In the Missouri Court of Appeals
Eastern District
DIVISION FOUR
CITY OF JENNINGS, and ) No. ED108393
MISSOURI EMPLOYERS MUTUAL )
INSURANCE COMPANY, )
)
Appellants, )
) Appeal from the Labor and
vs. ) Industrial Relations Commission
)
SABRINA WILLIAMS, and )
TREASURER OF THE STATE OF )
MISSOURI, Second Injury Fund, )
)
)
Respondents. ) Filed: July 28, 2020
Before James M. Dowd, P.J., Gary M. Gaertner, Jr., J., and Robin Ransom, J.
Opinion
City of Jennings (“Employer”) and its insurer Missouri Employers Mutual
Insurance Company appeal the decision of the Labor and Industrial Relations
Commission (“Commission”) affirming the award and decision of the Administrative
Law Judge (“ALJ”) awarding permanent total disability benefits to Sabrina Williams
(“Claimant”). Employer does not challenge the Commission’s finding that Claimant is
permanently and totally disabled, but rather it challenges the Commission’s findings both
that Claimant’s permanent total disability was due to the work injury alone and thus that
Employer was solely liable for Claimant’s disability benefits rather than apportioning
some of the liability to the Missouri Second Injury Fund (“Fund”). We reverse and
remand for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
Background
Claimant began working for Employer in March of 2000 as a corrections officer.
On September 7, 2010, she was physically attacked by an inmate and beaten about her
face, head, and back (“work injury”). She was taken to the hospital and released the
same day. Claimant filed an amended claim for compensation against Employer and the
Fund, asserting a permanent total disability on the basis of her psychiatric conditions of
depression and anxiety that resulted from the work injury.
At a hearing before the ALJ, Claimant testified to the following. On September 7,
2010, she was preparing meal trays for inmates in an enclosed locked vestibule with the
assistance of two inmates, when one of the inmates started hitting her about the face,
knocking her to the ground where the inmate continued to hit and kick her. Another
corrections officer tried to unlock the door but did not have the correct keys, and the
attack continued until maintenance personnel arrived. Following the attack, Claimant
experienced temporary swelling of her eye and face, had to have a broken tooth removed,
experienced temporary slurred speech, and received several weeks of physical therapy for
back pain. As well, she received psychiatric treatment for insomnia, anxiety, depression,
and anger.
Claimant further testified that, while she had received psychiatric treatment before
the work injury for depression and anxiety, both were made worse by the work injury.
Specifically, she used to be outgoing and to go out with acquaintances, but after the work
injury she did not like to be around people and would spend days in her room. She had
2
difficulties completing tasks, became nervous and fearful about leaving the house,
especially alone, and was constantly checking to make sure doors and windows were
locked. She had attempted suicide three times since the work injury.
Regarding her history of psychiatric treatment, Claimant testified she had a
history of childhood trauma, including witnessing her father abuse her mother and being
raped by a family member as a young teenager. She had attempted suicide one time as a
teenager. Further, she testified that in 2007 and 2008 she took a year leave of absence
from Employer following a stress-induced mild stroke, 1 stemming from a series of
personality conflicts with various supervisors. At this time, she received diagnoses and
treatment for depression and anxiety. Claimant agreed on cross-examination that she had
experienced panic and anxiety attacks weekly since her teenage years through the work
injury, which she had been able to deal with on her own. She also agreed that she had
experienced episodes of untreated depression since a teenager through 2007, for which
she would have to call in sick to work, and that she had been unable to work due to
depression for two weeks prior to her stress-induced stroke in 2007. She testified that her
depression and anxiety manifested in a lack of trust, conflicts with supervisors, anger, and
difficulties with speech. Although she was receiving treatment for depression and
anxiety between 2007 and 2010, she was able to complete tasks and leave the house
alone. In the year leading up to 2010, she was on full duty with no work restrictions.
Claimant submitted the deposition testimony of Jennifer Brockman, M.D. (“Dr.
Brockman”), in which Dr. Brockman testified to the following. After examining
1
Claimant’s medical records from 2007 demonstrate an MRA of her brain showed “[n]o
evidence for an aneurysm, stenosis, or vascular anomaly.”
3
Claimant, Dr. Brockman diagnosed Claimant with post-traumatic stress disorder
(“PTSD”) from the work injury; Major Depressive Disorder-Recurrent, which meant
there had been multiple episodes during her lifetime; General Anxiety Disorder; Panic
Disorder with Agoraphobia; and Conversion Disorder, Resolved, which referenced the
physical manifestation in 2007 of Claimant’s stress through stroke symptoms. Dr.
