In Re the Adoption of R.D: B.L.D. and K.D. v. B.D. and C.P. (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Jul 28 2020, 9:46 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS
Erik H. Carter
Carter Legal Services LLC
Noblesville, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In Re the Adoption of R.D: July 28, 2020

B.L.D. and K.D., Court of Appeals Case No.
20A-AD-364
Appellants-Petitioners,
Appeal from the Cass Circuit
v. Court
The Honorable Stephen Roger
B.D. and C.P., Kitts, II, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
Appellees-Respondents
09C01-1901-AD-1

Baker, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-AD-364 | July 28, 2020 Page 1 of 12
[1] B.L.D. and K.D. (collectively, the Adoptive Parents) appeal the trial court’s

order denying their petition for adoption, arguing that the trial court erred (1)

by finding that Adoptive Parents had not proved by clear and convincing

evidence that they could adopt R.D. (Child) without B.D.’s (Mother’s) and

C.P.’s (Father’s) consent due to a lack of significant communication; and (2) by

finding that Adoptive Parents had not proved by clear and convincing evidence

that consent was not required because Mother and Father were not fit to be

Child’s guardians and because adoption was in Child’s best interests. Finding

no error on either front, we affirm.

Facts
[2] Child was born on January 24, 2017. At the time of birth, Father did not sign

Child’s birth certificate and did not submit a paternity affidavit. Two days later,

on January 26, 2017, Mother went with Child to the home of Adoptive Parents

to discuss childcare. Due to Mother’s preexisting relationship with B.L.D.,

Mother asked if Adoptive Parents would temporarily look after Child during

Mother’s pending incarceration. Adoptive Parents agreed, and on October 4,

2017, all three signed a Temporary Custody Agreement, pursuant to which

Adoptive Parents were to have temporary guardianship of and “special power

of attorney” for Child. Tr. Vol. II p. 54.

[3] From the time of Child’s birth until Mother’s first release from incarceration,

Father made little effort to reach out to Child or provide any financial support.

While incarcerated, Mother permitted Adoptive Parents to file her federal

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-AD-364 | July 28, 2020 Page 2 of 12
 income tax return and then to subsequently use the $3,264 tax refund to support

Child and the household. Mother was eventually released from incarceration on

April 24, 2018. Upon release, Mother went to live with Child and Adoptive

Parents in their home. During this time, Mother “[bought] things for [Child]

while [she] [was] in the home,” and attempted to establish a relationship with

Child. Id. at 159-60. After approximately two months, Adoptive Parents kicked

Mother out for personal reasons. Thereafter, Mother’s visits with Child were

sporadic, and Father’s visits were very infrequent.

[4] Sometime in July 2018, Mother filed a petition to establish Father’s paternity

and child support. A DNA test proved that Father was, in fact, the biological

father of Child. But before the trial court could conduct a hearing on Mother’s

petition, Mother became incarcerated again on December 25, 2018. Because

Mother could not appear for the hearing and did not notify the trial court of her

absence, the petition was dismissed, and “no order establishing either paternity

or child support was issued by the court.” Appealed Order p. 2.

[5] During her second period of incarceration, Mother did not visit with Child, but

did attempt to call Adoptive Parents “at [their] expense.” Tr. Vol. II p. 56.

There is disputed evidence that Father communicated with or visited Child at

Adoptive Parents’ home and that Father contributed financially to Child’s

upbringing. However, it is undisputed that between the years 2017-19, Adoptive

Parents moved approximately six times.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-AD-364 | July 28, 2020 Page 3 of 12
[6] On January 14, 2019, Adoptive Parents filed a petition for adoption of Child,

claiming abandonment by Mother and Father and, consequently, arguing that

neither party’s consent was necessary for the adoption to proceed. Adoptive

Parents attempted to serve Father with their petition, but service to Father was

returned not served, “having been sent to an incorrect address.” Appealed

Order p. 3. On January 24, 2019, Mother, from the Howard County Jail,

objected to the adoption. On February 21, 2019, Mother was granted leave to

appear at an initial hearing. On March 21, 2019, Father appeared with counsel

and stated his intent to proceed with separate paternity proceedings. On August

2, 2019, the trial court held another hearing, at which time the trial court

“issued a temporary order for custody and parenting time, as well as appointing

a Guardian ad Litem and Court Appointed Special Advocate to the case.” Id.

