Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
Division Two
DIVISION II July 21, 2020
In the Marriage of: No. 52892-4-II
SEPPO J. KOSUNEN,
Respondent,
and
SUSAN M. KOSUNEN, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
CRUSER, J. — Susan Kosunen appeals the superior court’s order denying her motion to
vacate a legal separation decree and divorce decree pursuant to CR 60(b). Susan argues that the
superior court abused its discretion (1) when concluding that her claims were barred by In re
Marriage of Moody, 137 Wn.2d 979, 976 P.2d 1240 (1999), and (2) when failing to address her
arguments that the separation agreement was either void at its inception or that the separation
agreement was rescinded by Seppo Kosunen’s failure to observe its terms. Susan1 also requests
attorney fees and costs.
We reverse the superior court’s order denying Susan’s motion to vacate and remand this
matter to the superior court for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We also grant Susan
attorney fees and costs on appeal.
FACTS
1
Because the parties share the same last name, we use first names to avoid any confusion.
No. 52892-4-II
Susan and Seppo married in 1999. After the first few years of their marriage, Susan stated
that Seppo started exhibiting strange behaviors, drinking heavily, and becoming violent. On one
occasion, Susan called the police because she feared for her life.
During their marriage, Seppo worked as a pilot and Susan worked as an agent for an airline
company. Susan made $16 per hour. Both received retirement benefits in connection with their
jobs. Seppo made the mortgage payments on their home but wanted Susan to make all other
household payments. Susan’s salary did not cover all the expenses, and Susan incurred substantial
credit card debt. Susan did not inform Seppo of the debt because she feared his reaction. When
Susan did inform Seppo of the debt, Susan stated that Seppo went “ballistic” for days. Clerk’s
Papers (CP) at 82.
Susan filed for bankruptcy. Seppo decided to get a legal separation to protect their assets
from Susan’s bankruptcy. Seppo obtained an attorney who drafted the legal documentation, and
Seppo took Susan to the attorney’s office to sign the papers. The agreement awarded each party
their respective retirement benefits accrued through employment as their sole and separate
property. The agreement stated that the parties retained community interest in their home and
assigned Susan sole responsibility for the debt incurred through the use of credit cards in her name.
Susan was not awarded maintenance. Seppo and Susan signed the agreement. Susan stated that she
signed the agreement because Seppo told her that he would dissolve the separation after the
bankruptcy. Susan also stated that she was not advised to seek independent counsel and was not
provided an opportunity to seek independent counsel prior to signing the agreement.
Seppo petitioned for legal separation on October 30, 2008. The superior court entered the
legal separation decree and findings of fact and conclusions of law on December 5, 2008. The
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court incorporated the separation agreement by reference. Seppo, Seppo’s attorney, and Susan
signed the decree. Seppo never moved to dissolve the decree.
Seppo and Susan continued to live together in their home. An incident occurred in February
2017 in which Susan stated that Seppo was drinking, so she went into her bedroom with their
animals and locked the door. Seppo kicked in the door when he realized it was locked. At that
time, Susan decided to leave. Susan left with some clothing and a few personal items and never
returned to the home.
On March 7, 2017, Seppo moved to convert the legal separation decree into a final divorce
decree. It is unclear whether Seppo’s motion was contested, but Susan was represented by counsel
at this time. The court granted Seppo’s motion and converted the separation decree into a
dissolution decree on April 4, 2017.
On December 5, 2018, Susan moved to vacate the dissolution decree, legal separation
decree, and separation agreement pursuant to CR 60(b). Susan submitted an affidavit in support of
her motion to vacate, which contained the facts of Susan and Seppo’s relationship as described
above. Susan argued that the dissolution decree should be vacated because Seppo committed fraud
and overreaching when executing the separation agreement, which was incorporated in the
dissolution decree. Susan also argued that the agreement was void at its inception because it was
substantively and procedurally unfair, and that the parties rescinded the separation agreement by
failing to observe its terms.2 Last, Susan requested attorney fees and costs.
