Ghazarian v. Magellan Health, Inc.

Filed 8/31/20 (unmodified opinion attached)
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

RAFI GHAZARIAN et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants, G057113

v. (Super. Ct. No. 30-2017-00909913)

MAGELLAN HEALTH, INC., et al., ORDER MODIFYING OPINION,
AND DENYING PETITIONS FOR
Defendants and Respondents. REHEARING; NO CHANGE IN
JUDGMENT

It is ordered that the opinion filed on August 7, 2020, be modified as
follows:
1. On page 10, first complete paragraph, delete first sentence and replace
with the following sentences:

A trial court’s decision to consider or not consider evidence outside the
separate statement is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. (Fenn v. Sherriff
(2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 1466, 1480-1481.) But when the trial court neither
exercises nor declines to exercise that discretion, as is the case here, the
appellate court has the same discretion as the trial court to consider
evidence not cited in a party’s separate statement. (Id. at p. 1481.) We
exercise . . . .

2. On page 13, first complete paragraph, fourth sentence, delete the word
“Blue Shield” and replace with “an insurer.”

3. On page 13, first complete paragraph, fifth sentence, delete the word “an
insurer’s” and replace with “its.”

4. On page 13, second complete paragraph, delete second complete
sentence and add the following sentence in its place:
 Nothing in the current record indicates that occurred here.

5. On page 16, second complete paragraph, add footnote 8 with the
following text, at the end of the paragraph:

In its petition for rehearing, Blue Shield argues that it should be given the
opportunity to brief several of the issues set forth below under Government
Code section 68081. Further briefing is unnecessary. The issues of fact
identified below all relate to Blue Shield’s reasonableness. As such, they
were fairly included within the issues raised in the parties’ briefs. (Bledsoe
v. Biggs Unified School Dist. (2008) 170 Cal.App.4th 127, 141, fn. 11.)
Among other things, Blue Shield argued “[t]he record contain[ed] no
evidence of unreasonableness.” It also stated that “[i]f the Court . . . were
to look for supporting evidence [of Blue Shield’s unreasonableness in the
record], it would find nothing.”

6. On page 25, second complete paragraph, delete second sentence, and
replace with the following sentences:

The scope of this argument is unclear. To the extent Blue Shield contends
plaintiff cannot seek public injunctive relief without following class action
procedures, this argument was rejected by our Supreme Court. In McGill
....

7. On page 25, second complete paragraph, at the end of the paragraph, add
the following sentence:

To clarify, we make no finding as to whether plaintiffs have actually set
forth a claim for public injunctive relief.

8. On page 25, after second complete paragraph, add the following
paragraph:

Further, there are triable issues of fact as to whether plaintiffs seek
“broad, class-type injunctive relief.” The complaint alleges “plaintiffs can
comply with Section 382 of the Code of Civil Procedure and the standing
requirements of Section 17204 of the Business and Professions Code.”
(Italics added.) But the complaint does not definitively state that plaintiffs
are seeking broad injunctive relief requiring class action procedures.
Instead, plaintiffs only allege they “are entitled to restitution and injunctive
relief” under the UCL. Similarly, their prayer seeks “injunctive relief to
enjoin the conduct of Defendants.” And in their reply brief, plaintiffs
contend they can seek individual injunctive relief under the UCL. Blue

2
 Shield provides no evidence, other than the complaint, that plaintiffs seek
broad, class-type injunctive relief. Nor does Blue Shield argue that
plaintiffs cannot obtain individual injunctive relief under the UCL. Given
that there are questions of fact as the specific scope of injunctive relief
sought by plaintiffs, summary adjudication of this issue is not warranted.

9. On page 26, after second complete paragraph, add the following
paragraph:

In its petition for rehearing, Magellan argues that summary
adjudication of plaintiffs’ request for punitive damages is warranted
because the only remaining claim asserted against it is the UCL claim, and
punitive damages are unavailable under the UCL. Plaintiffs filed a non-
opposition in response to Magellan’s petition. Magellan is correct. A UCL
claim cannot serve as the basis for punitive damages. (Korea Supply Co. v.
Lockheed Martin Corp. (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1134, 1147-1148.) And this
opinion should not be read to depart from this well-established rule.
Nonetheless, Magellan did not make this argument to the trial court or in its
respondent’s brief. Generally, “[a]rguments cannot be raised for the first
time in a petition for rehearing.” (Pacific Bell Wireless, LLC v. Public
Utilities Com. (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 718, 746.) As such, we will not
address this new argument. This opinion, however, does not prevent the
trial court from ruling on this issue if properly raised by Magellan.

This modification does not change the judgment. The petitions for
rehearing are DENIED.

MOORE, J.

WE CONCUR:

BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

THOMPSON, J.

3
Filed 8/7/20 (unmodified opinion)

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

RAFI GHAZARIAN et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants, G057113

v. (Super. Ct. No. 30-2017-00909913)

MAGELLAN HEALTH, INC., et al., OPINION

Defendants and Respondents.

Appeals from judgments of the Superior Court of Orange County, Ronald
L. Bauer, Judge. Reversed and remanded as directed.
The Arkin Law Firm and Sharon J. Arkin; Law Office of Randy D. Curry
and Randy David Curry for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Cole Pedroza, Kenneth R. Pedroza and Cassidy C. Davenport for
Defendants and Respondents Magellan Health, Inc., and Human Affairs International of
California.
Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, Gregory N. Pimstone, Joanna S. McCallum,
Justin Jones Rodriguez and Joseph E. Laska for Defendant and Respondent California
Physicians’ Service.
* * *
 Generally, an insurer is not liable for bad faith if its denial of a claim was
reasonable. In this appeal, we clarify that to avoid bad faith liability, it is not enough that
an insurer’s ultimate decision might be considered reasonable at first glance. Here, the
trial court erred by failing to look past an arguably reasonable denial to determine
whether the insurer fairly evaluated its insured’s claim.
Plaintiffs Rafi Ghazarian and Edna Betgovargez (collectively plaintiffs)
have a son, A.G., with autism. A.G. receives applied behavior analysis (ABA) therapy
for his autism under a health insurance policy (the policy) plaintiffs have with defendant
California Physicians’ Service dba Blue Shield of California (Blue Shield). Mental
health benefits under this policy are administered by defendants Magellan Health, Inc.
and Human Affairs International of California (collectively Magellan). By law, the
policy must provide A.G. with all medically necessary ABA therapy. (Health & Saf.
1
Code, § 1374.73, subds. (a)(1) & (c)(1).)
Before A.G. turned seven years old, Blue Shield and Magellan (collectively
defendants) had approved him for 157 hours of medically necessary ABA therapy per
month. But shortly after he turned seven, defendants denied plaintiffs’ request for 157
hours of therapy on grounds only 81 hours per month were medically necessary.
Plaintiffs requested the Department of Managed Health Care (the Department) conduct
an independent review of the denial. (§ 1374.30 et seq.) Two of the three independent
physician reviewers disagreed with the denial, while the other agreed. As a result, the
Department ordered Blue Shield to reverse the denial and authorize the requested care.
Plaintiffs then filed this lawsuit against defendants. They asserted a claim
for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing against Blue Shield, and
they also asserted claims for intentional interference with contract and violations of
Business and Professions Code section 17200 (the UCL) against defendants. Primarily,

