18-3433-ag
Mugiraneza v. Barr
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New
York, on the 9th day of July, two thousand twenty.
PRESENT: ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
REENA RAGGI,
WILLIAM J. NARDINI,
Circuit Judges.
_____________________________________
EVARISTE MUGIRANEZA,
Petitioner,
v. No. 18-3433-ag
WILLIAM P. BARR, UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
_____________________________________
APPEARING FOR PETITIONER: Alessandra DeBlasio, New York, New York.
APPEARING FOR RESPONDENT: Brianne Whelan Cohen, Trial Attorney (John S.
Hogan, Assistant Director, on the brief) for
Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General,
Office of Immigration Litigation, United States
Department of Justice, Civil Division,
Washington, District of Columbia.
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the petition for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”)
decision in this matter is DENIED.
Petitioner Evariste Mugiraneza, a native and citizen of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo (“Congo”), seeks review of a BIA decision affirming an Immigration Judge’s
(“IJ”) decision denying him relief from removal in the form of either asylum, withholding
of removal, or relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). See In re Evariste
Mugiraneza, No. A 212 535 803 (B.I.A. Oct. 26, 2018), aff’g No. A 212 535 803 (Immig.
Ct. Batavia May 30, 2018). Under the circumstances of this case, we review both the IJ’s
and the BIA’s decisions. See Wangchuck v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 448 F.3d 524, 528
(2d Cir. 2006).
This court earlier upheld the agency’s determination that Mugiraneza is ineligible
for asylum or withholding relief based on his New York conviction for second-degree
assault, a crime he committed in a domestic altercation that left his wife with a fractured
spine. See Mugiraneza v. Barr, No. 18-3433-ag, ECF No. 61 (2d Cir. Feb. 28, 2019)
(citing 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(ii), 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(d)(2)).
Accordingly, we here consider only Mugiraneza’s petition to review the agency’s denial
of CAT relief. The jurisdiction-stripping provision of 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C) does not
limit that review. See Nasrallah v. Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1683, 1692 (2020).
“In reviewing denials of . . . claims for relief under the CAT, we apply the substantial
evidence standard to the agency’s factual findings, which we will uphold unless any
reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Scarlett v. Barr,
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957 F.3d 316, 326 (2d Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted); see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(b)(4)(B); Nasrallah v. Barr, 140 S. Ct. at 1692. In applying that standard here,
we assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and procedural history in this
case, which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to deny the petition for
review.
The agency denied Mugiraneza CAT relief because it found that he failed to carry
his burden “to establish that it is more likely than not that he . . . would be tortured if
removed to the proposed country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2); Scarlett v. Barr,
957 F.3d at 334. In petitioning for review, Mugiraneza maintains that he carried this
burden through documentary evidence and witness testimony. The argument fails
because we cannot conclude that the proffered evidence—which we are obliged to discuss
individually, but which we consider cumulatively—compelled the agency to find that it is
more likely than not that Mugiraneza would be tortured if returned to the Congo.
The torture findings reported in a February 2017 article in Forced Migration Review
do not compel such a finding. Although the article reports that “almost every asylum
seeker monitored in 2011 by the organi[z]ation Justice First was imprisoned, tortured,
forced to pay a ransom, raped or subjected to sexual harassment,” Certified Admin. R. 595,
the agency was not required to give it determinative weight because the article does not
report how many persons were monitored or distinguish among the various mistreatments
catalogued, some of which likely qualify as torture (e.g., rape), while others may not (e.g.,
imprisonment, harassment), see 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(2) (“Torture is an extreme form of
cruel and inhuman treatment and does not include lesser forms of cruel, inhuman or
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degrading treatment or punishment that do not amount to torture.”); Xiao Ji Chen v. U.S.
Dep’t of Justice, 471 F.3d 315, 342 (2d Cir. 2006) (holding that weight afforded applicant’s
evidence lies within agency discretion).
May 2008 and February 2014 articles from The Guardian were also insufficient to
support Mugiraneza’s claim of likely torture. The May 2008 article cannot establish
torture because it does not suggest that violence against Tutsis was perpetrated by, or with
the acquiescence of, government officials. As to the February 2014 article, it reported
torture directed at asylum seekers who were political activists living in the United Kingdom
and Europe. Mugiraneza is not a member of this class not only because of his residence
in the United States, but also because he is not a political activist. As for a March 2013
report from the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, its four-year-old identification
of violence against Tutsis in North and South Kivu was regional; it did not pertain to the
Congo as a whole. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(3) (“In assessing whether it is more likely
than not that an applicant would be tortured in the proposed country of removal, all
evidence relevant to the possibility of future torture shall be considered including . . .
[e]vidence that the applicant could relocate to a part of the country of removal where he or
she is not likely to be tortured.”).
The testimony Mugiraneza offered through four witnesses was even less compelling
as to the likelihood of torture in that none had been to the Congo in more than 20 years, all
were able to recount only hearsay, and, as the IJ specifically found, none was able “to
articulate with any specificity who exactly was perpetrating” the violence about which they
had heard. Certified Admin. R. 106–07.
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On this record, we cannot conclude that the agency was compelled to find that it
was more likely than not that Mugiraneza would be tortured if returned to the Congo.
Rather, the agency’s determination that Mugiraneza failed to carry his burden on this point
is supported by substantial evidence, specifically, the noted deficiencies in the evidence
proffered. See Shao v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 138, 157–58 (2d Cir. 2008) (stating that when
“petitioner bears the burden of proof, his failure to adduce evidence can itself constitute
the substantial evidence necessary to support the agency’s challenged decision” (internal
quotation marks omitted)).
Accordingly, the petition for review is DENIED.
FOR THE COURT:
CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court
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