Brockman testified Claimant had a permanent total disability from her psychiatric
diagnoses stemming from a combination of the work injury and her pre-existing
psychiatric conditions, noting Claimant’s prior suicide attempt, her repeated conflicts
with people in Employer’s workplace, and her overall view and description of her
employment prior to the work injury.
While Dr. Brockman noted that Claimant’s pre-existing depression and anxiety
had shown clinical improvement without intensive treatment and required minimal
professional help, and that Claimant was comparatively better able to work and conduct
normal life activities before the work injury, Dr. Brockman also noted that Claimant’s
patterns of occupational and personal conflict and negativity revealed pre-existing and
ongoing psychological issues that impaired her ability to maintain employment before the
work injury. Specifically, Dr. Brockman testified that Claimant’s pre-existing depression
and anxiety, her irritability, her social avoidance, and her personality had led to prior
work conflicts or job changes in the past, including her 2007-2008 leave of absence from
Employer. Dr. Brockman also agreed that Claimant’s traumas in her childhood made her
more likely to develop psychiatric symptoms after another trauma, in part because she
had a very limited support network to help her cope with later traumas.
4
Claimant also submitted Dr. Brockman’s Independent Medical Examination
(“IME”), in which Dr. Brockman opined Claimant was “permanently and totally disabled
from a psychiatric standpoint alone as a result of her symptoms.” Dr. Brockman opined
the work injury was both the prevailing factor in Claimant’s PTSD and Panic Disorder
with Agoraphobia and the prevailing factor in the exacerbation of her pre-existing
psychiatric conditions, including Major Depressive Disorder-Recurrent and Generalized
Anxiety Disorder. Dr. Brockman further opined Claimant had a pre-existing permanent
partial disability due to her Major Depressive Disorder-Recurrent and her Generalized
Anxiety Disorder. Dr. Brockman opined that all of the above conditions represented
hindrances or obstacles to employment or reemployment.
At the hearing, Employer offered medical records evidence from Gregg Bassett,
M.D, (“Dr. Bassett”), which established the following. Dr. Bassett is a psychiatrist who
treated Claimant following her work injury. Dr. Bassett performed an IME in December
2010, and a supplemental IME in August 2012. In his 2010 IME, he opined that
Claimant’s work injury was the prevailing factor in her diagnosis of PTSD and in
triggering the reactivation of her pre-existing propensity to develop conversion
symptoms, specifically slurred speech, and also that she had a pre-injury history of
Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorder. In his 2012 supplemental IME, Dr. Bassett
opined that, as a consequence of the combination of pre-injury psychopathology and
work-injury-related psychopathology, Claimant had an overall 40% psychiatric
permanent partial disability, 75% of which was attributable to the work injury and 25%
of which was attributable to the pre-existing psychopathology.
5
The ALJ determined Claimant was a credible witness, and it found Dr. Brockman
to be more persuasive than Dr. Bassett in creating an informed opinion of Claimant’s
current psychological condition. In an amended decision, the ALJ awarded benefits after
finding Claimant was rendered permanently and totally disabled due to her work injury
alone. The ALJ determined Claimant’s work injury resulted in her pathologies of PTSD
and Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia, which, taken in isolation, rendered Claimant
permanently and totally disabled. The ALJ acknowledged Claimant’s pre-existing
psychiatric conditions but found she had been able to maintain work and conduct normal
life activities before the work injury. Moreover, the ALJ determined the work injury
itself was so traumatic that the pre-existing psychiatric disability need not be considered
because Claimant’s psychiatric condition following the work injury “completely
supplant[ed] her condition prior to the attack.” The ALJ denied Claimant’s claim against
the Fund.
Employer appealed the decision, and the Commission affirmed the amended
award and decision of the ALJ, which was attached and incorporated by reference,
finding it was supported by competent and substantial evidence. 2 One member of the
Commission dissented on the issue of Fund liability, arguing the ALJ should have also
apportioned liability against the Fund. This appeal follows.
Standard of Review
We review the Commission’s decisions for whether they are supported by
competent and substantial evidence. White v. Conagra Packaged Foods, LLC, 535
2
When the Commission affirms and adopts the award and decision of the ALJ, we review the ALJ’s
findings as adopted by the Commission. Angus v. Second Injury Fund, 328 S.W.3d 294, 297 (Mo. App.
