that Monroe didn’t have a duty to retreat, the trial court overruled

the objection and permitted the jury to consider the argument to determine

whether or not Monroe “reasonably believed there was a[n] imminent use of

physical violence.”

¶11 After this colloquy, the prosecutor continued, stating,

There is a clear path down that aisle. You can see it on the video. If
you’re scared of someone, if you’re caught in an interaction with them
for 8 to 10 minutes, a reasonable person would move from it, if they
have a direct line to go away. There is an open aisle—[.]

Defense counsel again objected, noting that “[t]he reasonableness standard [does]

not require a person to retreat.” But, after again directing the jury to consider the

self-defense instruction, the trial court permitted the argument. Finally, the

prosecutor stated:

She even says in her interview, “I wouldn’t get into this. If I were
scared, I would have run away. That’s what I would do. I’m not
going to get into trouble.” She knows that’s the appropriate thing to
do. She doesn’t do that, ladies and gentlemen, because she’s not
acting in self defense.

Again the defendant objected; again the court overruled her objection.

5
¶12 The jury found Monroe guilty of first degree assault and attempted first

degree murder. She was sentenced to a total of ninety-six years in prison. Monroe

appealed her conviction, contending that the trial court erred in permitting the

prosecution to argue during closing and rebuttal closing that Monroe’s failure to

retreat undermined the reasonableness of her claim of self-defense.

¶13 A unanimous division of the court of appeals reversed. People v. Monroe,

2018 COA 110, ¶ 2, __ P.3d __. It recognized the “undeniable appeal [of] . . . a

categorical prohibition against permitting the jury to consider whether there was

an available avenue of retreat when assessing a defendant’s belief in the need for

the use of defensive force.” Id. at ¶ 18. But the division ultimately left that issue

“for another day,” since it determined that the prosecution’s last two arguments

during rebuttal closing effectively imposed on Monroe a duty to retreat. Id. at

¶¶ 19, 25. Because the trial court didn’t remedy those improper statements and

thus permitted the jury to “consider whether a reasonable person would have

retreated, in direct contravention of the instruction that no such duty exists,” the

division concluded that the trial court reversibly erred. Id. at ¶¶ 25, 33.

¶14 We granted the prosecution’s petition for certiorari review.2

2 We granted certiorari to review the following issues:

6
 II. Analysis

¶15 We first identify the standard of review that governs claims of prosecutorial

misconduct. We then determine whether the prosecution may argue that a

defendant didn’t reasonably act in self-defense because she failed to retreat from

an encounter. Because we conclude that such argument is improper, the trial court

abused its discretion by permitting the prosecution’s arguments regarding

Monroe’s failure to retreat. And because that error wasn’t harmless, we remand

this case for a new trial.

A. Standard of Review

¶16 It is improper for counsel to misstate the law or “misinterpret[] for the jury

how the law should be applied to the facts” during closing argument. People v.

Sepeda, 581 P.2d 723, 732 (Colo. 1978). Whether a prosecutor’s statements during

closing argument qualify as misconduct is “generally a matter left to the trial

court’s discretion.” Domingo-Gomez v. People, 125 P.3d 1043, 1049 (Colo. 2005). But

1. Whether the prosecution properly argued that the defendant’s ability to
leave an encounter was relevant to whether she feared for her safety and,
therefore, to whether she acted in self-defense.
2. Whether the court of appeals erred in holding that the prosecution’s
argument concerning the defendant’s ability to leave an encounter
improperly injected a duty to retreat, contrary to Colorado’s self-defense
law, despite the prosecution’s clarification of the argument and the trial
court’s oral and written jury instructions.

7
“[w]hen a court, upon a proper objection, declines to direct the jury that the

prosecutor's version of the [law] is incorrect, the court improperly permits the jury

to adopt the prosecutor's version of the law.” People v. Anderson, 991 P.2d 319, 321

(Colo. App. 1999). Thus, an appellate court “can review counsel’s arguments to

avoid a miscarriage of justice notwithstanding the trial court’s failure or refusal to

do so.” Domingo-Gomez, 125 P.3d at 1050. We’ll disturb a trial court’s ruling on

prosecutorial misconduct if we find the trial court abused its discretion. See

People v. Strock, 252 P.3d 1148, 1152 (Colo. App. 2010).

