v. Abdulla

The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions
constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by
the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be
cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division.
Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion
should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.

SUMMARY
July 23, 2020

2020COA109

No. 17CA0343, People v. Abdulla — Crimes — Unlawful Sexual
Contact

As a matter of first impression, a division of the court of

appeals considers whether striking a person’s intimate parts with

an implement or object, rather than with a part of the actor’s own

body, can constitute “touching” under Colorado’s unlawful sexual

contact statute, § 18-3-401(4)(a), C.R.S. 2019. The division

concludes that it can. Because record evidence would support the

conclusion that the defendant whipped the victim with a belt on her

buttocks for the purpose of sexual arousal, gratification, or abuse,

the division concludes that the trial court did not err by instructing

the jury on unlawful sexual contact as a lesser included offense of

sexual assault.
 The division also rejects the defendant’s contention that the

jury instructions failed to ensure that the jury’s verdict was

unanimous as to the act underlying the unlawful sexual contact

conviction. The division further concludes that any error by the

trial court in admitting various hearsay statements was harmless.

Accordingly, the division affirms the judgment of conviction.
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2020COA109

Court of Appeals No. 17CA0343
City and County of Denver District Court No. 16CR606
Honorable Sheila Ann Rappaport, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Sharif Mubarak Abdulla,

Defendant-Appellant.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED

Division V
Opinion by JUDGE BROWN
J. Jones and Harris, JJ., concur

Announced July 23, 2020

Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Grant R. Fevurly, Assistant Attorney
General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee

Megan A. Ring, Colorado State Public Defender, Alan Kratz, Deputy State
Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant
¶1 A jury found defendant, Sharif Mubarak Abdulla, guilty of

unlawful sexual contact and third degree assault. On appeal, he

contends that his conviction for unlawful sexual contact must be

reversed for three reasons: (1) the trial court erred by granting the

prosecution’s request to instruct the jury on the lesser included

offense of unlawful sexual contact; (2) the jury instructions failed to

ensure that the jury’s verdict was unanimous as to the act

underlying the unlawful sexual contact conviction; and (3) the trial

court erred by admitting various hearsay statements.

¶2 Resolving the first issue requires us to determine, as a matter

of first impression, whether striking a person’s intimate parts with

an implement or object, rather than with a part of the actor’s own

body, can constitute “touching” under Colorado’s unlawful sexual

contact statute, § 18-3-401(4)(a), C.R.S. 2019. We conclude that it

can. Because record evidence would support the conclusion that

Abdulla whipped the victim with a belt on her buttocks for the

purpose of sexual arousal, gratification, or abuse, we conclude that

the trial court did not err by instructing the jury on unlawful sexual

contact as a lesser included offense of sexual assault.

1
¶3 We also reject the defendant’s contention that the jury

instructions failed to ensure that the jury’s verdict was unanimous

as to the act underlying the unlawful sexual contact conviction.

And we conclude that, if the trial court erred by admitting various

hearsay statements, such error was harmless. Accordingly, we

affirm the judgment of conviction.

I. Background

¶4 On Sunday, January 24, 2016, the victim, L.C., went to a

police station to report that her husband, Abdulla, had beaten and

raped her the previous night. That same day, L.C. consented to a

sexual assault examination at a hospital.

¶5 Five days later, the People charged Abdulla with one count of

sexual assault, a class 3 felony, and one count of third degree

assault, a class 1 misdemeanor. Abdulla pleaded not guilty.

¶6 At trial, L.C. testified that she and Abdulla had gotten into an

argument that had turned physical. L.C. said it started with

Abdulla pushing her multiple times on her arm while telling her to

call the police if she wanted him out. Abdulla then forced her to

take off her clothes so he could beat her with a belt, forced her to

get on her knees so he could put his “dick in [her] mouth,” and

2
 forced her to choose between “oral sex or regular sex.” L.C. testified

that she didn’t want to have either, but, because she was scared,

said, “regular sex.” After having sex with L.C., Abdulla went to

sleep.

¶7 According to L.C., at some point Abdulla woke up and wanted

to have sex again. L.C. said that, because she was still scared, she

laid there while he had sex with her. L.C. testified that she never

said “no” to any of the sexual acts and instead pretended to go

along with it.

¶8 As his theory of defense, Abdulla acknowledged that the “fight

became physical” but argued that all the subsequent sexual acts

were consensual.

¶9 The jury acquitted Abdulla of sexual assault but convicted him

of unlawful sexual contact and third degree assault. The trial court

sentenced Abdulla to an indeterminate term of six years to life in

the custody of the Department of Corrections on the unlawful

sexual contact count and to a concurrent two-year jail term on the

misdemeanor assault count.

3
 II. Analysis

A. The Lesser Included Offense Instruction

¶ 10 At the prosecutor’s request, and over Abdulla’s counsel’s

objection, the trial court instructed the jury on unlawful sexual

contact as a lesser included offense of sexual assault. Abdulla asks

us to reverse his conviction for unlawful sexual contact because

there was no rational basis for that charge to have been submitted

to the jury. We disagree.

1. Standard of Review

¶ 11 We review de novo whether the trial court applied the correct

legal standard when it evaluated the prosecutor’s request for the

lesser included offense instruction. People v. Alaniz, 2016 COA

101, ¶ 40. But we review for an abuse of discretion the court’s

determination that there was sufficient evidence to support the

instruction. People v. Jimenez, 217 P.3d 841, 870 (Colo. App.

2008); see also People v. Leyba, 2019 COA 144, ¶ 44 (cert. granted

in part May 26, 2020).

2. Applicable Law

¶ 12 A defendant may be convicted of a lesser offense that is

“necessarily included in the offense charged.” Crim. P. 31(c); see

4
 also § 18-1-408(5), C.R.S. 2019; People v. Cooke, 186 Colo. 44, 46,

525 P.2d 426, 428 (1974). A lesser offense is “included in an

offense charged” if it “is established by proof of the same or less

than all the facts required to establish the commission of the

offense charged” or if it “differs from the offense charged only in the

respect that a less serious injury or risk of injury . . . or a lesser

kind of culpability suffices to establish its commission.”

§ 18-1-408(5)(a), (c).