W.D. 2010)
6
S.W.3d 336, 338 (Mo. banc 2017). We will reverse only if: (1) the Commission acted
without or in excess of its powers; (2) the award was procured by fraud; (3) the facts
found by the Commission do not support the award; or (4) there was not sufficient
competent evidence in the record to warrant the making of the award. Id.; see also
Section 287.495.1, RSMo. (cum. supp. 2005). 3 We do not view the evidence and
reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the award; rather “[t]he
Commission’s factual findings are binding and conclusive only to the extent they are
supported by sufficient competent evidence.” Harris v. Ralls Cty., 588 S.W.3d 579, 594
(Mo. App. E.D. 2019); see also Hampton v. Big Boy Steel Erection, 121 S.W.3d 220, 223
(Mo. banc 2003). In determining whether there is competent evidence in the record to
support the award, we examine the whole record. Hampton, 121 S.W.3d at 222–23. “An
award that is contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence is, in context, not
supported by competent and substantial evidence.” Id. at 223.
Discussion
Employer raises two points on appeal. In its first point on appeal, Employer
argues the Commission erred in finding Employer was liable for permanent total
disability benefits on the basis that Claimant’s work injury was so traumatic that her pre-
existing psychiatric conditions need not be considered; rather, Employer argues such a
finding improperly substituted the judgment of the Commission for that of the expert
medical witnesses on a complex medical issue, in that the uncontradicted testimony of an
expert medical witness was that Claimant’s permanent total disability was a result of both
her pre-existing and her work-injury-related psychiatric conditions, and thus the
3
All statutory references are to RSMo. (cum. supp. 2005), unless otherwise indicated.
7
Commission’s finding was not supported by sufficient competent evidence. We agree.
In its second point, Employer argues the Commission misapplied the law in finding
Employer but not the Fund liable for permanent total disability benefits because, instead
of considering whether Claimant had a pre-existing permanent partial disability that
constituted a hindrance or obstacle to employment and that combined with the work
injury to cause a greater degree of disability than would have resulted in the absence of
the pre-existing partial disability, the Commission looked to whether Claimant was able
to maintain employment and engage in normal life activities before the work injury.
Because there is substantial overlap in our analysis of Points I and II, we address them
together.
Points I and II
The Fund compensates workers who are permanently and totally disabled as a
result of a combination of past disabilities and a subsequent primary work injury. Section
287.220. The purpose of the Fund is “to encourage employers to hire individuals who
have disabilities by relieving them of liability for an employee’s disabilities not
attributable to an accident occurring while working for the employer.” Conception v.
Lear Corp., 173 S.W.3d 368, 371 (Mo. App. W.D. 2005). Fund liability arises when a
claimant has, at the time the claimant sustains the work injury, a pre-existing permanent
partial disability that was of such seriousness to constitute a hindrance or obstacle to
employment or re-employment. Id. A pre-existing disability constitutes a hindrance or
an obstacle where there is potential for “the pre-existing injury [to] combine with a future
work related injury to result in a greater degree of disability than would have resulted if
8
there was no such prior condition.” E.W. v. Kansas City Mo. Sch. Dist., 89 S.W.3d 527,
537 (Mo. App. W.D. 2002) (citation omitted) (reversed on other grounds).
Section 287.220 sets forth guidance to the Commission in determining when to
find the Fund partially liable for a combination of the pre-existing disability and the
primary work injury. Palmentere Bros. Cartage Servs. v. Wright, 410 S.W.3d 685, 691
(Mo. App. W.D. 2013); see also Section 287.220. 4 The Commission must first determine
the degree of disability from the primary work injury alone. Id. After this first step is
established, the Commission then determines which portion, if any, of the disability is
attributable to the pre-existing injury. See id. “If the primary injury standing alone
render[s] [the claimant] permanently and totally disabled, then the [Fund] has no liability
and [the employer] is responsible for all of the compensation.” Id. However, “[t]he
Commission’s factual findings are binding and conclusive only to the extent they are
supported by sufficient competent evidence.” Harris, 588 S.W.3d at 594. The record
must include medical testimony or evidence supporting the Commission’s finding of
causation. E.W., 89 S.W.3d at 537 (“[w]ithout medical testimony, any finding of
4
Section 287.220 provides in relevant part:
If any employee who has a preexisting permanent partial disability … receives a
subsequent compensable injury resulting in additional permanent partial disability so that
the degree or percentage of disability … caused by the combination of the combined
disabilities is substantially greater than that which would have resulted from the last injury,
considered alone and of itself, and if the employee is entitled to receive compensation on
the basis of the combined disabilities, the employer at the time of the last injury shall be
liable only for the degree or percentage of disability [that] would have resulted from the
last injury had there been no preexisting disability. After the compensation liability of the
employer for the last injury, considered alone, has been determined by the [ALJ] or the
commission and the degree or percentage of employee’s disability that is attributable to all
injuries or conditions existing at the time of the last injury was sustained shall then be
determined by the [ALJ] or the commission and the degree or percentage of disability [that]
existed prior to the last injury plus the disability resulting from the last injury, if any,
considered alone, shall be deducted from the combined disability, and compensation of the
balance, if any, shall be paid by the [Fund].
