Changzhou Trina Solar Energy v. United States

Case: 20-1004 Document: 64 Page: 1 Filed: 09/03/2020

United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________

CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY CO., LTD.,
TRINA SOLAR (CHANGZHOU) SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD., TRINA SOLAR (U.S.)
INC.,
Plaintiffs-Appellees

v.

UNITED STATES,
Defendant-Appellee

v.

SOLARWORLD AMERICAS, INC.,
Defendant-Appellant
______________________

2020-1004
______________________

Appeal from the United States Court of International
Trade in Nos. 1:17-cv-00199-CRK, 1:17-cv-00217-CRK,
Judge Claire R. Kelly.
______________________

Decided: September 3, 2020
______________________

JONATHAN FREED, Trade Pacific PLLC, Washington,
DC, argued for plaintiffs-appellees. Also represented by
ROBERT GOSSELINK.
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2 CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES

JOSHUA E. KURLAND, Commercial Litigation Branch,
Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Wash-
ington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee. Also repre-
sented by ETHAN P. DAVIS, JEANNE DAVIDSON, REGINALD
THOMAS BLADES, JR.; IAN ANDREW MCINERNEY, Office of
the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and Compliance,
United States Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.

TIMOTHY C. BRIGHTBILL, Wiley Rein, LLP, Washington,
DC, argued for defendant-appellant. Also represented by
LAURA EL-SABAAWI, DOUGLAS C. DREIER, STEPHEN JOSEPH
OBERMEIER, JOHN ALLEN RIGGINS, ENBAR TOLEDANO.
______________________

Before DYK, WALLACH, and CHEN, Circuit Judges.
WALLACH, Circuit Judge.
Appellees Changzhou Trina Solar Energy Co., Ltd.,
Trina Solar (Changzhou) Science & Technology Co., Ltd.,
and Trina Solar (U.S.), Inc. (collectively, “Trina”) filed suit
against Appellee the United States (“Government”) in the
U.S. Court of International Trade (“CIT”), challenging the
U.S. Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce”) final results
in the first administrative review of the antidumping (“an-
tidumping” or “AD”) duty order covering certain crystalline
silicon photovoltaic products from the People’s Republic of
China (“PRC”). See Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovol-
taic Products From the People’s Republic of China, 82 Fed.
Reg. 32,170, 32,172 (Dep’t of Commerce July 12, 2017) (fi-
nal results) (“Final Results”). Appellant SolarWorld Amer-
icas, Inc. (“SolarWorld”), a domestic producer of like
products, participated as petitioner and defendant-interve-
nor. The CIT remanded “Commerce’s decision not to offset”
Trina’s export price by a countervailed export subsidy as
“contrary to law,” instructing Commerce “to recalculate
Trina’s [export] price[]” with the offset, while sustaining,
inter alia, “Commerce’s surrogate value selection[] for
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CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES 3

valuing . . . module glass.” Changzhou Trina Solar Energy
Co. v. United States (Trina I), 359 F. Supp. 3d 1329, 1344
(Ct. Int’l Trade 2019). Commerce issued its remand rede-
termination, recalculating Trina’s export price in accord-
ance with Trina I, under protest. J.A. 6764–65; see J.A.
6764–70 (Remand Redetermination). The CIT sustained
Commerce’s Remand Redetermination. See Changzhou
Trina Solar Energy Co. v. United States (Trina II), 393 F.
Supp. 3d 1245, 1251 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2019); J.A. 16–17
(Judgment).
SolarWorld appeals. We have jurisdiction pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(5). We affirm.
BACKGROUND
I. Legal Framework
Antidumping duties may be imposed on “foreign mer-
chandise [that] is being, or is likely to be, sold in the United
States at less than its fair value.” 19 U.S.C. § 1673(1). Do-
mestic industries may seek “relief from [such] imports,” Al-
legheny Ludlum Corp. v. United States, 287 F.3d 1365,
1368 (Fed. Cir. 2002), by filing a petition with Commerce
and the U.S. International Trade Commission (“ITC”) to in-
itiate an antidumping duty investigation, see 19 U.S.C.
§§ 1673a(b), 1677(9)(C). Following investigation, if Com-
merce determines that imported merchandise “is being, or
is likely to be, sold in the United States at less than its fair
value,” id. § 1673(1), and the ITC determines that the im-
portation or sale of that merchandise has “materially in-
jured” or “threaten[s]” to “materially injur[e]” “an industry
in the United States,” id. § 1673(2), then Commerce will
“publish an antidumping duty order . . . direct[ing] [U.S.
Customs and Border Protection] to assess . . . antidumping
dut[ies]” on subject merchandise, id. § 1673e(a)(1). Each
year after the order is published, “if [Commerce receives] a
request for . . . review” of that order from an interested
party, Commerce will “review[] and determine . . . the
amount of any antidumping duty” under the order. Id.
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§ 1675(a)(1)(B) (providing for the “[p]eriodic review of [the]
amount of duty”); see 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(b) (providing for
the “[a]dministrative review of orders” on the request of “an
interested party”). 1
In the course an investigation or review, Commerce
“determine[s] the estimated weighted average dumping
margin for each exporter and producer individually inves-
tigated” or reviewed and “the estimated all-others rate for
all exporters and producers not individually investigated”
or reviewed. 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(1)(B)(i); see id. § 1677f-
1(c) (providing for the “[d]etermination of dumping mar-
gin[s]” in investigations and reviews for “a reasonable
number of exporters or producers”). A dumping margin re-
flects the amount by which the “‘normal value’ (the price a
producer charges in its home market) exceeds the ‘export
price’ (the price of the product in the United States) or ‘con-
structed export price.’” U.S. Steel Corp. v. United States,
621 F.3d 1351, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (footnote omitted) (cit-
ing 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35)(A)); see 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677b(a)(1)
(defining “normal value” as “the price at which the [mer-
chandise] is first sold . . . for consumption” in the home
country or a third country), 1677a(b) (defining “constructed
export price” as “the price at which the subject merchan-
dise is first sold . . . in the United States” to “a purchaser
not affiliated with the producer or exporter”). Where mer-
chandise is subject to both antidumping and countervailing
duties (“countervailing duties” or “CVD”), Commerce will
increase the export price or constructed export price by “the

