NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 121,261
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
ARAMIS N. HERNANDEZ,
Appellant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Douglas District Court; JAMES R. MCCABRIA, judge. Opinion filed August 7, 2020.
Affirmed.
Michael C. Duma, of Duma Law Offices, LLC, of Olathe, for appellant.
Kate Duncan Butler, assistant district attorney, Charles E. Branson, district attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before MALONE, P.J., MCANANY, S.J., and BURGESS, S.J.
PER CURIAM: Following a jury trial, Aramis Hernandez was convicted of one
count of battery of a law enforcement officer, a severity level 7 person felony, and
sentenced to 34 months in prison. He now appeals, claiming that the district court erred
when it (1) denied his request to add additional language to the jury instructions and (2)
conducted a pretrial hearing outside of his presence and temporarily denied his retained
attorney's entry of appearance. Finding no error, we affirm.
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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
At approximately 4:40 p.m. on July 5, 2016, Officer Peter Kerby, who at the time
worked for the Lawrence Police Department, was ending his shift and driving back to the
Law Enforcement Center when he observed a white Ford Fusion commit a traffic
infraction. Intending to give the driver a warning and then let him go on his way, Officer
Kerby initiated a traffic stop and pulled the Fusion over just before the entrance to the
Law Enforcement Center on the southbound side of Rhode Island. When he made contact
with the driver of the Fusion, Officer Kerby explained the reason for the stop and asked
the driver for his identification. The driver refused. Officer Kerby again explained the
reason for the stop as well as what documents the driver was obligated to present upon
request. The driver continued to be uncooperative and never presented any form of
identification to Officer Kerby.
After what Officer Kerby later stated was a considerable amount of time for a
traffic stop, he determined that the driver was not going to cooperate and would need to
be removed from the vehicle. His plan was to call for back-up, unlock the car door, and
remove the driver after the back-up arrived. Immediately after requesting a second unit,
Officer Kerby noticed that the driver was talking on a cell phone. Thinking that it would
be a good time to make his move while the driver was distracted, Officer Kerby decided
to proceed before the second unit arrived. As he did so, Officer Kerby saw the driver's
right arm drop down as if to put the vehicle in drive and flee the scene. Officer Kerby
reacted by attempting to grab the driver at which point the vehicle accelerated away from
the curb at a very high rate of speed. Officer Kerby initially clung to the outside of the
driver's door but was soon forced to drop off when then Fusion appeared to be angling
towards a bank of parked cars on the northbound side of Rhode Island. Upon doing so,
Officer Kerby rolled across the pavement and suffered severe road rash before coming to
a rest under the front bumper of one of the parked cars. Meanwhile the Fusion continued
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to speed southbound on Rhode Island, ran the stop sign at 12th Street, and eventually
disappeared from view.
The driver of the Fusion was later identified as Hernandez. On July 6, 2016, he
was charged with one count of aggravated battery against a law enforcement officer, a
severity level 3 person felony. Branden Smith was initially appointed to represent
Hernandez but was soon forced to withdraw after a situation arose which may have
forced Smith to become a witness in Hernandez' case. Hatem Chahine was appointed to
replace Smith, but he too withdrew after Robert Eye entered his appearance as private
counsel for Hernandez. Eye then filed his own motion to withdraw as counsel on March
27, 2018, citing Hernandez' failure to fulfill material obligations regarding Eye's services.
That same day the motion was heard and granted, after which Hernandez informed the
district court that he wanted to proceed pro se. Hernandez then made rambling and
incomprehensible statements that led the district court to question whether he was
competent to represent himself. The district court therefore appointed Michael Clarke as
standby counsel and set the matter for a status conference on April 23, 2018.
Prior to the April status conference, Hernandez filed a number of pro se pleadings
that were equally rambling and incomprehensible. When the day of the status conference
arrived, Hernandez was transported to the courthouse. He refused to be present in the
courtroom, stating that he did not "'give consent'" to be there. He was therefore returned
to the jail, and the hearing proceeded with Clarke appearing on his behalf. After
reviewing the procedural history of the case, the district court, again, expressed concerns
about Hernandez' competency to represent himself and asked the parties how they wanted
to move forward. Clarke echoed the district court's concerns and requested a week-long
continuance to get a competency motion on file. That request was granted, and Clarke
filed a motion seeking a competency evaluation on April 27, 2018.
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At the continued hearing held on May 2, 2018, the district court granted Clarke's
motion over Hernandez' objection and ordered that a competency evaluation be
performed by Bert Nash Community Mental Health Center. Also on May 2, Kevin
Shepherd filed an entry of appearance as attorney of record for Hernandez. The district
court initially refused to accept that entry of appearance for two reasons. First was the
pending competency evaluation and second was a concern that "Shepherd might be
entering the case without an understanding of its history," thereby causing further delay
to the already substantially delayed proceedings. When the evaluation declared
Hernandez competent, the district court accepted Shepherd's entry of appearance and
allowed Clarke to withdraw.
