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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-11297
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D.C. Docket No. 4:18-cv-00329-RH-CAS
MARION P. HAMMER,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
LAWRENCE T. SORENSEN,
Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
________________________
(August 11, 2020)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judge, and
MOORE, * District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
*
Honorable K. Michael Moore, Chief United States District Judge for the Southern District
of Florida, sitting by designation.
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Plaintiff-Appellant Marion Hammer, a well-known lobbyist for the National
Rifle Association, appeals the dismissal of her claims against Defendant-Appellee
Lawrence “Lol” Sorensen. Sorensen twice emailed Hammer at her publicly listed
email address, taking issue with a cause for which Hammer has lobbied. In his two
emails, along with messages indicating his disagreement with Hammer’s position on
assault rifles, Sorensen included a total of four graphic photographs showing wounds
inflicted by such weapons. Hammer sued, alleging several torts. After careful
consideration, and with the benefit of oral argument, we now conclude that the
district court correctly granted Sorensen’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a
claim.
I.
This case requires us to review an order granting a motion to dismiss for
failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), Fed. R. Civ. P. For purposes of
reviewing the order dismissing the case, we set forth and discuss the allegations in
Plaintiff-Appellant Marion Hammer’s complaint as though they are true, viewing
them in the light most favorable to Hammer. Am. Dental Ass’n v. Cigna Corp., 605
F.3d 1283, 1288 (11th Cir. 2010) (citation and quotation marks omitted). They may
or may not be the actual facts.
In 1995, Hammer became the National Rifle Association of America’s
(“NRA”) first woman president. When she filed her complaint in this case, Hammer,
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who lived in Florida, served as the NRA’s Florida lobbyist. Hammer has described
herself as “considered by many to be the most influential Second Amendment state
lobbyist in the United States.”
As a lobbyist, Hammer held membership in the Florida Association of
Professional Lobbyists at the time she filed her complaint. On that organization’s
public website, Hammer identified herself under “Professional Information” as
affiliated with the NRA and the Unified Sportsmen of Florida. She also listed her
email address and identified her lobbying status as “active.”
Defendant-Appellee Lawrence “Lol” Sorensen was an attorney-mediator who
provided alternative-dispute-resolution services and lives in California. In the
aftermath of the tragic shooting that occurred at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High
School, Sorensen obtained Hammer’s lobbyist email address and, on March 24,
2018, sent Hammer two unsolicited emails to that address. In both emails, Sorensen
listed his contact information, website, and his basic job description.
The first email was titled “Assault Rifle Support Results” and read, “Dear Ms.
Hammer, Thought you should see a few photos of handiwork of the assault rifles
you support.” Embedded within the email message were three extremely graphic
photographs of large, gaping wounds to what appear to be a person’s leg.
Thirty-one minutes later, Sorensen sent a second email to Hammer’s listed
lobbyist email address. This one was titled, “One more instructive photo.” It stated,
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“Dear Marion, This photo documents the effect of an outdated military rifle on JFK.
Today’s assault rifles are far more destructive.” Included with the message was
another very graphic photograph—this time of the injury to what appears to be
President Kennedy’s head, after he was shot, as he laid on a table.
In response, Hammer filed this diversity action 1 against Sorensen. 2 In her
complaint, Hammer made six claims. Count I alleged that Sorensen had engaged in
cyberstalking, in violation of Fla. Stat. § 784.048, and sought to enjoin him from
further activity under Fla. Stat. § 784.0485. In Count II, Hammer sought injunctive
relief against Sorensen for alleged harassment, in violation of Fla. Stat. § 748.048.
Counts III and IV claimed intentional infliction of emotional distress under Florida
law and sought an injunction and damages, respectively. In Counts V and VI,
Hammer asserted that Sorensen had intruded upon her seclusion, in violation of
Florida law, and sought an injunction and damages, respectively.
Sorensen moved under Rule 12(b)(6), Fed. R. Civ. P., to dismiss the case for
failure to state a claim. 3 The district court granted Sorensen’s motion, concluding
1
To qualify for diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, the amount in controversy
must exceed $75,000, and no plaintiff must share a state of citizenship with any defendant.