¶17 Monroe objected to the prosecution’s arguments regarding retreat. Thus,

we review for harmless error and will reverse the judgment of conviction if there

is a reasonable probability that any error by the trial court contributed to Monroe’s

conviction. Crider v. People, 186 P.3d 39, 42 (Colo. 2008).

B. Failure to Retreat

¶18 In Colorado, a person may use physical force against another “in order to

defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or

imminent use of unlawful physical force by that other person, and he may use a

degree of force which he reasonably believes to be necessary for that purpose.”

§ 18-1-704(1), C.R.S. (2019).

¶19 “In Colorado, only initial aggressors must retreat before using force in self-

defense.” Cassels v. People, 92 P.3d 951, 956 (Colo. 2004). So, a non-aggressor may

8
assert self-defense without (1) considering whether a reasonable person would

retreat to safety rather than resorting to physical force, or (2) actually retreating

from an attack even if she could safely do so. People v. Castillo, 2014 COA 140M,

¶ 74, __ P.3d __ (quoting People v. Toler, 9 P.3d 341, 347 (Colo. 2000)), rev’d on other

grounds, 2018 CO 62, 421 P.3d 1141.

¶20 Accordingly, the prosecution may not argue that a defendant is barred from

acting in self-defense unless she first retreats from an encounter. See Brown v.

United States, 256 U.S. 335, 343 (1921) (holding that retreat “is not a condition of

immunity”).

¶21 Still, the prosecution contends that we have already recognized the

distinction between improper arguments that impose a duty to retreat and proper

arguments regarding a defendant’s failure to retreat that undermine the

reasonableness of a defendant’s use of force. According to the prosecution, a jury

must consider the “totality of the circumstances” surrounding a defensive

encounter, which includes any available but unused avenues of retreat. They

contend that such evidence could be helpful to the jury in evaluating “the

reasonableness of the defendant’s belief that [s]he needed to use self-defense in the

given situation, and . . . the reasonableness of the actual force used by the

defendant to repel the apparent danger.” See Riley v. People, 266 P.3d 1089, 1094

(Colo. 2011).

9
¶22 On the other hand, Monroe urges this court to prohibit, for any purpose,

argument regarding a defendant’s failure to retreat. She questions its probative

value and asserts that it will invite juries to improperly conduct a post hoc

examination of the reasonableness of the defendant’s conduct.

¶23 We agree with Monroe.

¶24 First, we reject the prosecution’s assertion that the Colorado Court of

Appeals has already recognized the permissibility of such argument. For support,

the prosecution points to Castillo and People v. Martinez, 224 P.3d 1026 (Colo. App.

2009). But in neither Castillo nor Martinez did the court of appeals permit the

prosecution to argue that the defendant didn’t act reasonably in self-defense

because the defendant failed to use an available avenue of retreat.

¶25 In Castillo, the prosecutor made multiple comments during closing

argument that implied the defendant should have retreated instead of using force.

¶ 72. The prosecution argued on appeal that such comments were meant to

impeach the defendant’s testimony that he couldn’t physically leave the scene. Id.

at ¶ 73. But the division noted that it was possible to interpret those comments

“as stating that it was unreasonable for defendant to shoot . . . rather than leave.”

Id. (emphasis added). Under this interpretation, it deemed the prosecutor’s

comments improper, since a person using defensive force need not consider

“whether a reasonable person in the situation would opt to retreat to safety rather

10
than resorting to physical force to defend against unlawful force.” Id. at ¶¶ 74, 77

(quoting Toler, 9 P.3d at 347).

¶26 The comments made by the prosecutor in Castillo (“He could have left. He

could have kept driving, but somebody said something that pissed him off,” id. at

¶ 72), are quite similar to those made by the prosecution here (“Again, she did not

have any duty to retreat but could have backed away, if she wanted to, if she was

actually afraid.”). The Castillo division considered such argument improper

commentary on the defendant’s failure to retreat. See id. at ¶¶ 74, 77. Thus, Castillo

does not support the prosecution’s position.