Mother and Father were both granted supervised parenting time.

[7] At the conclusion of the December 3, 2019, adoption hearing, the trial court

took the matter under advisement. On December 6, 2019, the trial court issued

an order denying the Adoptive Parents’ petition for adoption, awarding

physical custody of Child to Father, and granting Mother supervised parenting

time. In pertinent part, the order reads as follows:

Much additional testimony was given with respect to the fitness of
all four parties as parents. The record of the hearing indicates
much additional information about their personal, family, and
criminal histories. The court concedes that it considered the record
in its entirety; it merely declines to offer further findings of fact or
opinions of the characters of the parties at this time. The court
does not find that [Mother] and [Father] abandoned [Child], or
that either of them willfully or negligently failed to communicate

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-AD-364 | July 28, 2020 Page 4 of 12
 with [Child], or provide care for [Child] when able to do so or
required by law. Rather, the court finds that both parents were
faced with obstruction from [Adoptive Parents] when they made
any efforts for [Child’s] benefit. The court can find no case on
point in which parties were attempting to adopt a child over the
objection of a parent based on abandonment after having
guaranteed the abandonment through their own willful actions. . .
The court considers the three above stated points to be sufficient
for its analysis that the evidence that consent is not required per
statute is not clear and convincing.

Id. at 6. Adoptive Parents now appeal.

Discussion and Decision
[8] Initially, we note that both Mother and Father have failed to file appellate

briefs. “When the appellee does not file a brief, we apply a less stringent

standard of review and may reverse the trial court when the appellant

establishes prima facie error.” Geller v. Kinney, 980 N.E.2d 390, 398 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2012). “‘Prima facie’ is defined as ‘at first sight, on first appearance, or on

the face of it.” Id. (citing Parkhurst v. Van Winkle, 786 N.E.2d 1159, 1160 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2003)). “If the appellant is unable to meet the burden of prima facie

error, however, we will affirm.” Geller, 980 N.E.2d at 398.

I. Lack of Communication
[9] First, Adoptive Parents argue that the trial court erred when it found that they

had not proved by clear and convincing evidence that they could adopt Child

without both Father’s and Mother’s consent due to a lack of significant

communication.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-AD-364 | July 28, 2020 Page 5 of 12
[10] Our standard of review for these types of cases is well established:

When reviewing the trial court’s ruling in an adoption proceeding,
we will not disturb that ruling unless the evidence leads to but one
conclusion and the trial judge reached an opposite conclusion. In
re Adoption of Subzda, 562 N.E.2d 745, 747 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990).
We will not reweigh the evidence, but instead will examine the
evidence most favorable to the trial court’s decision together with
reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, to determine whether
sufficient evidence exists to sustain the decision. Matter of Adoption
of Marcum, 436 N.E.2d 102, 103 (Ind. Ct. App. 1982). We note
that a petitioner for adoption without parental consent bears the
burden of proving the statutory criteria for dispensing with such
consent in Ind. Code § 31-19-9-8(a)(2) by clear, cogent and
indubitable evidence. In re Adoption of Augustyniak, 505 N.E.2d
868, 870 (Ind. Ct. App. 1987); Matter of Adoption of Ryan L., 435
N.E.2d 624, 625 (Ind. Ct. App. 1982). If the evidence most
favorable to the judgment clearly, cogently, and indubitably
establishes one of the criteria for granting adoption without
parental consent and, thereby, for the termination of parental
rights without consent, we will affirm the judgment. In re Adoption
of Childers, 441 N.E.2d 976, 978 (Ind. Ct. App. 1982). Finally, the
decision of the trial court is presumed to be correct, and it is the
appellant’s burden to overcome that presumption. Id.