The case finally moved to the preliminary hearing stage on August 10, 2018, after
which the complaint was amended to charge Hernandez with simple battery against a law
enforcement officer, a severity level 7 person felony. Hernandez pled not guilty, and the
case proceeded to trial on December 5, 2017. The State presented evidence from multiple
witnesses, including Officer Kerby, and showed dashcam video of the July 5, 2016
incident. Hernandez presented no evidence and instead argued that he did not cause
Officer Kerby's injuries because it was Officer Kerby that initiated the contact with the
car. In support of that argument, Hernandez requested that additional language be added
to the elements instruction defining recklessness and requiring the jury to find that there
was evidence showing that his conduct was the cause of Officer Kerby's injuries. That
request was denied after the district court found that the additions were legally
inappropriate. Following closing argument, the jury deliberated for a short time before
finding Hernandez guilty as charged. He timely appealed that conviction.
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ANALYSIS
I. The district court did not err when it denied Hernandez' request for additions to the
jury instructions.
Hernandez first argues that the district court erred when it refused to make the
following additions to the elements jury instruction:
"'One's behavior is only reckless if he or she realizes that his or her conduct
creates imminent danger to another person but consciously and unjustifiably disregards
the danger. K.S.A. 21-3201(c)(defining reckless conduct).' State v. Huser, 265 Kan. 228,
234, 959 P.2d 908, 913 (1998).
"To find . . . battery, 'there must be evidence that the conduct of the defendant
was the cause' of Kerby[']s injury. State v. Collins, 36 Kan. App. 2d 367, 372, 138 P.3d
793, 797 (2006)."
Hernandez requested that language in addition to the standard language of PIK Crim. 4th
54.320 (which is based on the language of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5413[c] defining battery
against a law enforcement officer) and PIK Crim. 4th 52.010 (which is based on the
language of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5202[j] defining recklessness).
When analyzing jury instruction issues, appellate courts follow a four-step
progression:
"First, it considers the reviewability of the issue from both jurisdiction and preservation
viewpoints, exercising an unlimited standard of review; next, it applies unlimited review
to determine whether the instruction was legally appropriate; then it determines whether
there was sufficient evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant or the
requesting party, that would have supported the instruction; and finally, if the district
court erred, this court determines whether the error was harmless, utilizing the test and
degree of certainty set forth in State v. Ward, 292 Kan. 541, 256 P.3d 801 (2011) . . . ."
State v. Claerhout, 310 Kan. 924, 935-36, 453 P.3d 855 (2019).
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Here, it is undisputed that this issue was properly preserved for appellate review, and we
proceed directly to the second step of the analysis to determine whether the requested
instruction was legally appropriate. See State v. Broxton, 311 Kan. 357, 360-61, 461 P.3d
54 (2020). "A legally appropriate jury instruction '"fairly and accurately state[s] the
applicable law, and an instruction that does not do so [is] legally infirm."'"311 Kan. at
361.
As noted above, Hernandez was charged with battery against a law enforcement
officer, as defined in K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5413(c)(2)(B), based on the allegation that he
recklessly caused bodily harm to Officer Kerby when he drove away from the traffic
stop. The district court instructed the jury on the meaning of reckless conduct, consistent
with PIK Crim. 4th 52.010 and K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5202(j):
"'The State must prove that the defendant committed the crime recklessly. A
defendant acts recklessly when the defendant consciously disregards a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that certain circumstances exist or a result of the defendant's actions will
follow. This act by the defendant disregarding the risk must be a gross deviation from the
standard of care a reasonable person would use in the same situation.'"
Hernandez now argues that the district court was obligated to give the additional
language that he requested because "his theory of defense was that his action of speeding
away from the traffic stop was not the proximate cause of Officer Kerby's injuries.
Rather, it was Officer Kerby's decision to contact and cling to the vehicle after it was
already in motion that caused his injuries." This argument fails for two reasons.
As the State correctly notes, the language defining recklessness, from State v.
Huser, that Hernandez sought to add to the jury instruction is based on an outdated statute
which defined recklessness as "'conduct done under circumstances that show a realization
of the imminence of danger to the person of another and a conscious and unjustifiable
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disregard of that danger.'" 265 Kan. at 233; see K.S.A. 21-3201(c). That definition was
overhauled in 2010 when the Legislature amended the culpable mental state statute. See
L. 2010, ch. 136, § 13. Under the updated statutory language, which was in effect at the
time of the July 5, 2016 incident between Hernandez and Officer Kerby, "[a] person acts
'recklessly' or is 'reckless,' when such person consciously disregards a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that circumstances exist or that a result will follow, and such disregard
constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care which a reasonable person would
exercise in the situation." K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5202(j). As such, the language that
Hernandez sought to add did not fairly and accurately state the applicable law and was,
therefore, not legally appropriate. See Broxton, 311 Kan. at 361.