1
Further undesignated statutory references are to the Health and Safety Code.

2
plaintiffs allege defendants have adopted unfair medical necessity guidelines that
categorically reduce the amount of ABA therapy autistic children receive once they turn
seven years old, regardless of medical need.
Defendants each moved for summary judgment. Both motions were
granted. As to the bad faith claim, the trial court found that since one of the independent
physicians agreed with the denial, Blue Shield acted reasonably as a matter of law. As to
the intentional interference with contract claim, the court found no contract existed
between plaintiffs and A.G.’s treatment provider with which defendants could interfere.
Finally, the court found the UCL claim was based on the same allegations as the other
claims and thus also failed. Separate judgments were entered in favor of defendants.
Plaintiffs now appeal.
We find summary judgment was improperly granted as to the bad faith and
UCL claims. Superficially, defendants’ denial of the treatment might appear to be
reasonable since an independent physician agreed with their decision. But it is well
established that an insurer may be liable for bad faith if it unfairly evaluates a claim.
Here, there are factual disputes as to the fairness of defendants’ evaluation. In particular,
the medical necessity standards defendants used to deny plaintiffs’ claim appear to
arbitrarily reduce ABA therapy for children once they turn seven. There are questions of
fact as to the reasonability of these standards. If defendants used unfair criteria to
evaluate plaintiffs’ claim, they did not fairly evaluate it and may be liable for bad faith.
Further, had the trial court examined why the independent physician found
A.G.’s treatment should be reduced, other questions of fact about whether defendants’
denial was reasonable would have been obvious and also would have required denial of
the motion. The independent physician found treatment should be reduced because A.G.
was not making much progress with ABA therapy. In contrast, Blue Shield stated A.G.
did not need as much treatment because he had already made significant progress under
ABA therapy. There are also questions of fact as to whether defendants thoroughly

3
evaluated supporting documentation for the claim and pressured A.G.’s therapy provider
to adopt their allegedly unreasonable criteria.
Conversely, we find summary adjudication proper as to the intentional
interference with contract claim because plaintiffs have failed to show any contract with
which defendants interfered.
We reverse the judgments and remand the case to the trial court as directed.

I
FACTS
A. Background Law
Under the Mental Health Parity Act enacted in 1999 (section 1374.72),
“every health plan providing hospital, medical or surgical coverage must also ‘provide
coverage for the diagnosis and medically necessary treatment of severe mental illnesses
of a person of any age, and of serious emotional disturbances of a child’ as specified in
the statute. [(Citing § 1374.72, subd. (a).)] The statute specifically itemizes the ‘“severe
mental illnesses”’ that must be covered, including ‘[p]ervasive developmental disorder or
2
autism.’ [(Citing § 1374.72, subd. (d)(7).)]” (Consumer Watchdog v. Department of
Managed Health Care (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 862, 870 (Consumer Watchdog).)
In 2011, the Legislature further addressed autism treatment by enacting
section 1374.73. This statute specifically requires health plans subject to section 1374.72

2
“‘“[A]utism spectrum disorders are complex neurological disorders of development
that onset in early childhood.” [Citation.] These disorders, which include full spectrum
autism, “affect the functioning of the brain to cause mild to severe difficulties, including
language delays, communication problems, limited social skills, and repetitive and other
unusual behaviors.”’” (Consumer Watchdog, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 868.)

4
 3
to also provide coverage for medically necessary ABA therapy. (§ 1374.73, subds.
(a)(1) & (c)(1); Consumer Watchdog, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at pp. 874-875.) ABA
therapy “is a form of behavioral health treatment which develops or restores, to the
maximum extent practicable, the functioning of an individual with autism. [Citation.]
Numerous studies indicate that ABA is the most effective treatment known for autistic
children. Studies also demonstrate that ABA has lasting results. . . . ABA therapy can
create new brain connections in a child with autism; these new connections are to be
contrasted with the abnormal connections caused by autism.” (Consumer Watchdog,
supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 868.)
The Department “is entrusted with the protection of patients’ rights to
quality health care, including enforcement of laws relating to health care service plans.”
(California Consumer Health Care Council, Inc. v. Department of Managed Health Care
(2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 684, 687-688.) These responsibilities include handling the
grievances of patients whose claims have been denied by their insurers for lack of
medical necessity. (Consumer Watchdog, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 871.) Such
patients may request the Department conduct an independent medical review (IMR) of
their denied claims. (Ibid.; § 1374.30, subds. (a), (b) & (d).) In the IMR process, “an
independent medical reviewer (or reviewers) determines whether the disputed health care
service is medically necessary based on the specific needs of the patient and such
information as peer-reviewed scientific evidence, nationally recognized professional
standards, and generally accepted standards of medical practice. . . . If the IMR decision
is in favor of the patient, the plan shall either promptly authorize the services or

3
Section 1374.73, subdivision (d), exempts certain health plans from its requirements:
“(1) [a] specialized health care service plan that does not deliver mental health or
behavioral health services to enrollees”; and “(2) [a] health care service plan contract in
the Medi-Cal program . . . .” Neither of these exemptions are relevant here.