9
causation would be based on mere conjecture and speculation and not on substantial
evidence”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
The Commission here, following Palmentere, concluded that Claimant’s work
injury caused her PTSD and Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia and that those two
pathologies alone were so severe they resulted in her permanent total disability,
completely supplanting her pre-existing psychological conditions. See 410 S.W.3d at
691. Because the Commission attributed the cause of Claimant’s disability entirely to the
work injury, it ended its analysis and did not consider whether Claimant’s pre-existing
conditions contributed to her disability, which would have implicated Fund liability.
However, the Commission’s conclusion that her permanent total disability was entirely
caused by the work injury was not supported by sufficient competent evidence, and thus
the Commission erred in failing to complete the analysis and determine the percentage of
Fund liability.
Sufficient competent evidence is a minimum threshold, and the testimony of one
witness, even if contradicted by the testimony of another witness, can meet the bar for
sufficient competent evidence. Harris, 588 S.W.3d at 598. In the face of conflicting
evidence, it is the right of the Commission to accept or reject some evidence over others,
and to determine which evidence is more persuasive, and we defer to these
determinations. See id. However, “[t]he commission may not substitute an [ALJ]’s
personal opinion on the question of medical causation of [an injury] for the
uncontradicted testimony of a qualified medical expert.” Angus v. Second Injury Fund,
328 S.W.3d 294, 300 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010) (citation omitted). “When expert medical
testimony is presented, an ALJ’s personal views of [the evidence] cannot provide
10
sufficient basis to decide the causation question, at least where the ALJ fails to account
for the relevant medical testimony.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Likewise, where the record is silent on the Commission’s findings on the weight of
witness credibility and neither the claimant nor the testifying experts are contradicted or
impeached, the Commission “may not arbitrarily disregard and ignore competent,
substantial and undisputed evidence.” Hazeltine v. Second Injury Fund, 591 S.W.3d 45,
59 (Mo. App. E.D. 2019) (citation omitted).
Here, Dr. Brockman testified Claimant had a permanent total disability from her
psychiatric diagnoses stemming from a combination of the work injury and her pre-
existing psychiatric conditions. As well, in her IME, Dr. Brockman opined the work
injury was both the prevailing factor in Claimant’s PTSD and Panic Disorder with
Agoraphobia and the prevailing factor in the exacerbation of her pre-existing psychiatric
conditions of Major Depressive Disorder-Recurrent and Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
This evidence was neither contradicted nor impeached. Dr. Bassett, rather than
disagreeing with Dr. Brockman, also testified that 75% of Claimant’s disability was
attributable to her work injury and 25% was attributable to her pre-existing
psychopathologies. The ALJ explicitly found Dr. Brockman to be persuasive in creating
an informed opinion of Claimant’s current psychological condition. Nevertheless,
contrary to the undisputed testimony of both medical experts that the cause of Claimant’s
disability was a combination of pre-existing conditions and her work injury, the ALJ
found Claimant was disabled due solely to the work injury.
This is not a case of the ALJ rejecting the opinion of one medical expert in favor
of another, which is permissible, see Palmentere, 410 S.W.3d at 691 (after Commission
11
found evidence of pre-existing conditions not credible, all credible evidence supported its
finding that claimant’s disability resulted from work injury alone); rather, the
Commission disregarded the opinions of both medical experts that Claimant’s pre-
existing psychological conditions were partly responsible for the way Claimant
responded to the work injury and thus contributed to her permanent total disability, in
favor of its own opinion of the cause of Claimant’s disability. The Commission focused
on the nature of the work injury, referring to it as “a bloody beating that was reported to
last [five] minutes or more” and comparing it to “a round in a professional boxing
match[, which] only lasts three minutes.” While Claimant’s work injury was indeed
horrific, the Commission can neither disregard the undisputed medical testimony without
explanation, nor base its finding on its personal opinion unsupported by sufficient
evidence. See Hazeltine, 591 S.W.3d at 59–60; Angus, 328 S.W.3d at 300. No medical
expert testified the work injury was the sole cause of Claimant’s permanent total
disability, and the Commission gave no explanation for rejecting the undisputed medical
evidence. Thus, the Commission erred in concluding Claimant’s permanent total
disability was attributable solely to the work injury and Employer was solely liable,
because the award was not supported by sufficient competent evidence in the record. See
Section 287.495.1.