¶27 And neither does Martinez. The defendant there had already started to drive

away when he observed the victim leaving a bar. Martinez, 224 P.3d at 1029–30.

The defendant then stopped his car, and a fight ensued. Id. at 1030. The defendant

claimed that he acted in self-defense because he was “so scared and . . . nervous”

about the victim. Id. at 1033. During closing argument, the prosecutor challenged

those assertions, stating, “They could have left. They had the perfect opportunity

if [defendant] was so scared and he was very nervous about this.” Id. at 1031

(alteration in original). Defense counsel objected, arguing that the prosecutor’s

comments misstated the law because the defendant had no duty to retreat. Id.

¶28 But, when viewed in context, it’s clear that the prosecutor’s comments were

directed, not at the defendant’s failure to retreat once he felt threatened, but his

11
decision to enter the fray, which arguably made him an initial aggressor. Id. (quoting

the prosecutor as saying, “What happened? They made a U-turn. And you can

see it on that video. They didn’t back out of the parking lot and happen to drive

by. They made a U-turn and drove around for the confrontation.”). Further, the

trial court admitted the comments for that purpose. Id. (quoting the trial judge as

saying, “I think it’s in line with the instruction on the affirmative defense. If you’ll

note, we have some testimony that [defendant] was the initial aggressor.”). Thus, the

argument in Martinez wasn’t admitted for the purpose of undermining the

reasonableness of the defendant’s claim that he acted in self-defense.

¶29 So, no appellate court in Colorado (at least in a published opinion) has

permitted argument regarding an unused avenue of retreat, even if offered only

to attack the reasonableness of a defendant’s use of force. And we decline to do

so today.

¶30 To allow the prosecution to argue that a defendant’s failure to retreat

undermines the reasonableness of that defendant’s self-defense claim would

cripple the no-duty-to-retreat rule. The only inferences a jury could draw from

that line of argument are that, if retreat was possible but not pursued, a defendant

must not have acted reasonably by using force or must not have actually perceived

a threat, since she would have fled if she had. It thus conditions the use of

defensive force on flight, so the only defendants “who would not have to retreat

12
in the face of . . . force would be those who have no ability to retreat in the first

place.” Commonwealth v. Hasch, 421 S.W.3d 349, 361 (Ky. 2013).

¶31 Further, this type of argument is of limited value to a jury. The prosecution

contends that argument regarding a defendant’s failure to retreat is particularly

relevant to a defendant’s claim that she faced an imminent use of unlawful force.

But this argument is premised on a faulty assumption, since not all individuals

facing a threat respond by fleeing. See Karin Roelofs, Freeze for Action:

Neurobiological Mechanisms in Animal and Human Freezing, 372 Phil. Transactions

Royal Soc’y B 1, 1 (2017), https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/

rstb.2016.0206 [https://perma.cc/48G3-6VTW] (“In stressful situations, . . . most

people tend to fall back on primary ‘freeze—fight—flight’ tendencies and have

great difficulty controlling their actions or shifting flexibly between passive

freezing and active fight-or-flight.”). Thus, a defendant’s decision to retreat is no

more proof that she faced an imminent threat of unlawful force than a decision to

remain and fight.

¶32 There’s also a significant risk that such argument would confuse a jury,

which weighs against allowing its admission. See CRE 403 (“Although relevant,

evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the

danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by

considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of

13
cumulative evidence.”). Here, the prosecutors and trial court struggled to

distinguish between arguments that imposed an outright duty to retreat and those

that didn’t. How, then, can we trust that a jury won’t erroneously reject a

defendant’s self-defense claim simply because the defendant failed to retreat? See

Griego v. People, 19 P.3d 1, 8 (Colo. 2001) (observing that following an “erroneous

instruction precludes the jury from making a finding on the actual element of the

offense” (quoting Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 10 (1999))).3

¶33 Our prior statements directing juries to consider the totality of the

circumstances when assessing the reasonableness of a defendant’s use of force, in

Riley, 266 P.3d at 1094, and Kaufman v. People, 202 P.3d 542, 551 (Colo. 2009), don’t

require a different result. Beyond those general statements of law, Riley and

Kaufman are largely inapposite: Riley involved multiple assailants, 266 P.3d at 1091,

while Kaufman involved the effect that an erroneous jury instruction on second

degree assault had on the defendant’s self-defense claim, 202 P.3d at 550–51.