¶ 13 Section 18-1-408(6) “obligate[s]” a trial court to “charge the

jury with respect to an included offense” when the party requesting

the instruction demonstrates “a rational basis for a verdict

acquitting the defendant of the offense charged and convicting him

of the included offense.” See also People v. Arispe, 191 Colo. 555,

557, 555 P.2d 525, 527 (1976); People v. Skinner, 825 P.2d 1045,

1046 (Colo. App. 1991). Such a rational basis exists when “there is

some evidence, however slight, tending to establish the lesser

included offense.” People v. Shaw, 646 P.2d 375, 379 (Colo. 1982);

accord People v. Annan, 665 P.2d 629, 630 (Colo. App. 1983).

5
 3. The Trial Court Properly Instructed the Jury on the Lesser
Included Offense of Unlawful Sexual Contact

a. Notice and the Cooke Test

¶ 14 Because the prosecutor requested the lesser included

instruction, and the trial court granted the request over Abdulla’s

counsel’s objection, the People argue that the test employed in

Cooke, 186 Colo. at 48, 525 P.2d at 428-29, governs. That test,

which is “[m]indful of the primacy of notice within the constitutional

guarantee of due process of law and of the duty of the courts to

safeguard this right,” is satisfied if the lesser included offense is “(1)

easily ascertainable from the charging instrument, and (2) not so

remote in degree from the offense charged that the prosecution’s

request appears to be an attempt to salvage a conviction from a

case which has proven to be weak.” Id.

¶ 15 On appeal, Abdulla does not argue that the Cooke test was not

satisfied or otherwise contend that he was not given enough notice

“to give him a fair and adequate opportunity to prepare his defense,

and to ensure that he is not taken by surprise because of evidence

offered at the time of trial.” Id. at 46, 525 P.2d at 428. Instead,

Abdulla argues that there is an “additional requirement that there

6
 must also be a rational basis for the jury to acquit of the greater

offense and convict of the lesser.” On this point, we agree.

¶ 16 Satisfaction of the Cooke test does not end the inquiry when

the defendant’s objection to the requested lesser included offense

instruction is not based on lack of notice but rather on insufficient

evidence. In other words, even if the requested instruction satisfies

the Cooke test, the trial court must still determine that there is a

rational basis for a verdict acquitting the defendant of the offense

charged and convicting him of the lesser included offense. See §

18-1-408(6); Arispe, 191 Colo. at 557, 555 P.2d at 527; Skinner,

825 P.2d at 1046.

¶ 17 But we also conclude that the trial court applied the correct

legal standard. It is undisputed that unlawful sexual contact is a

lesser included offense of sexual assault. See Page v. People, 2017

CO 88, ¶ 19. And when the court overruled Abdulla’s counsel’s

objection to the instruction, it said, “[T]he prosecution can request a

lesser-included offense if it’s not to salvage a verdict, but if the

evidence supports it.” (Emphasis added.) So we turn to Abdulla’s

contention that there was no rational basis for the jury to acquit

him of sexual assault but to convict him of unlawful sexual contact.

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 b. Rational Basis for the Lesser Included Offense Instruction

¶ 18 As relevant in this case, a person commits sexual assault by

means of penetration when he “knowingly inflicts . . . sexual

penetration on a victim” and “causes submission of the victim by

means of sufficient consequence reasonably calculated to cause

submission against the victim’s will.” § 18-3-402(1)(a), C.R.S. 2019.

Sexual assault is a class 3 felony if the person “causes submission

of the victim through the actual application of physical force or

physical violence.” § 18-3-402(4)(a). Sexual penetration means

“sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anilingus, or anal

intercourse.” § 18-3-401(6).

¶ 19 A person commits unlawful sexual contact if he knowingly

subjects the other person to any sexual contact, knowing that the

other person does not consent. § 18-3-404(1)(a), C.R.S. 2019. The

offense is a class 4 felony if, as relevant here, the actor compels the

victim to submit “through the actual application of physical force or

physical violence.” § 18-3-402(4)(a); see § 18-3-404(2)(b)

(“[U]nlawful sexual contact is a class 4 felony if the actor compels

the victim to submit by use of such force . . . as specified in section

18-3-402(4)(a).”). Sexual contact includes “[t]he knowing touching

8
 of the victim’s intimate parts by the actor . . . if that sexual contact

is for the purposes of sexual arousal, gratification, or abuse.” § 18-

3-401(4)(a). Intimate parts are “the external genitalia or the

perineum or the anus or the buttocks or the pubes or the breast of

any person.” § 18-3-401(2).

¶ 20 First, Abdulla contends that the only evidence of sexual

contact not involving penetration — striking L.C.’s buttocks with a

belt — is not “sexual contact” as a matter of law. He argues that

using a belt to strike a victim’s buttocks is not “touching” the

victim’s buttocks because the belt does not allow the actor to

“perceive or experience through the tactile senses.” See People v.

Pifer, 2014 COA 93, ¶ 11. We do not agree.

¶ 21 Abdulla’s argument requires us to determine whether his

conduct falls within the statutory definition of “sexual contact.”

Statutory interpretation is a question of law we review de novo.

People v. Vinson, 42 P.3d 86, 87 (Colo. App. 2002). In interpreting a

statute, we aim to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the

General Assembly based on the plain and ordinary meaning of the

statutory language. Pifer, ¶ 10. “We presume that the General

Assembly intends a just and reasonable result when it enacts a

9
 statute, and we will not follow a statutory construction that defeats

the legislative intent or leads to an unreasonable or absurd result.”

Vinson, 42 P.3d at 87.

¶ 22 The legislature has not defined the word “touching.” See § 18-

3-401. When a criminal statute does not define a term, we can look

to the dictionary definition to discern its meaning. See People v.

Janousek, 871 P.2d 1189, 1196 (Colo. 1994). Indeed, prior

divisions of this court have relied on dictionary definitions of the

term “touch” to determine whether a particular act constituted

“touching” within the meaning of section 18-3-401(4). See Pifer,

¶ 11; Vinson, 42 P.3d at 87.

¶ 23 Abdulla relies on Pifer, where a division of this court was

tasked with determining whether the defendant subjected the victim

to unlawful sexual contact by touching the victim’s intimate parts

over her clothes and a sheet. Pifer, ¶ 9. The defendant argued that

because the sheet was between his hand and the victim’s clothing,

he did not touch the clothing covering the victim’s intimate parts.