2
Susan moved to vacate pursuant to only CR 60(b)(4) and (11), which provide for vacation based
on fraud and “[a]ny other reason justifying relief.” CP at 72. However, Susan also made arguments
grounded on CR 60(b)(5), which provides for vacation of void judgments. The superior court
acknowledged Susan’s failure to specifically cite CR 60(b)(5), but concluded that it was not
dispositive.
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The superior court denied Susan’s motion to vacate the divorce decree, legal separation
decree, and separation agreement. The court reasoned that a CR 60 motion to vacate was not the
correct avenue of relief under Moody because Susan raised only a legal issue of whether the terms
of the agreement were unfair, and Moody held that such issue must be raised on appeal and not in
a motion to vacate. 137 Wn.2d at 991. Therefore, the court concluded that it could not provide
Susan relief under CR 60. The court also denied Susan’s request for attorney fees and costs.
Susan appeals the court’s order denying her motion to vacate.
DISCUSSION
I. DENIAL OF CR 60(b) MOTION
A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
A dissolution decree or a legal separation decree is final when entered, subject to the right
of appeal. RCW 26.09.150(1). However, property dispositions in a dissolution decree may be
modified if the court finds the existence of conditions that justify the reopening of a judgment
under the laws of this state. RCW 26.09.170(1). CR 60(b), which provides relief from judgments
in both civil and criminal cases, is one such law allowing courts to reopen dissolution decrees. In
re Marriage of Thurston, 92 Wn. App. 494, 498-99, 963 P.2d 947 (1998); State v. Keller, 32 Wn.
App. 135, 139, 647 P.2d 35 (1982).
Three provisions of CR 60(b) are at issue in this case: CR(b)(4), which allows relief in
cases of “[f]raud . . . misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party;” CR 60(b)(5),
which permits relief for void judgments; and CR 60(b)(11), a catchall provision, which recognizes
relief from a judgment for “[a]ny other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.”
“A trial court’s denial of a motion to vacate under CR 60(b) will not be overturned on
appeal unless the court manifestly abused its discretion.” Haley v. Highland, 142 Wn.2d 135, 156,
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12 P.3d 119 (2000). We will find an abuse of discretion only if a court “exercised its discretion on
untenable grounds or for untenable reasons.” Lindgren v. Lindgren, 58 Wn. App. 588, 595, 794
P.2d 526 (1990). When a party seeks review of a court’s denial of a CR 60(b) motion, our review
is limited to the propriety of the denial and not the impropriety of the underlying judgment. Barr
v. MacGugan, 119 Wn. App. 43, 48 n.2, 78 P.3d 660 (2003). “The exclusive procedure to attack
an allegedly defective judgment is by appeal from the judgment, not by appeal from a denial of a
CR 60(b) motion.” Bjurstrom v. Campbell, 27 Wn. App. 449, 451, 618 P.2d 533 (1980). A CR
60(b) motion must be made “within a reasonable time” of the judgment, order, or proceeding that
the movant seeks to vacate. “A reasonable time is determined by examining the case facts and
circumstances; the critical period is the time between when the party becomes aware of the order
and when he or she filed the motion to vacate it.” Topliff v. Chicago Ins. Co., 130 Wn. App. 301,
305, 122 P.3d 922 (2005). However, a motion to vacate a void judgment pursuant to CR 60(b)(5)
may be brought at any time, regardless of the lapse in time. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Khani, 75 Wn. App.
317, 323-24, 877 P.2d 724 (1994).
B. LACHES
Seppo argues that this court should not review Susan’s appeal because her claims are barred
by laches. Susan argues that this court should not consider whether her claims are barred by laches
because Seppo did not raise this argument below. We agree with Susan, but on a different ground.
Although Seppo did not raise laches as an affirmative defense to Susan’s claims in the trial
court, Seppo argued that Susan’s motion should be denied because it was not brought within a
reasonable time under CR 60(b).3 The failure to act within a reasonable time under CR 60(b) has
3
Seppo does not renew his timeliness argument pursuant to CR 60(b) on appeal.