Rust v. Lawson, 714 N.E.2d 769, 771-72 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).

[11] Indiana Code section 31-19-9-8(a)(2) states that:

(a) Consent to adoption, which may be required under section 1 of
this chapter, is not required from any of the following:

***

(2) A parent of a child in the custody of another person if for
a period of at least one (1) year the parent:

(A) fails without justifiable cause to communicate
significantly with the child when able to do so; or

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-AD-364 | July 28, 2020 Page 6 of 12
 (B) knowingly fails to provide for the care and
support of the child when able to do so as required by
law or judicial decree.

[12] Here, the trial court found that both Mother and Father faced significant

obstruction by Adoptive Parents when attempting to communicate with Child.

Adoptive Parents disagree, arguing that both Mother and Father failed to

communicate significantly with Child at any time since Child’s birth.

[13] Adoptive Parents filed their petition for adoption on January 14, 2019. Thus,

Adoptive Parents had to prove by clear and convincing evidence that both

Mother and Father failed without justifiable cause to communicate significantly

with Child when able to do so between January 14, 2018, and January 14,

2019. And based on the record, we find that the trial court did not err by

concluding that Adoptive Parents did not clear this threshold.

[14] To start, during Mother’s first incarceration, she coordinated with the Adoptive

Parents to sign a Temporary Custody Agreement, pursuant to which the

Adoptive Parents would care for Child in Mother’s absence. The Adoptive

Parents argue that though “there was conflicting testimony over the scope and

intention of this handwritten agreement, there is no testimony that Mother at

any time requested to take [Child] into her possession and custody.”

Appellant’s Br. p. 20. This logic is, for lack of a better term, baffling to us. The

Temporary Custody Agreement contains a clause that explicitly states that the

guardianship will expire on “3/17/2018 or my release date from prison,

whichever is earlier[.]” Appealed Order p. 4. Thus, Mother did not abandon
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-AD-364 | July 28, 2020 Page 7 of 12
 Child by signing the Agreement—indeed, she was trying to ensure that Child

was cared for while Mother was unable to do so herself. We would be remiss to

punish Mother for entrusting Child to responsible guardians on a temporary

basis. The fact that the Adoptive Parents seek to use the Temporary Custody

Agreement as evidence against Mother seems duplicitous and, quite frankly,

perfidious.

[15] Between Mother’s release on April 24, 2018, and January 14, 2019, there were

periods during which Mother communicated with and financially provided for

Child. After her initial release from incarceration, Mother went to live with

Adoptive Parents at their request. It is undisputed that Mother bought things for

Child, attempted to establish a relationship with him, and even allowed

Adoptive Parents to use her tax refund to provide for Child. In July 2018,

Mother instituted paternity and child support proceedings against Father so that

she would have more money for Child’s support. Further, after Mother was

reincarcerated on December 25, 2018, she frequently called Adoptive Parents to

communicate with Child.

[16] Those concerted efforts, in effect, interrupted the one-year lull of significant

communication that the Adoptive Parents had to prove to adopt Child without

Mother’s consent. Our Supreme Court has held that “a single significant

communication within one year is sufficient to preserve a non-custodial parent’s

right to consent to the adoption.” E.B.F. v. D.F., 93 N.E.3d 759, 763 (Ind.

2018). And here, no matter how sporadic her communications were, Mother

did enough to require Adoptive Parents to obtain her consent before adopting.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-AD-364 | July 28, 2020 Page 8 of 12
 In other words, the trial court did not err in its assessment by denying Adoptive

Parents’ petition for adoption on this basis.