5
reimburse the provider or the enrollee for services already rendered.” (Consumer
Watchdog, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 871.)

B. Denial of Plaintiffs’ Claim
Plaintiffs’ son, A.G., was born in April 2009 and later diagnosed with
autism. A.G. began receiving ABA therapy from the Center for Autism Related
Disorders (CARD) in 2012, which was covered by Blue Shield under the policy. Mental
health benefits under the policy were arranged and administered by Human Affairs
International of California (Human Affairs) under a contract it had with Blue Shield.
Human Affairs is a wholly owned subsidiary of nonparty Magellan Healthcare, Inc.,
4
which is a wholly owned subsidiary of defendant Magellan Health, Inc. (MHI). There is
no dispute that the policy was subject to section 1374.73 or that Blue Shield was legally
required to cover all of A.G.’s medically necessary ABA therapy.
Prior to May 2016, i.e., before A.G. turned seven years old, Blue Shield had
covered 157 total hours of medically necessary ABA treatment per month (roughly 36
hours per week). This amount was comprised of 137 hours of direct one-on-one services,
14 hours of supervision, and 6 hours of caregiver training. Shortly after A.G. turned
seven, plaintiffs received a letter dated May 2, 2016, from Magellan acting as Blue
5
Shield’s mental health service administrator. In the letter, Magellan denied plaintiffs’
request for 157 hours of ABA treatment per month for the upcoming period between May
23 to November 23, 2016. Instead, Magellan approved only 81 total hours per month

4
MHI contends it cannot be held liable for the acts of Human Affairs. As explained in
part E, infra, based on the record, there is no practical distinction between the conduct of
Human Affairs and MHI for purposes of this appeal. So, we generally refer to these
parties collectively throughout this opinion.
5
The letter is on Blue Shield letterhead but specifies it is coming from “the mental
health service administrator (MHSA) for Blue Shield,” which is Magellan.

6
(roughly 19 hours a week), including 68 hours of direct one-on-one services, 7 hours of
supervision, and 6 hours of caregiver training. The letter explained that A.G. had made
significant progress under ABA therapy. Consequently, the remaining 76 hours were not
medically necessary under Magellan’s medical necessity criteria and thus denied. The
letter was signed by Dr. Gayani DeSilva, an associate medical director for Magellan.
Plaintiffs appealed Magellan’s decision to Blue Shield. Blue Shield denied
the appeal in a letter dated June 15, 2016, stating “the medical necessity of this total
number of hours per month of direct and supervisory ABA services has not been
established.” The letter was signed by Blue Shield’s medical director.
Following Blue Shield’s denial of their appeal, plaintiffs requested an IMR
from the Department. Their petition was reviewed by a panel of three independent,
board-certified physicians. Two of the three panel members found the requested 157
monthly hours of ABA treatment to be medically necessary. The other panel member
agreed with Blue Shield that only 81 monthly hours were medically necessary. Contrary
to Blue Shield, however, the physician found less ABA treatment was warranted because
A.G. had made limited improvements over the years, “suggesting that he has had minimal
response to ABA therapy.” The Department sent plaintiffs a letter dated July 12, 2016,
stating Blue Shield’s denial had been overturned based on the majority opinion of the
panel. The Department ordered Blue Shield to authorize the requested treatment within
five working days. Blue Shield complied.

C. The Instant Lawsuit
Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit against Blue Shield and MHI in March 2017.
They filed the operative first amended complaint in June 2017 and later amended it to
designate Human Affairs as Doe 1. Among other things, plaintiffs alleged defendants
had engaged in the following conduct: (1) adopted unreasonable medical necessity
standards that indiscriminately reduce the amount of authorized ABA treatment for

7
autistic children once they turn seven years old; (2) bullied ABA therapy providers into
adopting these unreasonable standards by threatening to terminate provider agreements;
(3) forced families to file IMR requests with the Department to obtain medically
necessary ABA treatment; and (4) failed to thoroughly investigate ABA treatment claims
prior to denial.
Based on these allegations, the amended complaint asserted causes of
action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, intentional
interference with contractual relations, and UCL violations. The breach of the implied
covenant claim was asserted against Blue Shield only, while the remaining claims were
asserted against all defendants.
In January 2018, defendants filed separate motions for summary judgment,
or, in the alternative, summary adjudication of the individual claims alleged against them.
The trial court granted both summary judgment motions in September 2018. As to the
first cause of action, the trial court found “Blue Shield’s conduct was reasonable as a
matter of law. . . . Blue Shield presented undisputed evidence that [the Department]
conducted an [IMR] utilizing three independent physicians at Plaintiffs’ request. One
such physician agreed with Blue Shield’s coverage determination.” As to the second
cause of action, the trial court found no contract existed between plaintiffs and CARD
with which defendants could interfere. Finally, the trial court found the UCL claim arose
from the same allegations as the other two claims, and, consequently, failed for the same
reasons.
The trial court entered separate judgments in favor of defendants in October
2018. Plaintiffs appeal.

8
 II
DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard
“The purpose of the law of summary judgment is to provide courts with a
mechanism to cut through the parties’ pleadings in order to determine whether, despite
their allegations, trial is in fact necessary to resolve their dispute.” (Aguilar v. Atlantic
Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 843.) A defendant moving for summary judgment
must show the plaintiff’s causes of action have no merit. It may do so by negating an
element of a cause of action or showing it has a complete defense to a cause of action.
The burden then shifts to the plaintiff to show a triable issue of material fact as to the
cause of action or defense. (Id. at p. 849.)
The trial court’s decision is reviewed de novo, “considering all the evidence
set forth in the moving and opposition papers except that to which objections were made
and sustained.” (Johnson v. City of Loma Linda (2000) 24 Cal.4th 61, 65-66.) The
reviewing court “liberally constru[es] the evidence in favor of the party opposing the
motion and resolv[es] all doubts about the evidence in favor of the opponent.” (Doe v.
Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation (2019) 43 Cal.App.5th 721, 732-733.)
Similarly, “any doubts as to the propriety of granting a summary judgment motion should
be resolved in favor of the party opposing the motion.” (Reid v. Google, Inc. (2010) 50
Cal.4th 512, 535.)

