IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-0912
Filed July 22, 2020
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
DAVID E. WILLIAMS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Chickasaw County, Richard D.
Stochl, Judge.
David Williams appeals his convictions of first-degree sexual abuse, third-
degree sexual abuse, and incest. AFFIRMED.
Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Ashley Stewart, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Israel Kodiaga, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Doyle, P.J., May, J., and Scott, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2020).
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SCOTT, Senior Judge.
David Williams appeals his convictions of first-degree sexual abuse, third-
degree sexual abuse, and incest. As to all three convictions, Williams argues the
district court allowed the State to elicit impermissible vouching testimony from two
professionals who interviewed the alleged victim. He also challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence supporting the serious injury element of his conviction
of first-degree sexual abuse. Finally, Williams argues the court erred in failing to
merge his dual convictions of sexual abuse.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
R.W. is Williams’s family member. She grew up in Oklahoma. R.W. moved
to Iowa with her mother in March 2015, when she was twelve. They moved in with
Williams. Also residing in the home were Williams’s wife and son. At trial, R.W.
testified to numerous instances of sexual abuse at the hands of Williams between
March 2015 and July 2016, during which she was twelve and thirteen years old,
including groping; manual penetration of her vagina; oral, vaginal, and anal sex.
On one occasion of abuse in Williams’s bedroom, R.W. tried to escape from the
situation. Williams responded by putting a lit cigarette against R.W.’s face. The
cigarette left a mark, which developed into a scar. According to R.W.’s trial
testimony, the scar was faint, but she could still see it when she looked at herself
in the mirror.
R.W. and her mother continued to reside with Williams until late December
2015, when they moved into an apartment. R.W. continued to variously see
Williams on the weekends and during the summer. Toward the end of the summer,
R.W. began advising Williams she was going to tell someone about his conduct.
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Williams would become angry and slap R.W. or grab her by the throat. Ultimately,
the abuse ended in or around July 2016. As noted, all of the abuse occurred while
R.W. was twelve and thirteen years old.
In March 2017, R.W. was sent to a juvenile detention center. While residing
at the juvenile detention center, Williams, his wife, and his son visited R.W., but
R.W. declined to see them. A few days later, on April 24, a clinical psychologist at
the detention center, Dr. Christine Guevara, conducted a structured interview of
R.W., during which R.W. disclosed allegations of sexual abuse at the hands of
Williams. R.W. testified she did not report the abuse earlier because Williams
advised her to not tell anyone and it was their secret and she felt threatened by
Williams, noting there were times he would slap her when she screamed, and, on
the one occasion, he burned her face with a cigarette. The allegations were
relayed to the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS). DHS alerted law
enforcement, and an investigation ensued. On April 28, R.W. also underwent a
forensic interview at a child protection center, which was conducted by Miranda
Kracke.
Williams was charged by trial information with first-degree sexual abuse,
third-degree sexual abuse, and incest. The matter proceeded to a jury trial.
Following the State’s case-in-chief, Williams moved for judgement of acquittal. As
to the charge of first-degree sexual abuse, Williams argued, among other things,
the State failed to establish the serious injury element. The court denied the
motion, reasoning the evidence was sufficient to engender a question for the jury.
The jury found Williams guilty as charged. The court denied Williams’s post-trial
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motion for a new trial and in arrest of judgment. Williams appealed following the
imposition of sentence.
II. Analysis
A. Vouching
Williams claims the court erred in allowing expert testimony that improperly
vouched for the credibility of R.W.’s allegations. Specifically, he complains of
Dr. Guevara’s testimony concerning delayed disclosures of sexual abuse and
emotional responses to abuse and Kracke’s testimony concerning grooming,
delayed disclosure, and varying accounts of the allegations. Our review is for
discretionary abuse. See State v. Juste, 939 N.W.2d 664, 672 (Iowa Ct. App.
2019). This is our most deferential standard of review. State v. Roby, 897 N.W.2d
127, 137 (Iowa 2017). “When the district court exercises its discretion on grounds
or for reasons clearly untenable or to an extent clearly unreasonable, an abuse of
discretion occurs.” Juste, 939 N.W.2d at 672 (quoting State v. Dudley, 856 N.W.2d
668, 675 (Iowa 2014)).
At trial, defense counsel had lodged a preliminary objection to any testimony
on the issue of delayed disclosure as improper vouching testimony. 1 The court
noted it would deal with the vouching objection as it arose but advised it would
allow testimony on delayed disclosure so long as it did not specifically bolster
R.W.’s credibility.
At trial, Dr. Guevara was questioned about delayed disclosure of allegations
of sexual abuse. Counsel renewed her objection during Dr. Guevara’s testimony.
1 The defense had also raised this issue in a pretrial motion in limine.
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The court overruled the objection. Dr. Guevara went on to testify regarding
delayed disclosure as to children in general. She stated children commonly delay
disclosure because they do not always feel safe in their environment, and
disclosure in a juvenile detention center is common because children feel safe in
such an environment. She also testified it is common for frequent abuse to become
normalized for children. She additionally stated some children do not report abuse
because of Stockholm syndrome—attachment to their abuser.