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No. 52892-4-II
been equated to the doctrine of laches. In re Marriage of Maddix, 41 Wn. App. 248, 252, 703 P.2d
1062 (1985).
Still, we cannot review Seppo’s claim. The merits of Seppo’s timeliness argument depend
largely on factual determinations that must be made by the trial court. However, the trial court did
not reach Seppo’s timeliness argument under CR 60(b), and therefore did not make any factual
findings or legal conclusions on this issue. Because our record is not sufficiently developed for our
review, we do not address the merits of Seppo’s argument that Susan’s claims are barred by laches.
It is, however, a matter the trial court should consider on remand.
C. MOTION TO VACATE
The superior court rested its denial of Susan’s motion to vacate expressly on Moody, which
held that “[w]hether the terms of a separation agreement are unfair is a legal issue which must be
raised on appeal—not in a motion to vacate the decree.” 137 Wn.2d at 991 (citing In re Marriage
of Tang, 57 Wn. App. 648, 654, 789 P.2d 118 (1990)). The superior court denied Susan’s motion
in full based on its determination that Susan raised only the legal issue of whether the terms of the
decree were unfair, therefore it concluded that “CR 60 is just not an avenue of relief” for Susan
under Moody. Verbatim Report of Proceedings at 22-23; 137 Wn.2d at 991.
Susan argues that the superior court improperly denied her motion to vacate based on
Seppo’s fraud and overreaching in the execution of the separation agreement, contending that
Moody does not control this case.
Moody involved a husband’s appeal from the superior court’s denial of his motion for
revision of a commissioner’s ruling. 137 Wn.2d at 985-86. Both parties agreed to the entry of a
legal separation decree. Id. at 984. Four years later, the husband moved to vacate the decree on the
basis that the settlement agreement was invalid. Id. at 985. Among other arguments, he claimed
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that it was invalid because he did not have independent legal advice during the execution of the
agreement, and he and his wife reconciled for a period after it was signed. Id. A court commissioner
denied the husband’s motion because it was not made within a reasonable time. Id. On his motion
for revision of the commissioner’s ruling, the husband also claimed fraud and illegality. Id. The
superior court agreed with the commissioner and refused to consider the husband’s new fraud and
illegality arguments. Id. at 985-86.
The husband appealed. Id. at 986. Our Supreme Court held that whether the settlement
agreement that is incorporated in a legal separation decree was unfair was not properly before the
court. Id. at 991. The court determined that “[w]hether the terms of a separation agreement are
unfair is a legal issue which must be raised on appeal—not in a motion to vacate the decree.” Id.
(emphasis added) (citing Tang, 57 Wn. App. at 654). However, the court did not take the same
approach when addressing reconciliation, fraud, and illegality. The court addressed the merits of
the husband’s reconciliation argument, holding that the parties’ reconciliation did not affect the
validity of the legal separation decree. Id. at 990-91. The court also held that the superior court
correctly refused to consider the husband’s fraud and illegality claims because the issues and the
evidence supporting the issues were not before the commissioner. Id. at 993.
1. FRAUD AND OVERREACHING
Susan argues that the superior court improperly denied her motion to vacate based on
Seppo’s fraud and overreaching in the execution of the separation agreement. We agree with Susan
and hold that the superior court improperly denied her motion to vacate.
Here, like Moody, Susan raised multiple issues, one being the issue of whether the terms
of a separation agreement were unfair. Because it is established that challenging the fairness of
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terms of the agreement is a matter of law that may be raised only on appeal, the superior court’s
ruling was correct as it pertains to this issue. See id. at 991.