Id.

¶ 24 The division considered a dictionary definition of “touch” as “to

perceive or experience through the tactile senses,” id. at ¶ 11

10
 (quoting Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2415 (2002)),

and concluded that the defendant’s conduct fell within the plain

and ordinary meaning of “touching,” id. The division flatly rejected

the defendant’s interpretation because it “would mean that sexual

contact could occur only by skin to skin contact, or when the

actor’s bare skin touches clothing that the victim is wearing.” Id. at

¶ 12. It continued:

For instance, when, for the purpose of sexual
arousal, abuse, or gratification, the actor
wears a condom during a sexual act, touches
the victim’s bare genitals with a gloved hand,
or touches the victim’s bare genitals with a
bare hand over a blanket, sexual contact
would not occur under Pifer’s construction. It
strikes us as unlikely that the General
Assembly intended to draw such distinctions
in enacting the sexual assault statute.

Id.

¶ 25 Abdulla relies on Pifer to argue that the actor must perceive or

experience the victim’s intimate parts through the tactile senses to

constitute “touching.” True, the Pifer division relied on a dictionary

definition of “touch” that included an element of sensory perception,

but it did so to address the specific facts of that case and to rebuff

defendant’s contention that adding a layer of material between his

11
 hand and the victim’s clothing relieved him of criminal liability. Id.

at ¶¶ 10-12. We read Pifer more broadly — as rejecting a definition

of “touch” that requires direct skin-to-skin or skin-to-clothing

contact. Id. at ¶ 12.

¶ 26 In an earlier case, a division of this court considered whether a

defendant ejaculating semen onto the victim’s buttocks constituted

“touching.” Vinson, 42 P.3d at 87. The defendant argued that the

word “touch” required some part of his body to come into contact

with the victim’s buttocks. Id. The People argued that “touching”

need not be “direct person-to-person contact.” Id.

¶ 27 The division looked to a dictionary definition of the word

“touch” as “the act or fact of touching, feeling, striking lightly, or

coming in contact.” Id. (citing Webster’s Third New International

Dictionary 2416 (1986)). Based on that definition, it rejected the

defendant’s narrow construction as contrary to the legislative

intent. Id. It explained,

[i]f we were to adopt defendant’s interpretation,
we would have to conclude that using an
object to touch another person’s intimate parts
for the purpose of sexual gratification or
arousal does not constitute “sexual contact”
under § 18-3-401(4) and, hence, cannot

12
 constitute a sexual assault. We see no basis
for adopting such an interpretation.

Id.

¶ 28 Thus, the division concluded that ejaculating semen onto

another person’s intimate parts (or onto the clothing covering

another person’s intimate parts) may constitute “touching” for

purposes of establishing “sexual contact.” Id. at 88.1

1 In People v. Ramirez, 2018 COA 129, a division of this court
considered whether a defendant ejaculating into the hands of the
victim constituted unlawful sexual contact. Because it determined
that the victim’s hands were not an intimate part (touched by
defendant’s semen) and that the defendant’s semen was not an
intimate part (touched by the victim’s hands), it found insufficient
evidence of sexual contact. Id. at ¶¶ 17-21, 36-41; see also § 18-3-
401(4)(b)-(c), C.R.S. 2019 (reflecting the legislative response to
Ramirez). In so doing, however, the Ramirez division expressly
“agree[d] with Vinson; ejaculating onto the intimate parts of the
victim constitutes sexual contact within the meaning of section
18-3-401(4)[(a)].” Id. at ¶ 16. In People v. Cook, 197 P.3d 269, 278
(Colo. App. 2008), a division of this court determined, albeit in the
context of whether a child hearsay statement was admissible as a
statement “describing any act of sexual contact” under section
13-25-129, C.R.S. 2008, that a defendant’s act of intimidating a
victim into touching herself for his own sexual gratification could
constitute “constructive touching” for purposes of “sexual contact,”
even in the absence of any physical contact between the defendant
and the victim. Similarly, in People v. Moore, 877 P.2d 840, 846-48
(Colo. 1994), the defendant was convicted of sexual assault on a
child, although under a complicity theory, even though he did not
physically touch the child, but instead forced his wife to complete
the act.

13
¶ 29 Like divisions before us, we look to the dictionary definitions of

“touch” to guide our analysis. Although one definition of “touch” is

“to bring a bodily part into contact with especially so as to perceive

through the tactile sense,” which is similar to the definition used by

the division in Pifer, another common definition is “to strike or push

lightly especially with the hand or foot or an implement,” which is

more like the definition used by the division in Vinson. Merriam-

Webster Dictionary, https://perma.cc/TY5P-DJ5N.

¶ 30 Notably, the latter definition contemplates use of “an

implement” to accomplish the “touch.” Id. Thus, we conclude that

a definition of “touching” that includes use of an implement or

object is consistent with the General Assembly’s intent as reflected

in the plain and ordinary meaning of the statutory language. Put

another way, we believe Abdulla’s narrow construction of the term

“touching” is contrary to the legislative intent. See Vinson, 42 P.3d

at 87. That is because, if we were to adopt Abdulla’s interpretation,

we would have to conclude that using an object or implement —

such as a belt, whip, or sex toy — to touch another person’s

intimate parts for the purpose of sexual gratification, arousal, or

abuse cannot constitute a sexual assault. See id. And, like the

14
 division in Vinson, “[w]e see no basis for adopting such an

interpretation.” Id.; see also Matter of Winner S., 676 N.Y.2d 783,

785 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1998) (concluding that the defendant’s use of a

pencil to touch the victim’s vaginal area over the victim’s clothing

constitutes touching for the purposes of sexual contact as referred

to in the applicable statute); State v. Crosky, No. 06AP-655, 2008

WL 169346, at *13 (Ohio Ct. App. Jan. 17, 2008) (unpublished

opinion) (concluding that the defendant’s use of a vibrator to touch

the victim’s vagina over the victim’s clothing constitutes touching

for the purposes of sexual contact (citing State v. Jenkins, No. 2000-

CA-59, 2001 WL 848582, at *5 (Ohio Ct. App. July 27, 2001)

(unpublished opinion)).