As the State also correctly notes, the language requiring the jury to make a
proximate cause finding that Hernandez requested is based on a misplaced reliance on
State v. Collins. In Collins, the defendant was charged with involuntary manslaughter
after he drove under the influence and hit a motorcycle that was stopped in the middle of
the road killing the passenger. The Collins panel found that, under the facts of that case,
the district court did not err when it gave the jury a proximate cause instruction because
the question was whether it was the defendant's intoxication or the motorcycle driver's
decision to stop in the middle of the road that caused the motorcycle passenger's death.
36 Kan. App. 2d at 372. By contrast, there was no such question in this case. Officer
Kerby had a legal right to apprehend Hernandez after he refused to comply with
commands during a valid traffic stop. Hernandez had no legal right to speed away from
the traffic stop to avoid being taken into custody. See State v. Reed, No. 115,030, 2017
WL 1034492, at *4-5 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished opinion) (rejecting an identical
argument in an almost factually identical case). Hernandez' argument must fail. The
district court did not err when it refused to give his requested proximate cause instruction
because it was not legally appropriate. See Broxton, 311 Kan. at 361; Reed, 2017 WL
1034492, at *5.
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II. The district court did not err when it held a pretrial hearing outside of Hernandez'
presence and temporarily denied his retained attorney's entry of appearance.
A. Due Process Right to be Present
Hernandez next argues that the district court violated his due process right to be
present at every critical stage of the prosecution when it conducted the April 23, 2018
status conference outside of his presence. Arguments involving "a 'defendant's right to be
present at every critical stage of his or her criminal trial raise[s] an issue of law over
which this court exercises unlimited review.'" State v. Wright, 305 Kan. 1176, 1178, 390
P.3d 899 (2017).
A defendant in a criminal case has both a statutory and a constitutional right to be
present at every critical stage of his or her trial. State v. Verser, 299 Kan. 776, 788, 326
P.3d 1046 (2014). K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3405(a) provides that a "defendant in a felony
case shall be present . . . at every stage of the trial . . . except as otherwise provided by
law." Similarly, the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees "that
a criminal defendant may be present at every critical stage of his or her trial." State v.
King, 297 Kan. 955, 968, 305 P.3d 641 (2013). Moreover, that right is personal to each
defendant, meaning that "they generally cannot be waived through counsel, unless the
defendant and counsel have previously discussed the matter and agreed upon the waiver."
Verser, 299 Kan. at 788. The right to be present can, however, be waived by the
defendant. State v. Cromwell, 253 Kan. 495, Syl. ¶ 7, 856 P.2d 1299 (1993) ("[A]
defendant's voluntary absence after trial has commenced may be deemed a waiver of the
right to be present.").
It is undisputed that Hernandez was not present at the April 23, 2018 status
conference because he declined to enter the courtroom. In fact, Hernandez specifically
told the courtroom deputies that "he did not want to be at the hearing" and that "[h]e did
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not give consent to be [t]here." Those statements constitute a voluntary absence by
Hernandez and therefore a waiver of his right to be present at the April status conference.
See Cromwell, 253 Kan. 495, Syl. ¶ 7. As a result, we find that the district court did not
err when it conducted the April status conference without Hernandez.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Finally, Hernandez argues that he was denied his right to effective assistance of
counsel because the district court temporarily refused to accept Shepherd's entry of
appearance and also because Clarke argued in favor of a competency evaluation even
though he was "fairly certain" that doing so was against Hernandez' wishes.
"To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, a criminal
defendant must establish (1) that the performance of defense counsel was deficient under
the totality of the circumstances, and (2) prejudice, i.e., that there is a reasonable
probability the jury would have reached a different result absent the deficient
performance. Sola-Morales v. State, 300 Kan. 875, 882, 335 P.3d 1162 (2014) (relying on
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, reh.
denied 467 U.S. 1267 [1984])." State v. Salary, 309 Kan. 479, 483, 437 P.3d 953 (2019).
Judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance in a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
is highly deferential and requires consideration of all the evidence before the judge or
jury. The reviewing court must strongly presume that counsel's conduct fell within the
broad range of reasonable professional assistance. See State v. Kelly, 298 Kan. 965, 970,
318 P.3d 987 (2014). To establish prejudice, the defendant must show a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel's deficient performance, the outcome of the proceeding
would have been different, with a reasonable probability meaning a probability sufficient
to undermine confidence in the outcome. State v. Sprague, 303 Kan. 418, 426, 362 P.3d
828 (2015).
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It is unnecessary to determine whether Clarke's performance was deficient or
whether the district court violated Hernandez' rights by delaying Shepherd's entry of
appearance. There is nothing in the record to establish a reasonable probability that the
outcome of the trial would have been different but for Clarke's alleged deficient
performance or the district court's alleged error. More specifically, there is no evidence to
support a finding that Hernandez would have been found not guilty at his trial had the
alleged pretrial errors and ineffective assistance of counsel not occurred. See 303 Kan. at
426. Instead, the record indicates that all of the supposed errors occurred well before trial
and centered around whether Hernandez was competent to stand trial. Once his
competency was established, the case proceeded without further incident and with
Shepard representing Hernandez at all subsequent hearings. As a result, there is no
reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different. See 303
Kan. at 426.
Affirmed.
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