B. Evidence Outside the Separate Statement
Before analyzing the merits of the appeal, we address Blue Shield’s
contention that plaintiffs cannot rely on facts outside their separate statement. In San
Diego Watercrafts, Inc. v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 308, 315-316,
this court found that “[w]hether to consider evidence not referenced in the moving party’s
separate statement rests with the sound discretion of the trial court . . . .” The trial court

9
likewise has discretion to consider facts not referenced in the opposing party’s separate
statement. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (b)(3); see San Diego Watercrafts, Inc., at pp.
315-316.)
The appellate court has the same discretion as the trial court to consider
evidence not cited in a party’s separate statement. (Fenn v. Sherriff (2003) 109
Cal.App.4th 1466, 1481.) We exercise that discretion here. The record in this case is not
large, and there are only a few key documents. In fact, plaintiffs submitted only about 60
pages of evidence in opposition to the motions. We also note that “[t]he separate
statement is not designed to pervert the truth, but merely to expedite and clarify the
germane facts.” (King v. United Parcel Service, Inc. (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 426, 438.)

C. Defendants’ Evidentiary Objections
Defendants each made several objections to plaintiffs’ evidence. The trial
court did not rule on any of them. Thus, we presume the trial court overruled these
objections and considered the disputed evidence in ruling on the motions. (Reid v.
Google, Inc., supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 534.) The overruled objections may be raised on
appeal, but the burden is on the objecting party to renew any relevant objection by
arguing the issue in its brief; citation to the record alone is insufficient. (Ibid.; Duffey v.
Tender Heart Home Care Agency, LLC (2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 232, 251, fn. 17.)
Magellan did not renew any of its evidentiary objections on appeal, and, as a result, we
disregard them. We will address Blue Shield’s renewed objections below where relevant.

D. Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
1. Bad faith liability
“The law implies in every contract, including insurance policies, a covenant
of good faith and fair dealing. ‘The implied promise requires each contracting party to
refrain from doing anything to injure the right of the other to receive the agreement’s

10
benefits. . . . When the insurer unreasonably and in bad faith withholds payment of the
claim of its insured, it is subject to liability in tort.’” (Wilson v. 21st Century Ins. Co.
(2007) 42 Cal.4th 713, 720 (Wilson).) Similarly, “‘delayed payment based on inadequate
or tardy investigations, oppressive conduct by claims adjusters seeking to reduce the
amounts legitimately payable and numerous other tactics may breach the implied
covenant because’ they frustrate the insured’s right to receive the benefits of the contract
in ‘prompt compensation for losses.’” (Waller v. Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc. (1995) 11
Cal.4th 1, 36.)
Bad faith may also be found where an insurer “employs a standard of
medical necessity significantly at variance with the medical standards of the community
. . . . Such a restricted definition of medical necessity, frustrating the justified
expectations of the insured, is inconsistent with the liberal construction of policy
language required by the duty of good faith. . . . [G]ood faith demands a construction of
medical necessity consistent with community medical standards that will minimize the
patient’s uncertainty of coverage in accepting his physician’s recommended treatment.”
(Hughes v. Blue Cross of Northern California (1989) 215 Cal.App.3d 832, 845-846
(Hughes).)
In Hughes, the plaintiff’s son was hospitalized several times for psychiatric
reasons. The plaintiff’s insurer denied a portion of her claims for hospital expenses on
grounds some hospitalizations were not medically necessary. The plaintiff sued the
insurer for bad faith and prevailed at trial. The insurer appealed, arguing the jury’s
verdict was not supported by substantial evidence. (Hughes, 215 Cal.App.3d at pp. 838-
841.) The reviewing court disagreed, finding “the jury could reasonably infer that [the
insurer’s reviewing physician] employed a standard of medical necessity markedly at
variance from that of the psychiatric community in California.” (Id. at p. 843.) Among
other things, the reviewing physician testified he recommended disapproval of about 30
percent of the claims he reviewed, was unswayed that his recommendation conflicted

11
with the son’s other treating psychiatrists who were more familiar with the case, and
admitted “his standard of medical necessity might be more restrictive than the generally
accepted professional standard.” (Ibid.)
The principles in Hughes are applicable here. Plaintiffs allege Blue Shield
has adopted unreasonable medical necessity standards that indiscriminately reduce the
amount of ABA therapy for children seven years old and above, regardless of medical
need. The alleged scheme forces families to either accept Blue Shield’s decision or
expend additional resources going through the IMR process. In support of their
allegations, plaintiffs provide Magellan’s medical necessity guidelines for comprehensive
6
ABA therapy, which were adopted by Blue Shield. These guidelines state, “[ABA]
Services may range from 21 to 40 hours per week, early in the recipient’s development
(for example, under the age of 7). . . . The standard of care for comprehensive services
has been for durations of 1 to 2 years.” (Italics added.)
Plaintiffs assert these guidelines conflict with established medical
standards. Specifically, the standards set forth by the Behavior Analyst Certification
Board (BACB), which state, “[ABA] treatment should be based on the clinical needs of
the individual and not constrained by age. . . . ABA is effective across the life span.
Research has not established an age limit beyond which ABA is ineffective.” (Italics
added.) The BACB is “a private organization established [in 1998] to grant national
credentials to ABA professionals.” (Consumer Watchdog, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p.
869.) It is a respected organization in the world of ABA treatment. This is evidenced by
section 1374.73, subdivision (c)(3)(A), which defines “‘[q]ualified autism service
provider’” to mean “[a] person who is certified by a national entity, such as the Behavior
Analyst Certification Board . . . .”

6
Blue Shield does not argue that it cannot be held liable for the actions of Magellan, its
mental health service administrator.