¶ 31 As a result, if Abdulla whipped L.C. on her buttocks with a

belt for the purpose of sexual arousal, gratification, or abuse, the

act could constitute “touching of the victim’s intimate parts”

sufficient to establish sexual contact. The record evidence supports

this conclusion.

¶ 32 L.C. testified that she asked Abdulla to stop beating her with

the belt. When Abdulla stopped hitting her, he sat down on the

bed, told L.C. to get down on her knees, and put his erect penis into

15
 her mouth. From this evidence, the jury reasonably could have

found that Abdulla got aroused from whipping L.C. with the belt,

such that his “touching” of L.C.’s intimate parts was “for the

purpose[] of sexual arousal.” See § 18-3-401(4)(a). The jury also

could have found that Abdulla knew L.C. did not consent to the

beating. Thus, it would have been reasonable for the jury to

conclude that Abdulla committed unlawful sexual contact.

¶ 33 Still, even assuming Abdulla is correct that spanking with a

belt does not constitute sexual contact as a matter of law, hitting

L.C. on her buttocks with the belt was not the only act evidenced by

the record that would qualify as sexual contact but not sexual

assault. For example, L.C. testified that Abdulla kissed her on

various parts of her body, including her breasts and her buttocks.

On cross-examination, defense counsel asked L.C., “At some point,

he did ask to kiss your wounds? To kiss you where he hit you?” To

which L.C. responded, “Yes.” And when defense counsel asked

L.C., “And he’s also kissing parts of your butt as well?” L.C. again

answered, “Yes.” Accordingly, the jury could have properly found

that when Abdulla kissed L.C.’s breasts or buttocks, he committed

unlawful sexual contact.

16
¶ 34 Second, Abdulla essentially argues that L.C.’s consent was an

all-or-nothing proposition: L.C. either consented to all the acts or

did not consent to any of them. If the former, Abdulla should be

acquitted and, if the latter, he would have been found guilty of

sexual assault (because the sexual acts included penetration), not

unlawful sexual contact. Basically, Abdulla argues that the jury

either had to believe or reject all of L.C.’s testimony that she did not

consent to any of the sexual acts; it could not have found that some

of the sexual acts were consensual while others were not.

¶ 35 But neither we nor the trial court are constrained by Abdulla’s

theory of the case. See Brown v. People, 239 P.3d 764, 767-69

(Colo. 2010) (explaining a party’s theory of the case is not

determinative of whether a lesser included instruction should be

given, but rather the inquiry focuses on whether there “is a rational

basis for the instruction in the evidentiary record”). And we

conclude there was evidence in the record that could have led the

jury to conclude that L.C. consented to certain acts and did not

consent to others.

¶ 36 L.C. said the spanking lasted on and off for about fifteen

minutes. When she asked him to stop hitting her with the belt, he

17
 told her to kneel down and he put his erect penis in her mouth.

L.C. testified that she never said no to this act. Throughout the

series of events, L.C. never told him not to touch her, never tried to

push him away, and never tried to squeeze her legs to not give him

access. Instead, L.C. admitted that she “kind of pretended to go

along with him.” Based on this evidence, it would have been

reasonable for the jury to conclude that L.C. did not consent to

Abdulla whipping her with a belt and then kissing the parts of her

body he had just beaten, while at the same time concluding either

that L.C. consented to have sex with Abdulla thereafter (crediting

Abdulla’s affirmative defense of consent) or that L.C. feigned

consent well enough that Abdulla did not know the sex was against

her will.

¶ 37 As the trial court said, “[The jury has] to agree on one act,

whether it be penile, oral, vaginal, whatever. And they could find

one was consensual or one wasn’t, or any combination thereof.”

Further, as Abdulla concedes in his opening brief, “[T]he jury could

have disagreed as to whether L.C. was credible with respect to

different alleged acts of unlawful sexual contact, including whether

certain acts were consensual while other acts were not.”

18
¶ 38 Thus, we conclude that the trial court applied the correct legal

standard and did not abuse its discretion by instructing the jury on

the lesser included offense of unlawful sexual contact.

B. The Unanimity Instruction

¶ 39 Next, Abdulla argues that even if there was a rational basis for

the trial court to have instructed the jury on the lesser included

offense, reversal is nonetheless required because of the trial court’s

failure to ensure juror unanimity as to the underlying act of

unlawful sexual contact.

1. Additional Background

¶ 40 The jury received the following relevant instructions:

 Instruction Number 2 told the jury, “Mr. Abdulla is

charged with committing the crimes of Sexual Assault

and Assault in the Third Degree.”

 Instruction Number 3 explained, “[e]ach count charges a

separate and distinct offense and the evidence and the

law applicable to each count should be considered

separately, uninfluenced by your decision as to any other

count.”

19
  Instruction Number 4 said, “[i]n order to convict Sharif

Abdulla of Sexual Assault, you must either unanimously

agree that Mr. Abdulla committed the same act or acts,

or that he committed all of the acts alleged.” This

unanimity instruction was fashioned after the Colorado

Model Jury Instructions.

 Instruction Number 11 provided the elements of sexual

assault.

 Instruction Number 13 explained, “[t]he offense of Sexual

Assault, as charged in the information in this case

necessarily includes the lesser offense of Unlawful Sexual

Contact.” The instruction then gave the elements of

unlawful sexual contact.

 Instruction Number 18 was the defense theory of the

case instruction. It said, in relevant part, “Mr. Abdulla is

charged with two distinct crimes: Sexual Assault and

Assault in the Third Degree.”

¶ 41 During the jury instruction conference, defense counsel did

not request any changes to the unanimity instruction based on the

20
 trial court’s decision to instruct the jury on the lesser included

offense of unlawful sexual contact.

¶ 42 Both the prosecutor and defense counsel discussed the

unanimity instruction in their closing arguments. In doing so,

neither told the jury that the unanimity requirement applied only to

the sexual assault charge. Instead, both told the jurors that they

had to be unanimous when determining what actually happened, as

a factual matter, in this case.

¶ 43 For example, when defense counsel explained unanimity to the

jury, she did so by expressly referencing Instruction Number 4, but

by applying it to the assault charge:

For example, let’s say half of you believe that
Mr. Abdulla hit his wife but that he didn’t use
any belt. The other half of you say, you know
what, I think he did use a belt. Do you know
what the verdict is? Not guilty, because that is
not a unanimous verdict. And unanimity is
required by law. You can look at Instruction
Number 4. That specifically tells you that is
the law.