Neither case involved retreat, so neither required this court to consider how the

3 Although Griego involved an error in a jury instruction, id. at 4, its rationale
remains relevant to this case: If a trial court were to expressly (albeit
unintentionally) direct a jury to consider argument imposing a duty to retreat, this
would preclude the jury from properly evaluating the defendant’s self-defense
claim.

14
no-duty-to-retreat rule affects a jury’s ability to consider the “totality of the

circumstances.”

¶34 If anything, Riley and Kaufman affirm the principle that a jury should

consider a defendant’s perception of events as they unfold. Kaufman, 202 P.3d at

551; see also Riley, 266 P.3d at 1094 (permitting a jury to consider the number of

assailants “reasonably appearing to be threatening the defendant”). And allowing

argument regarding an unused avenue of retreat might encourage a jury to

erroneously focus just on the reasonableness of a defendant’s response to a threat

without actually linking that response to the reasonableness of a defendant’s

perception of a threat. Cf. Brown, 256 U.S. at 343 (“Detached reflection cannot be

demanded in the presence of an uplifted knife.”).

¶35 True, there’s an analytical distinction between completely barring

defendants from asserting self-defense unless they attempt to flee and arguing that

an avenue of retreat undermines the reasonableness of a defendant’s use of force.

See id. (“Rationally the failure to retreat is a circumstance to be considered with all

the others in order to determine whether the defendant went farther than he was

justified in doing; not a categorical proof of guilt.”). But, though “in the abstract,

the [prosecution’s] theory is metaphysically appealing,” it would prove

unworkable in reality. Hasch, 421 S.W.3d at 362–63. The line between argument

that imposes a duty to retreat (a threatened person should retreat instead of using

15
force) and argument that undermines the reasonableness of a defendant’s use of

force (a threatened person would retreat instead of using force) is too thin to allow

the latter.4

C. Harmless Error
¶36 Having clarified that trial courts should not permit the prosecution to argue

that an unused avenue of retreat undermines the reasonableness of a defendant’s

self-defense claim, we next consider whether it was error to allow the

prosecution’s statements on retreat during closing and rebuttal closing arguments.

We need not engage in lengthy discussion to resolve that inquiry—in its opening

brief, the prosecution admits that each statement directed the jury to consider

Monroe’s failure to retreat as relevant to whether she reasonably believed that she

needed to act in self-defense. In light of our decision today categorially prohibiting

argument regarding a defendant’s failure to retreat, all five of the prosecution’s

statements regarding Monroe’s failure to retreat were improper. Accordingly, the

trial court abused its discretion by permitting their admission.5

4 To the extent other states permit juries to consider argument regarding a
defendant’s failure to retreat, we decline to follow suit in light of the many
concerns that caution against such an approach. And we’re not alone in doing so.
See Hasch, 421 S.W.3d at 363.
5The division found error because (1) the prosecution impermissibly argued that
Monroe had a duty to retreat when it asserted that “a reasonable person would
move from [the danger]” and running away was “the appropriate thing to do”;
16
¶37 This error wasn’t harmless. The prosecution raised this improper argument

five times—twice during closing argument and three times during rebuttal

closing. See People v. Walters, 148 P.3d 331, 335 (Colo. App. 2006) (noting that

“whether the misconduct was repeated” is relevant to whether reversal is

warranted). And the trial court expressly directed the jury to consider Monroe’s

failure to retreat when determining “whether or not she reasonably believed there

was an imminent use of force.” Thus, there’s a significant risk that the jury

convicted Monroe because it erroneously believed that her failure to retreat

necessarily negated the reasonableness of her use of force. See Cassels, 92 P.3d at