1 An “interested party” includes: “a foreign manufac-
turer, producer, or exporter, or the United States importer,
of subject merchandise”; “the government of a country in
which such merchandise is produced or manufactured or
from which such merchandise is exported”; and, “a manu-
facturer, producer, or wholesaler in the United States of a
domestic like product.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9)(A)–(C).
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CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES 5

amount of any countervailing duty imposed on the subject
merchandise . . . to offset an export subsidy[.]”
19 U.S.C.§ 1677a(c)(1)(C); see id. § 1671(a)(1) (providing
that countervailing duties may be imposed on imported
merchandise to countervail subsidies provided by, e.g., the
government of the exporting country, for “the manufacture,
production, or export of” that merchandise). If Commerce
finds that the exporting country is a “nonmarket economy”
(“NME”) country 2 and “that available information does not
permit the normal value of the subject merchandise to be
determined under [§ 1677b(a)],” then Commerce calculates
the normal value using surrogate values for the “factors of
production” in a comparable “market economy country.”
Id. § 1677b(c)(1).
II. Procedural History
A. The AD and CVD Orders
In December 2013, SolarWorld, “a domestic producer of
solar cells and panels,” filed “antidumping [and counter-
vailing] duty . . . petition[s] concerning imports of certain
crystalline silicon photovoltaic products” from the PRC,
then Commerce initiated antidumping and countervailing
duty investigations in response. Certain Crystalline Sili-
con Photovoltaic Products From the People’s Republic of
China and Taiwan, 79 Fed. Reg. 4,661, 4,661 (Dep’t of
Commerce Jan. 29, 2014) (initiation of antidumping duty