¶ 44 And the prosecutor’s explanation of unanimity to the jury was

in the context of sexual assault, with a focus on the jury’s role as

the fact finder:

21
 Defense counsel also talked to you about this
idea that you all have to be unanimous. Let’s
talk about that. When you go back there,
you’re going to probably start trying to sort out
the facts, because you’re the trier of facts;
you’re the ones who determine what happened.

And you may say, okay, everyone seems to be
in agreement that there was this - - that he
put his penis in her mouth, oral penetration,
fellatio; and that was done in between
whoopings. That’s one. That’s guilty.

If you agree on two, because that’s what the
facts show, that’s guilty, you agree on three;
you agree on every single time that he sexually
penetrated her during and after whooping her,
that’s guilty. You need to agree, but you only
need to agree on one.

¶ 45 During jury deliberations, the jury asked one question: “[w]hat

if we are unanimous on one count but can’t come to agreement on

another?” The question came at about 4:30 p.m. on a Friday

afternoon. Without answering the question, the trial court let the

jury go home for the weekend. Then, after a few hours of

deliberations on Monday morning, the jury returned its verdict.

2. Standard of Review

¶ 46 “Trial courts have a duty to correctly instruct juries on all

matters of law.” Day v. Johnson, 255 P.3d 1064, 1067 (Colo. 2011).

22
 We review jury instructions de novo to determine “whether the

instructions as a whole” correctly informed the jury of the law. Id.

¶ 47 As this issue was not preserved, the parties agree we review

for plain error. See Hagos v. People, 2012 CO 63, ¶ 14. A plain

error is an error that is both obvious and substantial. Id. Under

this standard, we will reverse only if the error “so undermined the

fundamental fairness of the trial itself so as to cast serious doubt

on the reliability of the judgment of conviction.” Id. (quoting People

v. Miller, 113 P.3d 743, 750 (Colo. 2005)). With respect to jury

instructions, the defendant must “demonstrate not only that the

instruction affected a substantial right, but also that the record

reveals a reasonable possibility that the error contributed to his

conviction.” People v. Garcia, 28 P.3d 340, 344 (Colo. 2001)

(quoting Bogdanov v. People, 941 P.2d 247, 255-56 (Colo. 1997)).

3. Applicable Law

¶ 48 Section 16-10-108, C.R.S. 2019, requires that “[t]he verdict of

the jury shall be unanimous.” The trial court must properly

instruct the jury to ensure that a conviction on any count is the

result of a unanimous verdict. See People v. Harris, 2015 COA 53,

¶ 39.

23
¶ 49 When there is evidence of distinct multiple acts, the

prosecution may be compelled to elect the act on which it relies for

conviction or, alternatively, the defendant may be entitled to a

special unanimity instruction. Melina v. People, 161 P.3d 635, 639

(Colo. 2007); Quintano v. People, 105 P.3d 585, 593 (Colo. 2005).

[W]hen the evidence does not present a
reasonable likelihood that jurors may disagree
on which acts the defendant committed, the
prosecution need not designate a particular
instance. If the prosecutor decides not to
designate a particular instance, the jurors
should be instructed that in order to convict
the defendant they must either unanimously
agree that the defendant committed the same
act or acts or that the defendant committed all
of the acts described by the victim and
included within the time period charged.

Thomas v. People, 803 P.2d 144, 153-54 (Colo. 1990).

4. We Find No Plain Error in the Jury Instructions

¶ 50 As an initial matter, both at trial and on appeal, the parties

disagree regarding whether a unanimity instruction was necessary.

The People argue that, because the evidence established one

continuing course of conduct, there was no need for a unanimity

instruction. See People v. Davis, 2017 COA 40M, ¶ 14.

24
¶ 51 If the People are correct that this was only one criminal

episode, then it follows that the trial court did not err, much less

plainly err, by failing to give an additional unanimity instruction on

the unlawful sexual contact charge. Id. But, at defense counsel’s

urging, the trial court rejected the People’s argument and

determined that a unanimity instruction was necessary.

¶ 52 We need not determine whether we could affirm on the

alternative basis advocated by the People, however, because we

discern no plain error in the instructions given, for two reasons.

¶ 53 First, the trial court gave a unanimity instruction that was

agreed upon by the prosecution and the defense, albeit one that

specifically referenced sexual assault; this is not a case in which the

trial court failed to give a unanimity instruction at all.

¶ 54 Second, the jury was instructed that unlawful sexual contact

was a lesser included offense of sexual assault, suggesting that any

instruction regarding sexual assault applied equally to unlawful

sexual contact. And the jury was instructed that it had to be

unanimous regarding the specific act or acts, or as to all the acts,

underlying the sexual assault. Accordingly, although the unanimity

instruction specifically referenced the offense of sexual assault and

25
 did not reference the offense of unlawful sexual contact, because

the jury was nonetheless instructed that unlawful sexual contact

was a lesser included offense of sexual assault, the unanimity

instruction logically encompassed the lesser included offense.

¶ 55 It certainly would have been better for the unanimity

instruction to have stated explicitly that it applied to both the

greater and lesser offense. Still, under these circumstances, the

trial court’s failure to give a separate, additional unanimity

instruction was not erroneous, let alone obviously so.

¶ 56 However, even if the court erred, and that error was obvious,

that error does not cast serious doubt on the reliability of the

judgment of conviction. See Miller, 113 P.3d at 750. The record

does not establish a reasonable possibility that the instructional

error contributed to Abdulla’s conviction, Garcia, 28 P.3d at 344,

because there is no reasonable possibility that the jury

misunderstood its obligation to unanimously agree on which act or

acts constituted unlawful sexual contact.

¶ 57 As noted above, the sexual assault unanimity instruction

logically applied to the lesser included unlawful sexual contact

charge. No one argued that the concept of unanimity was limited to

26
 the sexual assault charge. On the contrary, in closing argument,

Abdulla’s counsel explained the concept of unanimity to the jury by

means of an example involving a physical assault. Accordingly,

even though the unanimity instruction did not specifically refer to

either unlawful sexual contact or third degree assault, the jury was

told it needed to be unanimous as to the specific act or acts that

Abdulla committed, even with respect to charges other than sexual

assault.