Because the Commission erred in finding Claimant’s permanent total disability
was attributable solely to the work injury, it likewise erred in failing to consider what
portion of Claimant’s injury was attributable to her pre-existing permanent partial
disability. See Section 287.220; Palmentere, 410 S.W.3d at 691. In Employer’s second
point, Employer challenges the Commission’s conclusion that “[i]t [was] uncontested that
12
Claimant was able to maintain work and conduct normal life activities for many years.”
Employer argues this conclusion was a misapplication of the law because, instead of
considering whether Claimant’s pre-existing partial disability constituted a hindrance or
obstacle to employment that could combine with a later work injury to cause a greater
degree of disability than would have resulted without the pre-existing condition, the
Commission focused on Claimant’s ability to maintain employment or engage in normal
life activities before the work injury. It seems less that the Commission employed the
incorrect analysis, as Employer argues, than that it simply performed no analysis of Fund
liability after incorrectly concluding Employer was solely liable, as discussed earlier.
However, to the extent that the Commission did intend for its conclusion to serve as an
explanation for not finding Fund liability, any such conclusion was error. Fund liability
is implicated not based on “the extent to which the condition caused difficulty in the past
but on the potential that it could combine with a work injury to cause a greater degree of
disability than would have resulted without it.” Hazeltine, 591 S.W.3d at 59 (citation
omitted).
Regardless, it was error for the Commission not to consider whether Claimant’s
pre-existing conditions constituted a hindrance or obstacle such to implicate Fund
liability. Considering the record as a whole, the uncontroverted medical evidence was
that, at the time of the work injury, Claimant had a permanent partial disability that was
so serious to constitute a hindrance or obstacle to employment or reemployment, in that it
had the potential to combine with a future work injury to cause a greater degree of
disability than would have resulted without the pre-existing condition. See id. at 59–60;
E.W., 89 S.W.3d at 537.
13
Specifically, Claimant testified that, before the work injury, she suffered from
depression and anxiety that manifested in a lack of trust, conflicts with supervisors,
anger, and difficulties with speech, and that periodically required her to take time off
work. She further testified that in 2007 after a period of conflict with a supervisor, she
was under so much stress she exhibited symptoms of a stroke and had to take a year off
work. Likewise, Dr. Brockman testified that Claimant’s pre-existing depression and
anxiety, her irritability, and her social avoidance had, prior to the work injury,
demonstrably impaired her ability to maintain employment. Dr. Brockman also testified
that Claimant’s pre-existing depression and anxiety made her less resilient, or more
“fragile,” and also that Claimant’s traumas in her childhood made her more likely to
develop psychiatric symptoms after another trauma, in part because she had a very
limited support network to help her cope with later traumas, such as the work injury she
incurred on September 7, 2010. Dr. Brockman specifically agreed that Claimant’s pre-
existing conditions could be characterized as an obstacle or hindrance to employment.
The ALJ found that Claimant and Dr. Brockman were both credible witnesses yet
disregarded their uncontested testimony, which it may not do without explanation. See
Hazeltine, 591 S.W.3d at 59–60.
The very purpose of the Fund is to ensure employers are not held solely liable for
a previously disabled employee’s total permanent disability where a portion of that
disability can be attributed to a pre-existing disability. See Conception, 173 S.W.3d at
371; E.W., 89 S.W.3d at 538. The uncontradicted testimony here demonstrated
Claimant’s pre-existing partial disability constituted a hindrance or obstacle to
employment or re-employment in that her pre-existing depression and anxiety combined
14
with the PTSD and Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia resulting from the work injury to
bring about a greater degree of disability than would have resulted if there had been no
such prior condition, thus triggering Fund liability. See Conception, 173 S.W.3d at 371;
E.W., 89 S.W.3d at 537. Thus, the weight of the evidence established that a portion of
Claimant’s permanent total disability was attributable exclusively to her pre-existing
psychological conditions and could not be attributed to the work injury, and the
Commission’s award finding Employer solely liable was not supported by substantial
competent evidence. See Harris, 588 S.W.3d at 594.
Conclusion
We find the Commission’s award was not supported by competent and substantial
evidence in the record before us. Rather, the record as a whole demonstrates that
Claimant’s pre-existing permanent partial disabilities were serious enough to constitute a
hindrance or obstacle to her employment or reemployment, and that she is permanently
and totally disabled due to a combination of her pre-existing permanent disabilities and
her work injury. Thus, the Fund is also liable for a portion of Claimant’s permanent total
disability. We reverse and remand for the Commission to determine the proper amount
of the Fund’s liability and enter an award in accordance with this opinion.
______________________
Robin Ransom, Judge
James M. Dowd, P.J., and
Gary M. Gaertner, Jr., J., concur.
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