2
Hammer also filed her complaint in this case against other defendants who had separately
made other communications to her. None of those defendants’ claims are before us here, so we
do not discuss them further.
3
He also moved under Rule 12(b)(1), Fed. R. Civ. P., to dismiss the case for lack of subject-
matter jurisdiction. The district court implicitly found subject-matter jurisdiction when it
dismissed the case for failure to state a claim. We agree that the district court had subject-matter
jurisdiction. We also conclude that we enjoy subject-matter jurisdiction on appeal. See 28 U.S.C.
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that Sorensen’s emails “were germane to the policy debate that Ms. Hammer
regularly participated in and Mr. Sorensen apparently sought to join.” For that
reason, the court explained, the emails were not tortious and all of Sorensen’s speech
was protected by the First Amendment. Hammer now appeals.
II.
We engage in de novo review of a district court’s order granting a motion to
dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim. Echols v. Lawton, 913 F.3d 1313,
1319 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 2678 (2019). When we do so, we take the
factual allegations in the complaint as true and view them in the light most favorable
to the plaintiff. Id. A complaint survives a motion to dismiss if it includes enough
factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation and quotation marks
omitted). We may affirm a district court’s decision on any basis in the record, even
if the district court did not, in fact, rely on that basis in dismissing the case. Henley
v. Payne, 945 F.3d 1320, 1333 (11th Cir. 2019).
§ 1291. For that reason and because no party asserts on appeal that subject-matter jurisdiction has
been lacking at any stage of the proceedings, we do not address the matter further.
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III.
As we have noted, Hammer’s complaint alleges claims under state law. The
First Amendment becomes relevant, if at all, only if Hammer has alleged sufficient
facts to satisfy each of the elements of her state-law claims.
It is well established that “federal courts should avoid reaching constitutional
questions if there are other grounds upon which a case can be decided.” BellSouth
Telecomms., Inc. v. Town of Palm Beach, 252 F.3d 1169, 1176 (11th Cir. 2001)
(citation and quotation marks omitted). For that reason, we begin by evaluating
whether Hammer’s complaint alleges enough facts to set forth each of her state-law
claims. As we explain below, we conclude that it does not. So we do not reach the
First Amendment issues.
A. The complaint fails to sufficiently allege cyberstalking under Fla. Stat.
§ 784.048
Under Fla. Stat. § 748.0485, a court may issue an injunction against
cyberstalking. Section 784.048(1)(d), Fla. Stat., in turn, defines “cyberstalking” as
follows:
1. . . . engag[ing] in a course of conduct to communicate, or . . .
caus[ing] to be communicated, words, images, or language by
or through the use of electronic mail or electronic
communication, directed at a specific person; or
2. . . . access[ing], or attempt[ing] to access, the online
accounts or Internet-connected home electronic systems of
another person without that person’s permission,
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causing substantial emotional distress to that person and
serving no legitimate purpose.
Based on this definition, a litigant seeking an injunction for cyberstalking
must show, among other elements, that the communications in question “serv[ed] no
legitimate purpose.” Florida courts have explained that we “broadly construe[]” the
inquiry into “legitimate purpose,” and that the term “cover[s] a wide variety of
conduct.” David v. Textor, 189 So. 3d 871, 875 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2016). For
example, Florida courts have found a “legitimate purpose” in communications
demanding that the recipient drop his lawsuit or he would be “sorry,” id.; a parent’s
telephone call complaining about a dance-team’s decision concerning his daughter’s
participation on the dance team, Goudy v. Duquette, 112 So. 3d 716, 717 (Fla. Dist.
Ct. App. 2013); and a loan maker’s text messages seeking repayment of a loan—
even though the texts also threatened that the loan maker would tell the recipient’s
wife about the recipient’s affair if the recipient did not pay back the loan, Alter v.
Paquette, 98 So. 3d 218, 220 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012). As these examples convey,
Florida courts “have generally held that contact is legitimate when there is a reason
for the contact other than to harass the victim,” O’Neill v. Goodwin, 195 So. 3d 411,
413 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2016)—even if the victim may find the communication
disturbing.