¶ 58 Moreover, we employ the presumption that the jury

understands and applies the given instructions unless a contrary

showing is made, and there was no indication that the jury did not

understand the instructions as a whole or the unanimity

instruction in particular. See Quintano, 105 P.3d at 594-95

(affirming the defendant’s convictions notwithstanding the jury’s

expressed confusion regarding unanimity because “[a]s a whole, the

record demonstrate[d] that the jury understood their tasks and

arrived at some means of demarcating the various incidents of

sexual contact”). Unlike in Quintano, the jury did not ask questions

demonstrating confusion about the unanimity instruction. Id. at

589. In fact, the only question the jury asked while it was

27
 deliberating indicated it was not unanimous on one of the counts,

thus demonstrating its general understanding of the need for a

unanimous verdict on every count.

¶ 59 Thus, we discern no plain error in the jury instructions.

C. Hearsay

¶ 60 Abdulla argues that the trial court erroneously admitted

multiple hearsay statements and that the statements substantially

influenced the verdict and affected the fairness of the trial

proceedings. Specifically, he challenges the trial court’s admission

of statements L.C. made to (1) a detective; (2) her sister; and (3) the

sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE). We find no reversible error.

1. Standard of Review

¶ 61 We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of

discretion. People v. Tyme, 2013 COA 59, ¶ 8. A trial court abuses

its discretion when its ruling is manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable,

or unfair, or if it misapplies the law. People v. Dominguez, 2019

COA 78, ¶ 13.

¶ 62 Because Abdulla’s counsel objected to admission of this

evidence at trial, we review for harmless error. People v. Pernell,

2018 CO 13, ¶ 22. Under this standard, “an erroneous evidentiary

28
 ruling does not require reversal unless the ruling affects the

accused’s substantial rights.” Id. (quoting Nicholls v. People, 2017

CO 71, ¶ 17). This determination necessarily results from “a case

specific assessment of the likely impact of the error in question on

the outcome of the litigation as a whole.” Id. (quoting People v.

Rock, 2017 CO 84, ¶ 22). An error is harmless “if there is no

reasonable possibility that it contributed to the defendant’s

conviction.” Id.

2. Applicable Law

¶ 63 Hearsay is “a statement other than one made by the declarant

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove

the truth of the matter asserted.” CRE 801(c). If a statement is

hearsay, it is inadmissible unless it falls within an exception. CRE

802. “The burden of establishing the preliminary facts to establish

the hearsay exception is on the proponent of the evidence.” People

v. Garcia, 826 P.2d 1259, 1264 (Colo. 1992).

3. Excited Utterances

¶ 64 Hearsay may be admitted at trial if it constitutes an excited

utterance — a statement relating to a startling event made while the

declarant was under the stress of the excitement caused by the

29
 event. See CRE 803(2). A statement may qualify under the excited

utterance exception if

(1) the occurrence or event was sufficiently
startling to render inoperative the normal
reflective thought processes of an observer; (2)
the declarant’s statement was a spontaneous
reaction to the event; and (3) direct or
circumstantial evidence supports an inference
that the declarant had the opportunity to
observe the startling event.

People v. King, 121 P.3d 234, 237-38 (Colo. App. 2005).

¶ 65 Factors to be considered in determining whether the statement

was spontaneous include the lapse of time between the startling

event and the out-of-court statement, whether the statement was

made in response to an inquiry, whether the statement was

accompanied by outward signs of excitement or emotional distress,

and the choice of words employed by the declarant to describe the

experience. People v. Compan, 100 P.3d 533, 536 (Colo. App. 2004),

aff’d, 121 P.3d 876 (Colo. 2005). While there is no “bright-line time

limitation” for an excited utterance, the statement must be a

spontaneous reaction rather than the operation of “normal reflective

thought processes.” People v. Stephenson, 56 P.3d 1112, 1115-16

(Colo. App. 2001). The trial court is in the best position to consider

30
 the effect of a startling event on a declarant, and it is afforded wide

discretion in determining admissibility under the excited utterance

hearsay exception. People v. Martinez, 18 P.3d 831, 835 (Colo. App.

2000).

a. The Detective’s Testimony

¶ 66 Abdulla argues that the trial court erred by admitting, as an

excited utterance, L.C.’s statements made while she was at the

police station at approximately 2 p.m. the day after the alleged

incident.

¶ 67 L.C. testified that when she woke up the morning after the

assault, she took a shower and went to church with her son. At

church, she spoke with her pastor’s wife. And after church, she

went to the police station with her son.

¶ 68 Detective Derek McCluskie testified at trial regarding L.C.’s

initial report at the police station. The detective described L.C.’s

demeanor upon arriving at the station as “fearful, visibly upset,

crying, and distraught.” When the prosecutor asked the detective

whether L.C. had “indicate[d] how [he] could help her,” Abdulla

objected on hearsay grounds.

31
¶ 69 The trial court overruled the objection, reasoning that L.C.’s

statements to the detective fell within the excited utterance

exception to hearsay. In support of its ruling, the trial court made

the following record:

 “[T]here is no timeframe specifically for excited

utterances.”

 Though the timeframe was unclear, it was “certainly

some time, some hours after the alleged incident

occurred.”

 “According to [Detective McCluskie], she was still under

the trauma, if you will, excitement, stress of what had

occurred to her according to the physical demeanor that

has been described to us.”

 The detective’s description was “consistent with someone

who is still seeing or feeling the effects of the trauma.”

¶ 70 Detective McCluskie then testified that L.C. reported that “her

husband had made her take off her clothing, he whipped her with a

belt and made her - - her words - - suck his dick, then had sex with

her.” L.C. “didn’t tell [Abdulla] to stop for fear of further assault.”

32
¶ 71 On appeal, Abdulla does not argue that the event L.C.

described was not “startling” or that L.C. did not have the

opportunity to observe it (nor could he, based on the evidence).

Instead, he argues that too much time passed between the event

and the statements and “that [L.C.] had regained her composure

and exercised reflective thought,” as evidenced by having gone to

church and spoken with the pastor’s wife before going to the police

station. Under such circumstances, he argues, the statements were

not excited utterances.