12
 While the BACB’s guidelines are not binding on Blue Shield, they are
evidence of the general standard of medical necessity for ABA therapy. Notably, the
BACB’s guidelines state treatment should be based on the needs of the individual and
unconstrained by age. In comparison, Blue Shield’s standards appear to arbitrarily limit
comprehensive ABA therapy (21 to 40 hours per week) to children under the age of
seven, or, at best, to “early in the recipient’s development.” Though Blue Shield may
develop its own standards for determining medical necessity (see § 1367.01, subd. (b)), it
may not adopt self-serving guidelines that lack support from the medical community.
Such actions are inconsistent with an insurer’s obligations under the implied covenant of
good faith and fair dealing. (Hughes, supra, 215 Cal.App.3d at pp. 845-846.)
To be clear, we do not mean to suggest that a health insurer cannot define
medical necessity in a manner that embraces efficient practices or novel technologies or
procedures that have support in the medical community. That is not the case here. Blue
Shield provides no explanation or evidence in support of the reasonableness of the
medical necessity guidelines at issue. It is entirely unclear why Blue Shield’s standards
advise that comprehensive ABA therapy should be limited to children under the age of
seven. Here, A.G.’s ABA therapy was reduced from roughly 36 hours per week to 19
hours per week just after he turned seven years old. Based on the record, triable issues of
fact exist as to the reasonableness of Blue Shield’s medical necessity standards for
comprehensive ABA therapy and whether plaintiffs’ claim was unfairly denied based on
those standards.

2. The genuine dispute rule
Blue Shield argues the trial court correctly granted summary judgment
under the genuine dispute rule (also known as the genuine issue rule). We disagree.
The genuine dispute rule allows an insurer to avoid bad faith liability by
showing it denied payment on a claim due to the existence of a genuine dispute with its

13
insured over coverage or the claim amount. (Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 723.) “The
genuine dispute rule does not relieve an insurer from its obligation to thoroughly and
fairly investigate, process and evaluate the insured’s claim. A genuine dispute exists only
where the insurer’s position is maintained in good faith and on reasonable grounds.”
(Id. at pp. 723-724.) “An insurer cannot claim the benefit of the genuine dispute doctrine
based on an investigation or evaluation of the insured’s claim that is not full, fair and
thorough.” (Bosetti v. United States Life Ins. Co. in City of New York (2009) 175
Cal.App.4th 1208, 1237.)
“When determining if a dispute is genuine, we do ‘not decide which party
is “right” as to the disputed matter, but only that a reasonable and legitimate dispute
actually existed.’ [Citation.] A dispute is legitimate, if ‘it is founded on a basis that is
reasonable under all the circumstances.’ [Citation.] ‘This is an objective standard.’
[Citation.] ‘Moreover, the reasonableness of the insurer’s decisions and actions must be
evaluated as of the time that they were made; the evaluation cannot fairly be made in the
light of subsequent events that may provide evidence of the insurer’s errors.’” (Zubillaga
v. Allstate Indemnity Co. (2017) 12 Cal.App.5th 1017, 1028, first italics added
(Zubillaga).)
A trial court may grant summary judgment based on the genuine dispute
rule “‘when it is undisputed or indisputable that the basis for the insurer’s denial of
benefits was reasonable—for example, where even under the plaintiff’s version of the
facts there is a genuine issue as to the insurer’s liability under California law. [Citation.]
. . . On the other hand, an insurer is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law where,
viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, a jury could conclude that the
insurer acted unreasonably.’ [Citation.] Thus, an insurer is entitled to summary
judgment based on a genuine dispute over coverage or the value of the insured’s claim
only where the summary judgment record demonstrates the absence of triable issues
[citation] as to whether the disputed position upon which the insurer denied the claim was

14
reached reasonably and in good faith.” (Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at pp. 723-724, italics
added.)
The reasonableness of an insurer’s conduct is typically a question of fact
but can be decided as a matter “of law where the evidence is undisputed and only one
reasonable inference can be drawn from the evidence.” (Chateau Chamberay
Homeowners Assn. v. Associated Internat. Ins. Co. (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 335, 346;
Fadeeff v. State Farm General Ins. Co. (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 94, 102 [“Ordinarily,
reasonableness is a factual issue to be decided by a jury”].)
Blue Shield’s argument focuses on the one physician on the IMR panel that
agreed with its decision. There is no evidence challenging the reasonability of this
physician’s conclusion. So, Blue Shield contends that because an independent physician
agreed with its denial, there is a genuine dispute as to whether 157 monthly hours of
ABA treatment were medically necessary. However, for the genuine dispute rule to
apply, Blue Shield’s denial must be “‘founded on a basis that is reasonable under all the
circumstances.’” (Zubillaga, supra, 12 Cal.App.5th at p. 1028.) The undisputed record
must show Blue Shield fairly and thoroughly evaluated plaintiffs’ claim and its denial
“was reached reasonably and in good faith.” (Wilson, supra, 42 Cal.4th at pp. 723-724;
Bosetti v. United States Life Ins. Co. in City of New York, supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at pp.
1237-1238.)
The record does not show this. As set forth above, there are triable issues
as to the reasonableness of Blue Shield’s medical necessity guidelines. In other words,
there are questions of fact as to whether Blue Shield fairly evaluated plaintiffs’ claim and
reached its denial reasonably and in good faith. Plaintiffs’ claim was not fairly evaluated
if Blue Shield denied it based on unfair criteria. Although one physician on the IMR
panel arrived at the same conclusion as Blue Shield, that physician did not apply or
evaluate Blue Shield’s medical necessity criteria. As such, this evidence does not show
that Blue Shield acted reasonably as a matter of law.

15
 To further illustrate, viewing the facts most favorably to plaintiffs, Blue
Shield arbitrarily reduces ABA treatment for autistic children after they turn seven years
old. Based on this criteria, Blue Shield reduced A.G.’s treatment from 157 hours to 81
hours per month after he turned seven without regard for his actual medical needs. It
then cited A.G.’s significant progress—progress the expert it now wishes to rely on said
did not exist—as a pretextual reason for this reduction. Under this version of the facts,
even if there is a genuine dispute as to the amount of treatment that is medically
7
necessary for A.G., that dispute is immaterial because the claim was not fairly evaluated.
Blue Shield did not reach this decision reasonably and in good faith. A health insurer is
not absolved of bad faith liability if it bumbles into a facially reasonable medical decision
using patently unfair medical necessity criteria. Even a stopped clock is right twice a
day.
Blue Shield cannot defeat plaintiffs’ bad faith claim at summary judgment
by only showing a reasonable dispute exists as to its ultimate decision. To be granted
summary judgment in this case, the undisputed record must show that Blue Shield’s
medical necessity guidelines are consistent with community medical standards. (See
Hughes, supra, 215 Cal.App.3d at pp. 845-846.) It does not. Issues of fact remain as to
whether Blue Shield has adopted unreasonable medical criteria for comprehensive ABA
therapy. Besides, there are other issues of fact as to whether Blue Shield fairly evaluated
plaintiffs’ claim.
First, Magellan’s separate statement cited evidence indicating it did not
review CARD’s report on A.G. prior to denying plaintiffs’ claim. Specifically, Magellan
cited deposition testimony from plaintiff Betgovargez describing a call she had with a

7
We provide no opinion on whether a genuine dispute actually exists as to the amount of
medically necessary ABA treatment that A.G. requires. This is not material to our
analysis.