II. Fitness of Parents
[17] Next, Adoptive Parents argue that the trial court erred by finding that Adoptive

Parents had not proved by clear and convincing evidence that consent was not

required because Mother and Father were not fit to be Child’s guardians and

because adoption was in Child’s best interests. Once again, “we will not disturb

the trial court’s decision in an adoption proceeding unless the evidence leads

only to a conclusion opposite that reached by the trial court.” In re Adoption of

J.T.A., 988 N.E.2d 1250, 1252 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). It is our job to reexamine

the evidence most favorable to the trial court’s decision, “together with

reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, to determine whether sufficient

evidence exists to sustain the decision.” Id.

[18] Indiana Code section 31-19-9-8(a)(11) states that:

(a) Consent to adoption, which may be required under section 1 of
this chapter, is not required from any of the following:

***

(11) A parent if:

(A) a petitioner for adoption proves by clear and
convincing evidence that the parent is unfit to be a
parent; and

(B) the best interest of the child sought to be adopted
would be served if the court dispensed with the
parent’s consent.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-AD-364 | July 28, 2020 Page 9 of 12
[19] Here, while the trial court did not make an explicit finding as to Mother and/or

Father’s fitness or to Child’s best interests, we give considerable deference to

trial courts for family law matters because they are in the best position to

analyze facts, determine witness credibility, and “‘get a feel for the family

dynamics[.]’” E.B.F., 93 N.E.3d at 762 (quoting MacLafferty v. MacLafferty, 829

N.E.2d 938, 940 (Ind. 2005)). And here, the trial court clearly believed that

neither Mother nor Father were unfit and that it was not in Child’s best interests

to be adopted without their consent.

[20] Specifically, the trial court faults Adoptive Parents for “obstruct[ing]” both

biological parents in their attempts to communicate with Child. Appealed

Order p. 6. And the record shows that it was not erroneous for the trial court to

reach that decision. Not only did Adoptive Parents agree to temporarily care for

Child while Mother was incarcerated—only to later use that as evidence that

Mother purportedly abandoned Child—but Adoptive Parents also moved

roughly six times over a three-year span, making it extremely challenging for

Mother and Father to locate them and Child. The trial court took note of this

when admonishing Adoptive Parents for failing to have a constant address that

Father could contact during the adoption proceedings.

[21] Further, the trial court established supervised parenting time for both Mother

and Father and appointed a Guardian ad Litem and a CASA. It is apparent that

despite the paucity of early intervention and communication by Father, the trial

court thought it fit to grant Father parenting time under the court’s watch and to

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-AD-364 | July 28, 2020 Page 10 of 12
 award him physical custody. Once again, we find nothing errant or incorrect

about the trial court’s decisions.

[22] At the crux of the trial court’s conclusion is the fact that Mother and Father did

not abandon Child. While the trial court “merely decline[d] to offer further

findings of fact or opinions of the characters of the parties at this time,” id., it is

unambiguous that the trial court saw both Mother and Father as fit to care for

Child. Though the record is comprised of significant evidence demonstrating

that Adoptive Parents would be suitable guardians, that is not the question

before us. Rather, we are tasked with determining whether the trial court erred

when it ruled against Adoptive Parents on their claim that the biological parents

were unfit. And quite honestly, Adoptive Parents proffer no significant evidence

proving that it would not be in Child’s best interests for his biological parents to

remain as primary caregivers rather than for Child to be adopted without

Mother and Father’s consent.

[23] We reiterate that these are fact-sensitive matters that require diligence and an

eye towards the best interests of the Child. Here, we find that the trial court did

not err by finding that Adoptive Parents did not prove by clear and convincing

evidence that Mother and Father were not fit to be Child’s guardians and that

adoption was in Child’s best interests. There is no doubt that Adoptive Parents

love and wish to care for Child on a permanent basis. Yet, Indiana law requires

the biological parents’ consent or some alternative showing that consent was

not necessary. And here, neither is present.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-AD-364 | July 28, 2020 Page 11 of 12
[24] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

Bailey, J., and Vaidik, J., concur.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-AD-364 | July 28, 2020 Page 12 of 12