The State also called Kracke as a witness and questioned her about
delayed disclosure of sexual abuse. Defense counsel’s objection to testimony on
the issue was again overruled. Kracke went on to explain children do not report
sexual abuse because they are either told they would not be believed or they
themselves simply think they will not be believed, they have been threatened, or
they believe “someone they loved would be hurt” or get in trouble. Kracke was
also questioned about the commonality of children providing varying allegations to
different people. Defense counsel’s objection to the question was overruled, and
Kracke testified that would depend on a number of dynamics. She also explained
when the abuse is ongoing, it is hard for children to identify specific incidents of
abuse because they all mesh together.
Williams largely complains the State crafted its examination of these
witnesses to explain the circumstances of R.W.’s report of sexual abuse and her
inconsistent accounts of the allegations. But both witnesses only testified to
children in general; neither referred to R.W. specifically, and neither stated R.W.’s
conduct was consistent with that of other victims of sexual abuse. See State v.
Leedom, 938 N.W.2d 177, 192 (Iowa 2020) (noting, “Experts may express general
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opinions but may not directly comment on the veracity of the child victim” and
finding testimony that “was general in nature describing why children delay
disclosure, the grooming process, why children have an inability to recall specific
dates” permissible); Dudley, 856 N.W.2d at 676 (noting general testimony about
tendencies of victims of sexual abuse is allowed when “the expert witness avoided
commenting directly on the child at issue”). Thus, we find no abuse of discretion
or resulting cause for reversal. See, e.g., State v. Lindaman, No. 18-1147, 2020
WL 821974, at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 19, 2020).
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Next, Williams challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the
serious injury element of his conviction of first-degree sexual abuse. Challenges
to the sufficiency of the evidence are reviewed for corrections of errors at law.
State v. Mathias, 936 N.W.2d 222, 226 (Iowa 2019). The court views “the evidence
‘in the light most favorable to the State, including all reasonable inferences that
may be fairly drawn from the evidence.’” State v. Ortiz, 905 N.W.2d 174, 180 (Iowa
2017) (quoting State v. Huser, 894 N.W.2d 472, 490 (Iowa 2017)). All evidence is
considered, not just that of an inculpatory nature. See Huser, 894 N.W.2d at 490.
“[W]e will uphold a verdict if substantial evidence supports it.” State v. Wickes,
910 N.W.2d 554, 563 (Iowa 2018) (quoting State v. Ramirez, 895 N.W.2d 884, 890
(Iowa 2017)). “Evidence is substantial if, ‘when viewed in the light most favorable
to the State, it can convince a rational jury that the defendant is guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting Ramirez, 895 N.W.2d at 890). Evidence is not
rendered insubstantial merely because it might support a different conclusion; the
only question is whether the evidence supports the finding actually made. See
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Brokaw v. Winfield-Mt. Union Cmty. Sch. Dist., 788 N.W.2d 386, 393 (Iowa 2010).
In considering a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge, “[i]t is not the province of
the court . . . to resolve conflicts in the evidence, to pass upon the credibility of
witnesses, to determine the plausibility of explanations, or to weigh the evidence;
such matters are for the jury.” State v. Musser, 721 N.W.2d 758, 761 (Iowa 2006)
(quoting State v. Williams, 695 N.W.2d 23, 28 (Iowa 2005)).
The State bears the burden of proving every element of a charged offense.
State v. Armstrong, 787 N.W.2d 472, 475 (Iowa Ct. App. 2010). Williams does not
challenge the jury instructions employed at trial. As such, the instructions serve
as the law of the case for purposes of reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence.
See State v. Banes, 910 N.W.2d 634, 639 (Iowa Ct. App. 2018). On the charge of
first-degree sexual abuse, the jury was instructed the State must prove, among
other things: “In the course of committing the sexual abuse, David Williams caused
a serious injury to R.W.” See Iowa Code § 709.2(1) (2015). “Serious injury” was
defined as “a bodily injury which causes serious permanent disfigurement.” See
id. § 702.18(1)(b)(2). The jury instructions defined “bodily injury” as “physical pain,
illness or any impairment of physical condition.” Accord State v. McKee, 312
N.W.2d 907, 913 (Iowa 1981) (adopting Model Penal Code definition of bodily
injury).
Williams claims the evidence was insufficient to show the cigarette burn to
R.W.’s face amounted to a serious permanent disfigurement. He complains no
photographs of the scar were admitted as evidence and R.W. simply pointed to
where it was but the record indicates it could not be seen by the jury. However,
while R.W. testified the scar was faint, she noted she could still see it when she
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looked at herself in the mirror. Furthermore, when R.W. underwent a second
forensic interview in 2019, years after the incident and shortly before trial, the
interviewing nurse viewed the area where R.W. reported being burnt. She testified,
“It looked like a scar.” Although she acknowledged it could have been caused by
a host of things, the nurse’s testimony that “[i]t looked like a scar,” coupled with
R.W.’s testimony as to how she got it and it was still visible when she looked in the
mirror, and when viewed in the light most favorable to the State, was substantial
evidence that R.W. was still scarred from the cigarette burn. And Williams makes
no claim the scar, if its existence was proven by substantial evidence, could not
amount to a serious permanent disfigurement. Even if he did, while scarring does
not amount to a per se serious permanent disfigurement, whether it does in any
given case is for the jury to decide. State v. Hanes, 790 N.W.2d 545, 554 (Iowa
2010).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, as we must,
we conclude the evidence was sufficient to establish the challenged element of
first-degree sexual abuse beyond a reasonable doubt.