956 (noting that failure to instruct a jury on the doctrine of no-retreat “creates a

risk that the jury will not acquit the defendant because it will consider the

defendant’s use of force unreasonable in light of the possibility of retreat”).6

and (2) the trial court should have sustained defense counsel’s objections to these
statements. Monroe, ¶¶ 23–25. The prosecution seeks review of both issues.
Because we hold that it was improper for the prosecution to argue that Monroe’s
failure to retreat undermined the reasonableness of her claim of self-defense, we
need not also consider whether any of the prosecution’s arguments ultimately
imposed a duty to retreat. Thus, we decline to do so.
6In Cassels, the jury wasn’t instructed on the doctrine of no-retreat, id. at 954, while
the jury here was. But the prosecution’s arguments regarding Monroe’s failure to
retreat create the same risks identified by this court in Cassels; namely, that a jury
will not consider a defendant’s use of force reasonable unless the defendant
utilized any available avenues of retreat.

17
¶38 Also, the evidence against Monroe wasn’t overwhelming. See Walters,

148 P.3d at 335 (noting that “the strength of the evidence” is relevant to whether

reversal is warranted). As the division noted, “while the presentation of evidence

lasted approximately two days, the jury deliberated for almost as long.” Monroe,

¶ 31. And the parties disputed both whether Monroe acted as the initial aggressor

and whether the victim posed a threat to her when he reached into his pocket.

Accordingly, there is a reasonable probability that the trial court’s error

contributed to Monroe’s conviction.

III. Conclusion

¶39 We affirm the judgment of the court of appeals on different grounds.

Accordingly, we reverse Monroe’s judgment of conviction and remand the case

for a new trial.

CHIEF JUSTICE COATS dissents, and JUSTICE BOATRIGHT joins in the
dissent.

18
CHIEF JUSTICE COATS, dissenting.

¶40 Because I believe the majority misapprehends our rationale for not

conditioning self-defense on first retreating; because it fails to distinguish

prosecutorial misconduct from considerations of evidentiary relevance; and

because it generally restricts prosecutorial argument in a way that I not only

believe to be unjustified but also to conflict with our prior holdings on the subject,

I respectfully dissent.

¶41 Initially, the majority’s rationale for finding the prosecutor’s argument

improper, and therefore for finding an abuse of discretion by the trial court in

permitting it, remains far from clear to me. Rather than consistently relying on

any heretofore accepted rubric for designating prosecutorial argument improper,

or misconduct, for the bulk of its opinion the majority simply twists itself into

knots in an attempt to explain why the prosecution is wrong in asserting that we

have previously approved argument of this kind. Whether one finds that attempt

persuasive or not, it clearly offers no counter rationale for now dubbing the

argument improper.

¶42 By articulating the standard of review for prosecutorial misconduct and

referring to a “no-duty-to-retreat rule,” the majority at times appears to analogize

comment on a defendant’s failure to retreat before using deadly force in defense

of his person to comment on his exercise of a constitutional right. While it is clearly

1
improper, for example, for a prosecutor to comment on a defendant’s exercise of

his privilege against self-incrimination, either by declining to make a statement

while in police custody, see Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 611 (1976), or by declining

to testify at trial, see Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 615 (1965), or to comment on

a defendant’s exercise of his right to be tried to a jury rather than to the court, see

People v. Rodgers, 756 P.2d 980, 983 (Colo. 1988), overruled on other grounds by

People v. Miller, 113 P.3d 743, 748–49 (Colo. 2005), the failure to require retreat as a

prerequisite to the use of deadly force in self-defense reflects a judicial

interpretation of the affirmative defense itself. Not only is it not a process right as

to the exercise of which a jury is precluded from drawing any inference

whatsoever; it is in fact a legal interpretation of the defense, as to which the jury is

expressly entitled to be made aware.