However, Susan also challenged the separation decree and the dissolution decree on the
grounds that the separation agreement, which was incorporated in both decrees, was invalid
because it was procured through Seppo’s fraud, overreaching, and breach of fiduciary duties.4 The
court in Moody did not hold that the husband’s fraud claim constituted a legal issue that could not
be raised in a CR 60(b) motion. Id. at 993. This is so because whether a judgment was procured
through fraud is not a legal issue that may be raised only on appeal. Rather, a judgment procured
through fraud is a recognized ground that justifies relief under CR 60(b)(4). Therefore, we
conclude that the superior court improperly concluded that Susan could not raise these claims in a
CR 60(b) motion.5
2. THE SUPERIOR COURT’S FAILURE TO ADDRESS SUSAN’S REMAINING ARGUMENTS
Susan also argues that the superior court abused its discretion when it failed to address her
arguments that the legal separation agreement was (1) void at inception and (2) rescinded by
Seppo’s failure to observe its terms. We hold that the superior court abused its discretion when it
failed to consider Susan’s argument that the separation agreement was void at inception, but the
4
Susan claimed that Seppo committed fraud and breached his fiduciary duty when he failed to
disclose the amount of his retirement benefits. She contended that she entered the agreement due
to Seppo’s insistence that their assets needed to be protected and on the grounds that the legal
separation decree incorporating the agreement would be dissolved after bankruptcy. However,
Seppo never moved to dissolve the separation decree.
5
Seppo suggests that this court should affirm the trial court because Susan failed to present “clear,
convincing, and cogent evidence” that Seppo committed fraud. But the superior court made no
factual findings or legal conclusions on any issue that Susan presented. Furthermore, the merits of
Susan’s claims depend largely on credibility determinations that must be made by the trial court.
Dalton v. State, 130 Wn. App. 653, 656, 124 P.3d 305 (2005).
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superior court properly refused to consider Susan’s argument that the separation agreement was
rescinded by Seppo’s failure to observe its terms.
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a. VOID AT INCEPTION
Susan also challenged the legal separation decree and dissolution decree on the grounds
that the separation agreement, which was incorporated in both decrees, was void at inception
because the drafting of the agreement was procedurally unfair. 6 CR 60(b)(5) mandates a court to
relieve a party from a final judgment, order, or proceeding if that judgment, order, or proceeding
is void. Persinger v. Persinger, 188 Wn. App. 606, 609, 355 P.3d 291 (2015). Consequently,
whether a judgment is void is not a legal issue and is a recognized ground for relief under CR
60(b)(5). Therefore, we hold that the superior court abused its discretion when it failed to consider
whether the agreement was void at inception because CR 60(b)(5) provides relief for void
judgments.
b. FAILURE TO OBSERVE TERMS
Susan further argues that the superior court abused its discretion when it failed to address
her argument that Seppo rescinded the separation agreement by failing to observe its terms. Susan
contends that their reconciliation invalidated the settlement agreement. As addressed above,
Moody is clear that reconciliation, standing alone, does not negate the validity of a separation
decree. 137 Wn.2d at 990.7 Moreover, Susan did not base her argument on any recognized ground
under CR 60(b) at the trial court level or on appeal. Therefore, we conclude that the superior court
6
Susan argued that the agreement was void because (1) she did not have full knowledge of her
rights under the agreement, (2) she did not understand the language in the agreement, (3) she did
not have an opportunity to seek counsel before signing the agreement, and (4) she did not have
information as to the amounts of Seppo’s retirement benefits.
7
Susan supports her argument by citing to Mumm v. Mumm, 63 Wn.2d 349, 387 P.2d 547 (1963),
and In re Marriage of Fox, 58 Wn. App. 935, 795 P.2d 1170 (1990). Both cases involved a question
of whether the parties had rescinded an ante nuptial agreement during marriage by commingling
funds. Mumm, 63 Wn.2d at 351-52; Fox, 58 Wn. App. at 938-39. Susan fails to provide us with
any explanation as to whether case law pertaining to ante nuptial agreements also applies to
separation agreements, especially in light of Moody.
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did not abuse its discretion when it failed to address Susan’s argument that the agreement was
rescinded for failure to observe its terms as an independent ground for relief under CR 60(b), given
the manner in which Susan raised this claim.