¶ 72 Abdulla is correct that the passage of time and L.C.’s

intervening conduct both cut against the likelihood that the

statement to the detective was an excited utterance. We

acknowledge that “the excited utterance exception extends to

statements made in response to questioning.” King, 121 P.3d at

238 (citing People v. Hulsing, 825 P.2d 1027, 1031 (Colo. App.

1991)). And we acknowledge that there is no bright line rule

regarding the passage of time between the startling event and the

excited utterance. Stephenson, 56 P.3d at 1115-16.

¶ 73 But at least a dozen hours had passed between the event and

L.C.’s report to the detective, which is more time than has been

33
 sanctioned by previous reported decisions of this court for adult

excited utterances. Pernell, ¶¶ 27-35 (holding it was error to admit

statements made twelve hours after a sexual assault because the

declarant’s testimony indicated that she had “several independent

interludes of reflective thought” before making the statements

(quoting People v. Pernell, 2015 COA 157, ¶ 34)); Stephenson, 56

P.3d at 1116 (holding it was error to admit statements made three

hours after the declarant witnessed a shooting because there were

“several independent interludes of reflective thought” that removed

the required spontaneity from the declarant’s statements). And the

trial court’s finding that L.C. was “still under the trauma” of the

event when she was speaking with the detective would be

insufficient by itself to support admitting the challenged statements

under CRE 803(2). See Pernell, ¶¶ 31, 33. But even if the court

erred by admitting the statement as an excited utterance, for the

reasons set forth infra Part II.C.5, we conclude that any error was

harmless.

b. The Sister’s Testimony

¶ 74 Abdulla also argues that the trial court erred by admitting,

under the excited utterance exception to hearsay, statements L.C.

34
 made during a phone call with her younger sister the day after the

alleged incident.

¶ 75 Although L.C.’s sister testified that L.C. called her before L.C.

went to the police station, L.C. testified that she called her sister

after she had been at the police station. Her sister testified that

when L.C. called, L.C. was “quiet . . . shaky . . . real shaky like she

was scared” and that she “could tell that she was crying” and that

something was wrong. When the prosecutor asked her, “What did

she tell you?” Abdulla’s attorney objected on hearsay grounds.

¶ 76 The trial court overruled the objection, reasoning that L.C.’s

statements to her sister satisfied the excited utterance exception to

the hearsay rule. In support of its ruling, the trial court made the

following record:

 The incident occurred on the evening of Saturday,

January 23, sometime after 7 p.m.

 The phone call occurred early the next morning.

 “This is her sister, whom she’s close to.”

 “[L.C.] was crying. She appeared scared. Her - - her

voice was different, soft.”

 “[S]he was crying as she relayed the information.”

35
  “The important thing about excited utterance, leaving

aside the time frame, which is close in time here in terms

of the number of hours, but, secondly, the person

appears to be still under the stress of the trauma,

emotion of the incident that was being discussed at that

time.”

¶ 77 L.C.’s sister then testified that L.C. told her “that her and her

husband had gotten into a fight, and he had beat her with a belt

and raped her.”

¶ 78 Again, Abdulla does not challenge the nature of the event L.C.

reported to her sister or L.C.’s ability to observe it; instead, he

argues that the lengthy time lapse between the event and the

statement and the evidence that L.C. had regained her composure

and reflected cause the statements to fall outside the excited

utterance exception to the hearsay rule.

¶ 79 We have the same concerns about the admission of L.C.’s

statements to her sister as we do regarding L.C.’s statements to the

detective. A significant amount of time had passed between the

event and the statement, and it appears that L.C. had several

independent interludes of reflective thought during that interval.

36
 But, again, even if the trial court abused its discretion by admitting

L.C.’s statement to her sister, for the reasons set forth infra Part

II.C.5, we conclude that any error was harmless.

4. Statements Made for Medical Treatment or Diagnosis

¶ 80 Hearsay statements may be admitted if they are “[s]tatements

made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment and describing

medical history, or past or present symptoms, pain, or sensations,

or the inception or general character of the cause or external source

thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment.”

CRE 803(4). Statements made to a medical professional are

presumptively reliable due to the declarant’s general belief that

providing truthful information to medical professionals will assist in

effective diagnosis and treatment. People v. Galloway, 726 P.2d

249, 252 (Colo. App. 1986). A statement made to a medical

professional during an exam is admissible if (1) the statement is

reasonably pertinent to treatment or diagnosis and (2) the content

of the statement is such as is reasonably relied on by a physician in

treatment or diagnosis. Tyme, ¶ 16.

37
¶ 81 Abdulla contends that the trial court erred by admitting the

hearsay testimony of the SANE, who recounted what L.C. told her

regarding the alleged sexual assault.

¶ 82 The SANE testified that she first takes a “medical history from

[the patient] about what happened, the events of the assault.” The

medical history helps her identify injuries and determine whether

the patient may need further treatment. She explained that she

writes down what the patient says word for word. Then she

conducts a “head-to-toe-body-surface exam looking for injury” while

also “collecting evidence.” When the prosecutor said to the SANE,

“So let’s talk about what she told you that you took down word for

word,” Abdulla’s counsel objected on hearsay grounds.

¶ 83 The trial court overruled the objection, reasoning that L.C.’s

statements to the SANE were admissible pursuant to the medical

diagnosis exception. Citing Tyme, the trial court made the following

record in support of its ruling:

 There is “ample case law” that “allows SANE testimony

for a number of reasons.”

 One of the reasons SANE testimony is generally

admissible is that “the patient has to consent.”

38
  Another reason is that “a SANE nurse doing an

examination collects evidence and statements from the

alleged victim in order to determine what to relate to the

doctor, what type of treatment is necessary, whether it be

physical injuries, internal injuries.”

 The information the SANE nurse collects is for purposes

of medical diagnosis and treatment.

¶ 84 The SANE then testified that L.C. told her that the assailant

“hit [L.C.’s] arm and told her to call the police, and said that he

wasn’t leaving until she called police.” Then he took away L.C.’s

cellphones and went looking for something in the house. He said

he “couldn’t find a wire hanger, so that’s when he took his belt off

and hit her in the back with his belt and then made her get on her

knees and put his penis in her mouth and then had her get on the

bed and had sex with her, and then there was another time he had

sex with her.” The SANE also said that “at one point in the

morning, he told [L.C.] that if they don’t get an understanding this

will happen again.”