16
CARD representative. Betgovargez testified that the CARD representative “met with Dr.
DeSilva . . . from Magellan, and [Dr. DeSilva] basically verbally told her that she wasn’t
going to approve the hours. And when she asked [Dr. DeSilva] why, she said -- she said,
‘Well, have you even read his report?’ [B]ecause she had turned in a big report. [Dr.
8
DeSilva] said ‘No.’” A jury could find that by ignoring CARD’s report, Magellan,
acting on behalf of Blue Shield, unfairly evaluated plaintiffs’ claim. (See, e.g., Zubillaga,
supra, 12 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1029-1030 [summary judgment denied where insurer
ignored physician’s treatments and recommendations].)
Second, Blue Shield’s stated reason for reducing A.G.’s treatment was at
odds with the concurring physician on the IMR panel. Defendants explained reduced
treatment was warranted because A.G. had already significantly improved with ABA
therapy. In contrast, the physician on the IMR panel found less treatment was
appropriate because A.G. had only shown limited improvement with ABA therapy,
indicating it had only been minimally effective. The stark differences between these
evaluations raise questions as to whether Blue Shield thoroughly and fairly evaluated
plaintiffs’ claim, especially in light of Betgovargez’s deposition testimony above.
For example, Magellan’s initial denial letter explained “[t]he clinical
information from your provider has shown measurable progress has been made since you
started ABA treatment with CARD on 5/14/12 and you no longer require 157
hours/month of ABA services. . . .” (Italics added.) It also stated, “[A.G.] has been
receiving ABA treatment since May 2012 with CARD and has shown a significant
improvement in behavior reduction goals, such that [he] no longer warrant[s] continuation
of the 157 hours per month of ABA therapy.” (Italics added.) Likewise, Blue Shield’s
denial of plaintiffs’ appeal stated, “[t]he principal reason [for the denial] is the medical
necessity of [the 157 hours of ABA treatment per month] has not been established.

8
There were no objections to this evidence.

17
Considering the improvement [A.G.] has made with his ABA therapy; . . . a reduced
allocation of service hours is sufficient in order to continue to train the social,
communication, and self-control skills which [he] currently requires.” (Italics added.)
On the other hand, the physician on the IMR panel that agreed with Blue
Shield found “[t]he requested services are not medically necessary for treatment of the
patient’s medical condition. In this case, there is documentation supporting limited
behavioral improvements with ABA therapy. His progress report notes positive but
limited behavioral improvement after over four years of intensive ABA therapy,
suggesting that he has had minimal response to ABA therapy. In this clinical setting, the
Health Plan’s authorization of [81 hours of therapy] is reasonable and medically
appropriate.” (Italics added.)
Third, there is evidence Blue Shield has engaged in a pattern of denying
medically necessary ABA treatment. Plaintiffs filed the declaration of Mary Rizk in
support of their opposition to both motions. Among other things, Rizk testified she has a
seven-year-old daughter with autism who received comprehensive ABA therapy from
CARD under a Blue Shield policy administered by Magellan. Blue Shield also denied
ABA treatment for her daughter. Similar to plaintiffs, Rizk submitted multiple appeals
through the IMR process, which resulted in the Department reversing Blue Shield’s
denials and ordering it to authorize the requested treatment. It could be inferred from this
testimony that plaintiffs’ experience was not unique. Rather, it was part of a larger
pattern in which Blue Shield unfairly denied ABA treatment by adopting an unreasonable
standard of medical necessity, forcing families to obtain necessary treatment through the
9
IMR process.

9
Blue Shield objects to the entire Rizk declaration on relevancy grounds. It argues
plaintiffs have not established Blue Shield’s conduct was substantially similar in this case
and the Rizk case. (See Moore v. American United Life Ins. Co. (1984) 150 Cal.App.3d
610, 625.) “[T]o establish ‘a pattern of unfair claims practices’ the antecedent practice

18
 Fourth, there are issues of fact as to whether Blue Shield, through
Magellan, pressured CARD into adopting its unreasonable criteria. Such evidence would
further demonstrate an overall pattern by Blue Shield to unfairly reduce ABA therapy to
its insureds, including A.G. The record shows that in February 2017, Magellan gave
notice to CARD that it was terminating their provider agreement without cause (the
termination notice). Michelle Brennan-Cooke, a vice president of MHI, testified during
deposition that she met with a CARD representative about CARD’s performance a few
months prior to the termination notice. During this meeting, Brennan-Cooke told the
representative that CARD’s “average billing far exceeded other agencies,” and that
CARD averaged a higher number of hours of treatment and “ha[d] more expensive
case[s] in California than other ABA agencies.” Magellan thought CARD had several
children whose ABA services should be reduced or denied.
After receiving the termination notice, CARD asked Magellan to halt the
termination. Brennan-Cooke opined this was likely because Magellan was “a big payer
for [CARD]. They have a lot of Magellan members nationally.” Then, in May 2017,
Magellan and CARD entered into a letter agreement rescinding the termination. As part
of the agreement, “CARD agree[d] to follow all of Magellan’s Medical Necessary
Criteria and clinical policies.”
Brennan-Cooke’s testimony shows Magellan thought CARD was providing
too much treatment to its patients. This evidence, along with the timing of the
termination notice and the terms of the letter agreement, creates a reasonable inference
that Magellan threatened to terminate the provider agreement unless CARD adopted

must be substantially similar.” (Ibid.) We liberally construe the evidence in favor of
plaintiffs and resolve all doubts in their favor at summary judgment. (Doe v. Department
of Corrections & Rehabilitation, supra, 43 Cal.App.5th at pp. 732-733.) Based on the
current record, the facts in Rizk’s declaration are similar enough to warrant admissibility
for purposes of this appeal: Rizk’s daughter is seven years old, was treated by CARD,
was denied medically necessary ABA therapy by Blue Shield, and had the denials
reversed through the IMR process.