C. Merger
Finally, Williams claims the district court erred in failing to merge his sexual-
abuse convictions. Because Williams was sentenced on both convictions, he
characterizes his claim as a challenge to an illegal sentence, which can be raised
at any time. Goodwin v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 936 N.W.2d 634, 643 (Iowa 2019). The
State claims Williams mischaracterizes his challenge as one to an illegal sentence
and is really a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence to support both charges as
separate events and thus error is not preserved. We disagree. Williams, at least
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partially, bases his argument on lesser-included-offense principles and how the
jury was instructed. See State v. Stewart, 858 N.W.2d 17, 22 (Iowa 2015) (noting
focus of merger analysis “is on the crimes charged in the trial information and for
which the jury was instructed”); State v. Ross, 845 N.W.2d 692, 701 (Iowa 2014)
(noting the merger doctrine involves “double jeopardy claims involving lesser-
included offenses”). We proceed to the merits.
Iowa Code section 701.9 provides:
No person shall be convicted of a public offense which is necessarily
included in another public offense of which the person is convicted.
If the jury returns a verdict of guilty of more than one offense and
such verdict conflicts with this section, the court shall enter judgment
of guilty of the greater of the offenses only.
Simply stated, under the merger doctrine, “if the lesser offense contains an
element that is not part of the greater offense, the lesser cannot be included in the
greater,” and merger is not required. State v. Anderson, 565 N.W.2d 340, 343
(Iowa 1997). The determination logically begins “with the court’s marshaling
instruction on the greater offense.” Id. (quoting State v. Turecek, 456 N.W.2d 219,
223 (Iowa 1990)). We apply the legal elements test, which, importantly, is “purely
a review of the legal elements and does not consider the facts of a particular case.”
Krogmann v. State, 914 N.W.2d 293, 325 (Iowa 2018) (quoting State v. Love, 858
N.W.2d 721, 725 (Iowa 2015)).
[U]nder the legal test the lesser offense is necessarily included in the
greater offense if it is impossible to commit the greater offense
without also committing the lesser offense. If the lesser offense
contains an element not required for the greater offense, the lesser
cannot be included in the greater.
Id. (alternation in original) (quoting State v. Braggs, 784 N.W.2d 31, 35–36 (Iowa
2010)).
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So, the question before us is whether it was impossible for Williams to
commit first-degree sexual abuse, as instructed, without also committing third-
degree sexual abuse, as instructed. As noted, this is a legal test, and the facts of
the case have no bearing on the determination. As to the charge of sexual abuse
in the first degree, the jury was instructed the State was required to prove the
following elements:
1. Between March of 2015 and September of 2016, David
Williams performed a sex act with R.W.
2. The defendant performed the sex act while R.W. was under
the age of 14 years.
3. In the course of committing the sexual abuse, David
Williams caused serious injury to R.W.
As to third-degree sexual abuse, the jury was instructed the State was required to
prove the following elements:
1. Between March of 2015 and September of 2016, David
Williams committed a sex act on R.W.
2. The sex act occurred while R.W. was 12 or 13 years of age.
3. The act was between persons who were not at the time
cohabiting as husband and wife.
Element one of each charge is virtually identical. It would be impossible for
Williams to commit element one of count one without also committing it as to count
two. Element two of count two is likewise subsumed into element two of count
one, as a twelve- or thirteen-year old is under the age of fourteen years. Element
three of count two requires that the sex act be between persons not cohabiting as
husband and wife. Count one does not require the establishment of that element.
As a result, it would not be impossible for Williams to commit first-degree sexual
abuse without also committing third-degree sexual abuse. Had Williams and R.W.
been cohabiting as husband and wife, he could have been convicted under count
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one but not count three. As such, merger is not required. See id. While Williams
urges the jury was required to find that two separate sex acts occurred, which it
did not, such is irrelevant to the legal question of whether count two is a lesser-
included offense of count one. See Bryson v. State, 886 N.W.2d 860, 864–65
(Iowa Ct. App. 2016) (“[D]espite our agreement with Bryson’s assertion that merger
would be proper because the jury was not asked to find two, nonsexual assaults,
his merger claim fails because robbery, the lesser offense, contains an element
not required for burglary, the greater offense.”).
III. Conclusion
We find no abuse of discretion on Williams’s claim the court allowed
impermissible vouching testimony. We find the evidence sufficient to support the
serious injury element of first-degree sexual abuse. We conclude merger of the
sexual-abuse convictions is not required. We affirm.
AFFIRMED.