We have no difficulty finding that Sorensen’s two emails served a “legitimate
purpose” as Florida sweepingly defines the term. Sorensen sent the two emails to
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Hammer’s email address that she publicly listed in her capacity as a lobbyist for the
NRA. And according to Hammer, she was “considered by many to be the most
influential Second Amendment state lobbyist in the United States.”
Sorensen’s emails pertained directly to subject matter about which Hammer
lobbied, and they appear to have been clearly intended to dissuade Hammer from
continuing to support the availability of assault rifles. For instance, Sorensen titled
his first email “[a]ssault [r]ifle [s]upport [r]esults,” addressing his communication
directly to what he viewed as the “results” of Hammer’s lobbying efforts as they
pertained to assault rifles. He then referred again to Hammer’s lobbying work in the
body of that email, stating, “Thought you should see a few photos of handiwork of
the assault rifles you support.” Similarly, the second email described itself as
containing “[o]ne more instructive photo” and then explained that “[t]oday’s assault
rifles are far more destructive” than the one that was used to kill President Kennedy.
No doubt the embedded photographs substantially turned up the volume on
Sorensen’s message, but they did not negate his communications’ “legitimate
purpose,” as Florida law broadly construes that term, of trying to persuade Hammer
that she should not continue to support the availability of assault rifles. Because
Hammer cannot show that Sorensen’s emails served “no legitimate purpose,” she
cannot prevail on her cyberstalking claim. This is true even if Hammer was startled,
distressed, or disturbed by the receipt of Sorensen’s emails.
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B. The complaint fails to sufficiently allege harassment under Fla. Stat.
§ 748.084
Hammer’s claim for harassment under Fla. Stat. § 784.084 runs into the same
problem as her claim for cyberstalking. That statute defines the term “[h]arass” to
mean “to engage in a course of conduct directed at a specific person which causes
substantial emotional distress to that person and serves no legitimate purpose.” Fla.
Stat. § 784.084(1)(a).
For the same reasons we cannot find under Florida’s definition of
“cyberstalking” that Sorensen’s communications served no “legitimate purpose,” we
cannot reach that conclusion under Florida’s anti-harassment statute. Florida courts
apply the same meaning for “legitimate purpose” under both Florida’s anti-
harassment statute and its cyberstalking statute. See O’Neill, 195 So. 3d at 413
(relying on another case’s discussion of the term in relation to cyberstalking to define
it as it pertains to the anti-harassment statute). Without establishing that Sorensen’s
emails served no “legitimate purpose,” Hammer cannot set forth a viable harassment
claim under Florida law.
C. The complaint fails to sufficiently allege claims under Florida law for
intentional infliction of emotional distress
To state a claim under Florida law for intentional infliction of emotional
distress, a plaintiff must demonstrate “(1) intentional or reckless conduct (2) that is
outrageous in that it is beyond all bounds of decency and utterly intolerable in a
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civilized community (3) and that causes the victim emotional distress (4) that is
severe.” Kim v. Jung Hyun Chang, 249 So. 3d 1300, 1305 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2018)
(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). We focus first on the
“outrageousness” element. Under that element, it is not enough “that the defendant
has acted with an intent which is tortious or even criminal, or that he has intended to
inflict emotional distress, or even that his conduct has been characterized by
‘malice,’ or a degree of aggravation which would entitle the plaintiff to punitive
damages for another tort.” Williams v. City of Minneola, 575 So. 2d 683, 691 (Fla.
Dist. Ct. App. 1991) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
Here, Hammer has not alleged sufficient facts to meet the standard for
“outrageous” behavior. Hammer does not contend that the words in Sorensen’s
emails constituted intentional infliction of emotional distress; rather, she relies on
the photographs included in the emails. There is no doubt that the photographs are
disturbing: they vividly show gruesome wounds. But we cannot say that they are
“beyond all bounds of decency and utterly intolerable in a civilized community,”
particularly when considered in context. Kim, 249 So. 3d at 1305. Images that are
at least as graphic, if not ghastly, appear in many publicly released movies and
sometimes appear in news footage, albeit with warnings. And here, Sorensen
presented the images as part of his attempt to engage with Hammer in a debate on
the damage that assault weapons can inflict on human beings. Debates on matters
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that are the subject of lobbying efforts are an aspect of living in a “civilized
community.” So whatever else may be said of the images Sorensen included in his
emails, we cannot say they were “outrageous.”