19
Magellan’s restrictive medical necessity guidelines. This inference is further supported
by the Rizk and Ghazarian declarations. Rizk stated that CARD began reducing the
amount of ABA hours for her daughter because it was afraid “it would lose its
participating provider contract with Blue Shield and . . . Magellan.” Ghazarian likewise
averred that defendants “pressured CARD to reduce ABA claims, reduce appeals, and
10
limit IMRs, at the risk of losing its participating provider agreement.”

E. Liability of MHI
MHI denies liability as to the remaining claims for intentional interference
with contract and violation of the UCL, contending the undisputed evidence shows
Human Affairs, its subsidiary, administered the policy. MHI maintains there is no
evidence showing that it can be held liable for Human Affairs’ actions. We disagree.
There is sufficient evidence in the record to create issues of fact as to MHI’s vicarious or
direct liability.
First, the medical necessity guidelines at issue were developed by MHI.
Brennan-Cooke testified to this during her deposition, and the guidelines state they are
copyrighted by MHI. Similarly, in the letter agreement rescinding the termination of
CARD’s provider agreement, CARD agreed to follow “Magellan’s Medical Necessary
Criteria,” with “Magellan” being defined to include MHI.
Second, there is evidence MHI was involved in the denial of plaintiffs’
claim. The initial letter denying plaintiffs’ claim was signed by Dr. DeSilva, who
appears to have been employed by MHI.

10
Blue Shield did not object to this portion of Ghazarian’s declaration, and its only
objection to this portion of the Rizk declaration was relevance. We find this evidence to
be relevant and consider it in our analysis. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (b)(5);
McCaskey v. California State Automobile Assn. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 947, 956-957.)

20
 Third, as set forth above, there are issues of fact as to whether MHI
pressured CARD into adopting the medical necessity standards at issue. The termination
notice was on MHI’s letterhead. Brennan-Cooke, who met with CARD about its
performance prior to the termination notice, was a vice president at MHI. Finally, MHI is
a party to the letter agreement rescinding the termination.

F. Intentional Interference with Contract
“The elements of a cause of action for intentional interference with
contractual relations are ‘(1) the existence of a valid contract between the plaintiff and a
third party; (2) the defendant’s knowledge of that contract; (3) the defendant’s intentional
acts designed to induce a breach or disruption of the contractual relationship; (4) actual
breach or disruption of the contractual relationship; and (5) resulting damage.’”
(Redfearn v. Trader Joe’s Co. (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 989, 997.) “To state a claim for
disruption of a contractual relation, the plaintiff need not show the defendant induced an
actual or inevitable breach of the contract. It is sufficient to show the defendant’s
conduct made the plaintiff’s performance, and inferentially enjoyment, under the contract
more burdensome or costly.” (Golden West Baseball Co. v. City of Anaheim (1994) 25
Cal.App.4th 11, 51.)
In the trial court, plaintiffs argued they had a written contract with CARD
with which defendants interfered. The trial court found no such contract existed and so
the claim failed. On appeal, plaintiffs argue that defendants interfered with an implied
contract that plaintiffs had with CARD. We will not consider this theory since it was
presented for the first time on appeal and the existence of an implied contract is a
question of fact, not law. (Unilab Corp. v. Angeles-IPA (2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 622,
636; Mattco Forge, Inc. v. Arthur Young & Co. (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 820, 847.)
Besides, this argument would fail even if considered. Though plaintiffs are
vague on the specific terms of the implied contract, the gist of it seems to be that

21
plaintiffs would pay out of pocket for any treatment that defendants did not authorize.
Plaintiffs allege defendants disrupted this contract by denying medically necessary ABA
treatment for their son and pressuring CARD to adopt defendants’ medical necessity
guidelines. These actions resulted in actual disruption of the implied contract, they argue,
because CARD reduced A.G.’s ABA therapy. But this assertion is belied by the
undisputed record, which shows CARD never reduced A.G.’s treatment after defendants
denied plaintiffs’ claim.
More fundamentally, even if defendants improperly refused to cover
medically necessary treatment, plaintiffs have not explained how this interfered with their
ability to obtain additional therapy by paying out of pocket. Defendants’ denial did not
prevent plaintiffs from personally paying for uncovered treatment. To the contrary, the
denial of treatment was the triggering condition for plaintiffs’ obligation to personally
pay CARD. Nor did the denial make plaintiffs’ performance under the implied contract
more burdensome or costly. Plaintiffs never had to perform. It is undisputed that Blue
Shield provided the treatment, by order of the Department, before plaintiffs incurred any
out-of-pocket expenses.

G. UCL Claim
Defendants each made several arguments as to plaintiffs’ UCL claim. We
are not persuaded by any of them and conclude that summary judgment was wrongly
granted as to this claim.

1. Unfair competition
Both defendants contend that plaintiffs have failed to establish “unfair
competition” under the UCL. Not so. “Unfair competition” includes “any unlawful,
unfair or fraudulent business act or practice.” (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200.) “[B]ad faith

22
insurance practices may qualify as any of the three statutory forms of unfair
competition.” (Zhang v. Superior Court (2013) 57 Cal.4th 364, 380.)
Since plaintiffs’ bad faith claim against Blue Shield survives summary
judgment, its UCL claim against Blue Shield must too. Although no bad faith claim was
asserted against Magellan, it is inextricably intertwined with the conduct underlying the
bad faith claim: (1) it created the medical necessity guidelines at issue in this case; (2) it
initially denied plaintiffs’ claim while acting as Blue Shield’s mental health service
administrator; and (3) it pressured CARD into adopting its medical necessity guidelines.
Therefore, the UCL claim against Magellan must also survive.