¶43 A person may not use a greater degree of physical force in self-defense than

he reasonably believes to be necessary for that purpose, and he is expressly barred

from using deadly physical force unless he reasonably believes a lesser degree of

force will be inadequate. See § 18-1-704(1)–(2), C.R.S. (2019). As we have

previously explained in some detail, it is the long-established rule in Colorado that

the failure to retreat cannot be considered evidence that a lesser degree of force

would have been adequate. Idrogo v. People, 818 P.2d 752, 756 (Colo. 1991). Because

this would not be apparent to the jury from instructions defining self-defense

2
alone, we have expressly held that a defendant raising this defense is entitled to

have the jury separately instructed that he had no duty to retreat before using

deadly force. Id. at 756–57. The question of a duty to retreat is therefore hardly

something of which the jury may not be made aware.

¶44 At times the majority appears to suggest that comment on the defendant’s

failure to retreat is a question of relevance. The majority does not suggest that the

prosecutor was commenting on evidence outside the record or that evidence of the

defendant’s failure to retreat before stabbing the victim was itself inadmissible.

Nor does the majority suggest that the prosecutor was asking the jury to draw any

unreasonable inference about the elements of self-defense from the defendant’s

failure to retreat. By reference to Rule 403 of the Colorado Rules of Evidence, it

merely finds that there was too great a risk that the prosecutor’s argument about

reasonable inferences that could be drawn from this admissible evidence would

confuse the jury.

¶45 It would indisputably have been improper for the prosecutor to imply

through his argument that the defendant did have a duty to retreat before using

force against the victim, but in light of his express warnings to the contrary, that

clearly could not have been the case. Each time the prosecutor argued that the

defendant’s failure to retreat, notwithstanding the ease with which she could have

simply moved away from where the victim was sitting on the bus, was relevant to

3
the question whether she actually believed she had to defend herself against an

imminent use of unlawful physical force by that victim, he emphasized that the

defendant nevertheless did not have any duty to retreat before using deadly force.

In related contexts we have long made clear that prosecutors are not precluded

from asking the jury to draw reasonable inferences from the evidence, as long as

they are careful not to mislead the jury concerning their ultimate burden of proof

or the right of the defendant not to explain or produce evidence. See People v.

Medina, 545 P.2d 702, 702–03 (Colo. 1976) (no error when prosecutor commented

during rebuttal closing on defendant’s failure to produce alibi witness, where jury

was warned that defendant had no obligation to produce evidence and

prosecution still had burden of proof).

¶46 Ours is an adversarial system of justice. While attorneys are clearly

prohibited from misleading the jury or prompting the jury to act for improper

reasons, limiting one side from asking the jury to draw reasonable inferences from

evidence properly admitted at trial skews the process and detracts from its truth-

seeking goal. As the venerated Judge Learned Hand long ago observed:

While, of course, we recognize that the prosecution is by custom more
rigidly limited than the defense, we must decline to assimilate its
position to that of either judge or jury, or to confine a prosecuting
attorney to an impartial statement of the evidence. He is an advocate,
and it is entirely proper for him as earnestly as he can to persuade the
jury of the truth of his side, of which he ought to be thoroughly
convinced before he begins at all. To shear him of all oratorical
emphasis, while leaving wide latitude to the defense, is to load the
4
 scales of justice; it is to deny what has always been an accepted
incident of jury trials, except in those jurisdictions where any serious
execution of the criminal law has yielded to a ghostly phantom of the
innocent man falsely convicted.

Di Carlo v. United States, 6 F.2d 364, 368 (2d Cir. 1925).

¶47 In light of the instructions on self-defense to which the jury was entitled and

those it was actually given, nothing in the prosecutor’s argument in this case could

even remotely have been taken to suggest that the defendant’s failure to retreat

was evidence from which the jury should find that a lesser degree of force would

have been adequate or that she was not entitled to assert the defense at all.

¶48 Because I believe the majority reaches an incorrect result in reversing the

defendant’s conviction and sets a bad precedent for enforcement of the criminal

law in the jurisdiction, I respectfully dissent.

I am authorized to state that JUSTICE BOATRIGHT joins in this dissent.

5