Hammer similarly cannot demonstrate that the images objectively would
cause a reasonable person to experience the type of “severe” emotional distress
required to make out a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. To
qualify as “severe,” emotional distress must be “of such a substantial quality or
enduring quality that no reasonable person in a civilized society should be expected
to endure it.” Id. (citation, internal quotation marks, and alteration omitted). In
evaluating the severity of an incident, “the intensity and the duration of the distress”
are relevant factors. Id. (citation, quotation marks, and alteration omitted). The
standard to satisfy “severity” is “high” to “prevent the tort from becoming a venue
for litigation over every emotional injury.” Id.
As we have noted, the photographs in the emails were hard to look at, but they
were not “of such a substantial quality or enduring quality that no reasonable person
in a civilized society should be expected to endure it.” Id. (citation, internal
quotation marks, and alteration omitted). Plus, because they consisted of a total of
four photographic images in two email communications, Hammer was not required
to be exposed to them for a lengthy period. Nothing prevented her from closing the
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emails as quickly as she opened them. For these reasons, Hammer’s claim for
intentional infliction of emotional distress necessarily fails.
D. The complaint fails to sufficiently allege claims under Florida law for
intrusion upon seclusion
Under Florida law, the tort of intrusion upon seclusion is one of four torts
falling under the broader heading of invasion of privacy. Agency for Health Care
Admin. v. Associated Indus. of Fla., Inc., 678 So. 2d 1239, 1252 n.20 (Fla. 1996).
Although most claims under this cause of action involve publication to a third party
of some matter considered private, the cause of action can nonetheless arise even
when no publication occurs. Stoddard v. Wohlfahrt, 573 So. 2d 1060, 1062 (Fla.
Dist. Ct. App. 1991).
Florida District Courts of Appeal have referred to the Restatement (Second)
of Torts’s definition of intrusion upon seclusion in analyzing this tort. See Purrelli
v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co., 698 So. 2d 618, 620 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997); see
also Williams v. City of Minneola, 575 So. 2d 683, 689 n.5 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1991).
The Restatement explains that “[o]ne who intentionally intrudes, physically or
otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs or concerns,
is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the intrusion would
be highly offensive to a reasonable person.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652B
(1977). Nevertheless, the Supreme Court of Florida has construed the tort of
intrusion upon seclusion even more narrowly than the Restatement provides. See
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Allstate Ins. Co. v. Ginsberg, 863 So. 2d 156, 161 n.3, 162 (Fla. 2003). It has
required a plaintiff to show an intrusion into a private place and not merely a private
activity. See id.
Hammer’s allegations do not satisfy the elements of intrusion upon seclusion
as the Florida Supreme Court has construed the elements of that cause of action.
The facts Hammer avers do not establish that Sorensen intruded physically
into a “place” or “private quarter” of Hammer’s where Hammer had a reasonable
expectation of privacy, since Sorensen merely sent his two emails to the email
address Hammer publicly lists in association with her lobbying activities for the
NRA. To be clear, Hammer needed to plausibly allege an intentional intrusion into
some private quarter. But Sorensen emailed the address Hammer publicly listed on
the website for the Florida Association of Professional Lobbyists. And Hammer
alleged no reason for Sorensen to have expected that this professional email address
would have been associated with private quarters.
And finally, we do not agree that Sorensen’s communications “would be
highly offensive to a reasonable person,” as Florida law construes that phrase.
Florida law equates the “highly offensive to a reasonable person” element from the
intrusion-upon-seclusion cause of action with the “outrageousness” element of the
intentional-infliction-of-emotional-distress cause of action. See Stoddard, 573 So.
2d at 1062-63. So for the reasons we have already described in concluding that the
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complaint did not sufficiently allege “outrageousness” in its intentional-infliction-
of-emotional-distress claim, we likewise conclude that it failed to sufficiently allege
that Sorensen’s emails were “highly offensive to a reasonable person.”
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of this case
for failure to state a claim.
AFFIRMED.
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