2. Standing
Next, Magellan claims that plaintiffs lack standing. This argument is
unconvincing. Under the UCL, “private standing is limited to any ‘person who has
suffered injury in fact and has lost money or property’ as a result of unfair competition.”
(Clayworth v. Pfizer, Inc. (2010) 49 Cal.4th 758, 788.) The purpose of this rule is “to
confine standing to those actually injured by a defendant’s business practices and to
curtail the prior practice of filing suits on behalf of ‘“clients who have not used the
defendant’s product or service, viewed the defendant’s advertising, or had any other
business dealing with the defendant . . . .”’” (Ibid.) “There are innumerable ways in
which economic injury from unfair competition may be shown.” (Kwikset Corp. v.
Superior Court (2011) 51 Cal.4th 310, 323.) A party has standing when they have
“expended money due to the defendant’s acts of unfair competition.” (Hall v. Time Inc.
(2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 847, 854.) For example, a “plaintiff may . . . be required to enter
into a transaction, costing money or property, that would otherwise have been
unnecessary.” (Kwikset Corp., at p. 323.)
Due to the wrongful denial of their insurance claim, plaintiffs retained and
paid an attorney to assist them with the IMR process. This is sufficient to establish

23
standing under the UCL. Plaintiffs hired an attorney because of defendants’ denial of
their claim. The transaction would have been unnecessary without defendants’ conduct.
Magellan contests standing by baselessly accusing Ghazarian of filing a
“sham declaration [that] fatally contradicts his deposition testimony.” It cites a portion of
Ghazarian’s declaration that states “‘[i]n order to appeal effectively, and to file an
effective IMR, [plaintiffs] retained and paid an attorney for this process . . . .’” Magellan
then contends “at deposition, which was prior to the signing of [Ghazarian’s] declaration
. . . [Ghazarian] unequivocally testified that he prepared the IMR himself. [Citation.]
This testimony belies [Ghazarian’s] claim that he paid an attorney to assist him in the
IMR process.”
At the outset, the fact that Ghazarian drafted the IMR petition himself does
not preclude him from retaining an attorney to assist with the process. These are not
mutually exclusive actions. More troubling, however, is that the very portion of the
deposition transcript on which Magellan relies reveals this argument lacks merit:
“Q: Okay. Did your attorney -- was your – were you already working with
an attorney by the time of the I.M.R.?
“A: I believe I had contacted [my current counsel] by then, yes.
“Q: Okay. Did you prepare the I.M.R. yourself?
“A: Yes.” (Italics added.)
Magellan cites the final two lines of this exchange but curiously ignores the preceding
question.
Similarly, other portions of the transcript from Ghazarian’s deposition show
that he retained his current counsel, Randy Curry, after Blue Shield denied his appeal and
prior to the IMR. Ghazarian testified that after he received the June 15, 2016 denial letter
from Blue Shield, “one of the things I did at the time was reach out to [Mr. Curry] . . . .
[¶] . . . [¶] . . . Ultimately [plaintiffs] decided to do an I.M.R. [¶] As well as I think,
[Mr. Curry], you also prepped a letter for us as part of this.”

24
 3. Injunctive Relief
Blue Shield also argues the UCL claim should be dismissed because
plaintiffs have an adequate remedy at law, specifically, money damages. In response,
plaintiffs state they seek injunctive relief, and they insist the adequate-remedy-at-law
requirement does not apply to injunctions sought under the UCL. We need not address
the latter component of plaintiffs’ argument. There are issues of fact as to whether
plaintiffs have an adequate remedy at law. As explained above, there are triable issues as
to whether defendants unfairly denied plaintiffs claim by using unreasonable medical
necessity guidelines. There is no evidence these guidelines have been changed. If the
guidelines are found to be unreasonable, damages may be inadequate. They would not
protect plaintiffs from future wrongful denials of benefits.
Blue Shield further contends plaintiffs may not seek broad injunctive relief
under the UCL without filing a class action, which they did not do. This argument was
rejected by our Supreme Court. In McGill v. Citibank, N.A. (2017) 2 Cal.5th 945, the
Court held that a plaintiff bringing a private action for public injunctive relief need not
comply with class action requirements. (Id. at pp. 959-960.) As explained in McGill,
“‘an injunction’ is ‘the primary form of relief available under the UCL to protect
consumers from unfair business practices.’” (Id. at p. 959.) Among other things, a class
action requirement “would largely eliminate the ability of a private plaintiff to pursue
such relief, because class certification requires ‘the existence of both an ascertainable
class and a well-defined community of interest among the class members’ [citation], and
‘“the general public . . .” fails to meet’ this requirement . . . .” (Id. at p. 960.)

H. Punitive Damages
Since the trial court granted summary judgment, it did not rule on
Magellan’s request for summary adjudication of plaintiffs’ claim for punitive damages.
Magellan renews this request on appeal. We deny it, finding issues of fact exist.

25
 Plaintiffs may recover punitive damages if they can show by clear and
convincing evidence that Magellan “has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice.”
(Civ. Code, § 3294, subd. (a).) “Malice” is defined as conduct intended “to cause injury
to the plaintiff or despicable conduct which is carried on by the defendant with a willful
and conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others.” (Civ. Code, § 3294, subd.
(c)(1).) “‘Oppression’ means despicable conduct that subjects a person to cruel and
unjust hardship in conscious disregard of that person’s rights.” (Civ. Code, § 3294, subd.
(c)(2).) Finally, “‘[f]raud’ means an intentional misrepresentation, deceit, or concealment
of a material fact known to the defendant with the intention on the part of the defendant
of thereby depriving a person of property or legal rights or otherwise causing injury.”
(Civ. Code, § 3294, subd. (c)(3).)
Based on the evidence set forth above, we cannot find as a matter of law
that plaintiffs are barred from obtaining punitive damages against Magellan. A jury must
determine whether there is clear and convincing evidence that Magellan acted
maliciously, oppressively, or fraudulently under Civil Code section 3294.

26
 III
DISPOSITION
The judgments in favor of defendants are both reversed. On remand, the
trial court is directed to grant summary adjudication in favor of defendants as to
plaintiffs’ cause of action for intentional interference with contract and to deny summary
adjudication as to the other claims. Plaintiffs are entitled to their costs on appeal.

MOORE, J.

WE CONCUR:

BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

THOMPSON, J.

27