However, we express no opinion as to whether the parties’ reconciliation may be relevant
to other claims made by Susan on remand, nor do we prevent the trial court from considering
reconciliation as a factor that may be relevant to issues raised on remand.
II. ATTORNEY FEES
Both parties request attorney fees on appeal. Susan requests fees and costs for time spent
at the trial court level and on appeal pursuant to CR 60(b) and RCW 26.09.140. Seppo argues that
he should be awarded attorney fees and costs under RAP 18.9(a) because Susan’s appeal is
frivolous. We deny Susan’s request for fees at trial and Seppo’s request for fees on appeal, but we
grant Susan’s request for fees on appeal.
RCW 26.09.140 permits an appellate court to order one party to pay attorney fees and costs
to the other party after considering the financial resources of each party and the merit of the issues
raised on appeal. In re Marriage of Fiorito, 112 Wn. App. 657, 670, 50 P.3d 298 (2002). We may
award fees under RCW 26.09.140 only when the requesting party files an affidavit of financial
need no later than 10 days before his or her case is considered. RAP 18.1(c).
Susan requests fees and costs for her time spent at the superior court. Susan also made this
request to the superior court, and the court denied her request. Susan does not assign error or make
any argument regarding the superior court’s denial of an award of attorney fees. “‘It is well settled
that a party’s failure to assign error to or provide argument and citation to authority in support of
an assignment of error, as required under RAP 10.3, precludes appellate consideration of an alleged
error.’” Emmerson v. Weilep, 126 Wn. App. 930, 939-40, 110 P.3d 214 (2005) (quoting Escude ex
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rel. Escude v. King County Pub. Hosp. Dist. No. 2, 117 Wn. App. 183, 190 n.4, 69 P.3d 895
(2003)). Therefore, we decline to address Susan’s request.
Susan also argues that she is entitled to fees on appeal under RCW 26.09.140 and RAP
18.1 because her appeal has merit, she has a need for an award of attorney fees, and Seppo has the
ability to pay her fees. Susan has complied with RAP 18.1 by raising issues that have considerable
merit, properly requesting fees in her brief, and filing an affidavit of financial need at least 10 days
before her case was considered. Therefore, based on her affidavit and because Seppo did not
counter with an affidavit demonstrating his inability to pay or challenge Susan’s request for fees
or affidavit, we grant Susan’s request for attorney fees. RAP 18.1(e); Mansour v. Mansour, 126
Wn. App. 1, 17, 106 P.3d 768 (2004). The determination of the appropriate amount of attorney
fees will be determined by a commissioner of this court. RAP 18.1(f).
Seppo argues that he is entitled to attorney fees and costs on appeal because Susan’s appeal
is frivolous. An appellate court may award fees for a frivolous appeal. RAP 18.9(a). “[A]n appeal
is frivolous if it raises no debatable issues on which reasonable minds might differ and it is so
totally devoid of merit that no reasonable possibility of reversal exists.” Protect the Peninsula’s
Future v. City of Port Angeles, 175 Wn. App. 201, 220, 304 P.3d 914 (2013). We consider the
civil appellant’s right to appeal an adverse judgment, thus we resolve any doubts about whether
an appeal is frivolous in favor of the appellant. Id.
Here, Susan’s appeal is not frivolous. Susan’s argument that the superior court improperly
denied her motion to vacate has merit, and Susan provided legal support for her claim. Therefore,
we deny Seppo’s request for fees under RAP 18.9(a).
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CONCLUSION
We hold that the superior court abused its discretion when it denied Susan’s motion to
vacate because whether a settlement agreement that is incorporated in a legal separation decree
and divorce decree was procured through fraud or overreaching or was void at inception are issues
that are properly raised under CR 60(b). Thus, we reverse the superior court’s order denying
Susan’s motion to vacate and remand this matter to the superior court for proceedings consistent
with this opinion. We also grant Susan’s request for attorney fees and costs on appeal.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
Cruser, J.
We concur:
Maxa, J.
Glasgow, J.
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