¶ 85 On appeal, Abdulla challenges the admissibility of L.C.’s

statements to the SANE (1) indicating that it was Abdulla who

39
 assaulted her; (2) describing how Abdulla assaulted her; and (3)

alleging that Abdulla made threats during the assault.2

¶ 86 As an initial matter, the record belies Abdulla’s contention

that the trial court erred by allowing the SANE to testify that L.C.

“indicat[ed] it was Mr. Abdulla who assaulted her.” The SANE did

not identify Abdulla by name at any point during her testimony,

and, even if she had, identity was not an issue in this case.

¶ 87 Given that one purpose of the SANE’s examination was to

provide medical care or treatment to L.C., the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by admitting most of the SANE’s testimony

regarding what L.C. told her about the sexual assault, including

L.C.’s “statements as to how [Abdulla] allegedly assaulted her.” See

CRE 803(4).

¶ 88 But we agree with Abdulla that not all of the testimony fit the

exception. The statements regarding (1) L.C.’s phones being taken

away; (2) Abdulla looking for a wire hanger; and (3) the threat that

2 We note that, after the trial court overruled defense counsel’s
initial objection and ruled that the SANE’s testimony fell under the
medical diagnosis exception to the hearsay rule, defense counsel
did not renew the objection when the SANE relayed statements that
would fall outside that exception. But the People do not challenge
preservation of this issue, so we analyze it as if it were preserved.

40
 “if they don’t get an understanding this will happen again” likely fall

outside the exception. See People v. Jaramillo, 183 P.3d 665, 669

(Colo. App. 2008) (concluding that the victim’s statements to a

nurse practitioner were inadmissible hearsay because the

challenged statements were not necessary for or pertinent to the

nurse practitioner’s diagnosis or treatment).

¶ 89 But even if the trial court abused its discretion by admitting

these statements, for the reasons set forth in the following section,

we conclude that any error was harmless.

5. Any Error Admitting Hearsay Was Harmless

¶ 90 Even if the trial court erred by admitting L.C.’s statements to

the detective, to her sister, and to the SANE under exceptions to the

hearsay rule, we conclude that the error was harmless and reversal

is not required. Hagos, ¶ 12; People v. Gaffney, 769 P.2d 1081,

1088 (Colo. 1989) (“If a reviewing court can say with fair assurance

that, in light of the entire record of the trial, the error did not

substantially influence the verdict or impair the fairness of the trial,

the error may properly be deemed harmless.”).

¶ 91 Abdulla admitted to a physical altercation and did not dispute

that the sexual acts occurred; his defense was that L.C. had

41
 consented. Indeed, the defense theory instruction stated, “[L.C.]

and her husband, Sharif Abdulla, had a verbal argument about him

being out all night on Friday. The fight became physical and

thereafter, [L.C.] consented to all sexual acts with Mr. Abdulla.”

Thus, any hearsay statements about the physical acts were largely

cumulative and related to uncontested facts. See People in Interest

of R.D.H., 944 P.2d 660, 664 (Colo. App. 1997) (determining that

any error in allowing a social worker to testify as to mother’s history

of drug use was harmless because the challenged evidence was

cumulative); see also Jaramillo, 183 P.3d at 669 (noting the

improperly admitted hearsay statements were related to

uncontested facts and concluding any error in the admission of the

challenged statements was harmless).

¶ 92 To the extent that the hearsay statements related to the

contested issue of consent, they appear not to have had an impact

on the jury. People v. Harris, 43 P.3d 221, 231 (Colo. 2002)

(considering, among other things, whether the impact the

erroneously admitted hearsay evidence had on the jury was

significant). At trial, L.C. admitted that she did not indicate to

Abdulla that any of the sexual acts were nonconsensual; rather, she

42
 said she was too scared to tell him no. The jury was able to judge

L.C.’s credibility for itself. By acquitting Abdulla of sexual assault,

it appears the jury did not believe L.C. that the sex was

nonconsensual or that she communicated her lack of consent to

Abdulla.

¶ 93 To the extent that the hearsay statements related to the

contested issue of exactly how Abdulla assaulted L.C., the

prosecution offered strong, corroborating evidence, including L.C.’s

own testimony at trial, pictures of L.C.’s injuries, and the SANE’s

testimony that L.C.’s injuries were consistent with what L.C.

reported to her. Blecha v. People, 962 P.2d 931, 944 (Colo. 1998)

(determining that any error in the improperly admitted hearsay

statements was harmless because there was “persuasive

corroborative evidence”).

¶ 94 In addition, had the improperly admitted statements been

offered after L.C. testified, they may have been admitted as prior

consistent statements. See CRE 801(d)(1)(B). The trial court even

alluded to this when overruling Abdulla’s objection to the detective’s

testimony when it said, “In addition, I don’t know this, I haven’t

heard from the alleged victim, [but it] might be a prior consistent or

43
 inconsistent statement.” L.C. did testify and, on cross-examination,

defense counsel attacked her credibility, impeached her with prior

inconsistent statements, and suggested she had an ulterior motive

for making allegations against her husband. See People v. Eppens,

979 P.2d 14, 21-22 (Colo. 1999).

¶ 95 Abdulla argues the acquittal on the sexual assault charge

demonstrates that “this was a very close case,” thus increasing the

likelihood that “[a]dmission of the improperly admitted hearsay

statements . . . may have tipped the balance in favor of a jury

determination that, although he had not committed the sexual

assault, Mr. Abdulla had been abusive and should be found guilty

of some sort of sexual misconduct.” We disagree. If the jury was

improperly influenced, it would have been more likely to have

convicted of the greater offense. Instead, its verdict demonstrates it

was not improperly swayed by what L.C. said to the detective, her

sister, or the SANE; rather, it was thoughtful and deliberate in its

decision.

¶ 96 Ultimately, we conclude that any erroneous admission of

hearsay statements was harmless as it did not substantially

44
 influence the verdict or affect the fairness of the trial proceedings.

Yusem v. People, 210 P.3d 458, 469 (Colo. 2009).

III. Conclusion

¶ 97 The judgment of conviction is affirmed.

JUDGE J. JONES and JUDGE HARRIS concur.

45