2 An NME country is “any foreign country that [Com-
merce] determines does not operate on market principles of
cost or pricing structures, so that sales of merchandise in
such country do not reflect the fair value of the merchan-
dise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(18)(A). Commerce considers the
PRC to be an NME country. Certain Crystalline Silicon
Photovoltaic Products From the People’s Republic of China,
82 Fed. Reg. 12,793, 12,795 (Dep’t of Commerce Mar. 7,
2017) (preliminary results) (“Preliminary Results”).
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investigations); see Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic
Products From the People’s Republic of China, 79 Fed. Reg.
4,667, 4,668 (Dep’t of Commerce Jan. 29, 2014) (initiation
of countervailing duty investigation) (similar). Trina was
a mandatory respondent in the CVD investigation proceed-
ings. See Countervailing Duty Investigation of Certain
Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products From the People’s
Republic of China, 79 Fed. Reg. 76,962, 76,963 (Dep’t of
Commerce Dec. 23, 2014) (final affirmative countervailing
duty determination) (“Final CVD Determination”).
In calculating Trina’s countervailing duty rate, Com-
merce found various “[p]rograms . . . to be countervailable,”
Issues & Decisions Mem., Certain Crystalline Silicon Pho-
tovoltaic Products From the People’s Republic of China, C-
570-011, Investigation at 16 (Dec. 15, 2014), https://en-
forcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/2014-30071-1.pdf
(adopted in Final CVD Determination, 79 Fed. Reg. 76,962)
(“Final CVD I&D Mem.”), among them, “Export Buyer’s
Credits,” as “[e]xport [c]redit [s]ubsidies” (“Ex-Im Bank
Buyer’s Credit Program”) provided by the Export-Import
Bank of China (“Ex-Im Bank”), id. at 30. Commerce ex-
plained that, “through this program, the [Ex-Im Bank] pro-
vides loans at preferential rates for the purchase of
exported goods from the PRC.” Id.; see id. at 94 (“[W]here
we have found that such export buyer’s credits have been
used [by buyers], we have consistently found such financ-
ing to be countervailable as a subsidy benefitting the ex-
porter”). While Trina had reported that it had not used the
Ex-Im Bank Buyer’s Credit Program, see id. at 94, Com-
merce “was not able to verify [Trina’s] reported non-use . . .
during verification with the [Government of China],” id. at
30. Commerce, accordingly, “rel[ied] upon [adverse facts
available (‘AFA’)]” to determine that “Trina . . . used [the]
program during the [period of investigation].” Id.; see 19
U.S.C. §§ 1677e(a)(2)(A) (providing for “[d]eterminations
[made] on [the] basis of facts available” where an “inter-
ested party . . . withholds [requested] information”),
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CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES 7

1677e(b)(1) (providing for the use of “[a]dverse inferences”
“in selecting from among the facts otherwise available”
where Commerce “finds that an interested party has failed
to cooperate . . . to the best of its ability”). Commerce con-
cluded that Trina had “benefited from this program at [a]
rate of 10.54 percent ad valorem, the highest rate deter-
mined for a similar program in a prior PRC proceeding.”
Final CVD I&D Mem. 16.
In February 2015, Commerce issued antidumping and
countervailing duty orders covering “certain crystalline sil-
icon photovoltaic products,” specifically, “modules, lami-
nates and/or panels consisting of crystalline silicon
photovoltaic cells, whether or not partially or fully assem-
bled into other products, including building integrated ma-
terials.” Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products
From the People’s Republic of China, 80 Fed. Reg. 8,592,
8,592 (Dep’t of Commerce Feb. 18, 2015) (antidumping
duty order and amended final affirmative countervailing
duty determination and countervailing duty order) (“AD
and CVD Orders”). 3

3 The AD and CVD Orders discussed here are dis-
tinct from and in addition to the 2012 AD and CVD orders
on “crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not as-
sembled into modules, laminates, and/or panels, from the
PRC.” AD and CVD Orders, 80 Fed. Reg. at 8,593 (footnote
omitted); see Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells,
Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, From the People’s
Republic of China, 77 Fed. Reg. 73,018 (Dep’t of Commerce
Dec. 7, 2012) (amended final determination of sales at less
than fair value, and antidumping duty order); Crystalline
Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into
Modules, From the People’s Republic of China, 77 Fed. Reg.
73,017 (Dep’t of Commerce Dec. 7, 2012) (countervailing
duty order).
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B. The First Administrative Review
In February 2016, Commerce filed notice of the oppor-
tunity to request administrative review of the AD and CVD
Orders. Opportunity to Request Administrative Review, 81
Fed. Reg. 5,712, 5,713 (Dep’t of Commerce Feb. 3, 2016);
see 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(1); 19 C.F.R. § 351.213. Commerce
received multiple requests for review. J.A. 6562 (Prelimi-
nary I&D Mem.). Commerce initiated the AD Order’s first
administrative review, covering the period of review of July
31, 2014, through January 31, 2016. Initiation of Anti-
dumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Re-
views, 81 Fed. Reg. 20,324, 20,324 (Dep’t of Commerce
Apr. 7, 2016). Commerce selected Trina as the sole man-
datory respondent. J.A. 6562. Having been the petitioner
in the original AD and CVD investigations, SolarWorld
participated as an interested party. J.A. 6563.
In March 2017, Commerce issued its preliminary re-
sults. See Preliminary Results, 82 Fed. Reg. at 12,794; see
J.A. 6561–87 (Preliminary I&D Mem.). Commerce de-
clined to increase Trina’s export price “by the amount of
any countervailing duty imposed to offset an export sub-
sidy.” J.A. 6586. Commerce explained that, “[a]s a result
of noncooperation by the Government of China in the com-
panion CVD investigation,” Commerce had relied on AFA
to “determine[] that Trina benefited from the Export
Buyer’s Credits Program,” and, as such, “did not deter-
mine” whether “the program in question was export contin-
gent.” J.A. 6586. “Without a determination in the
companion CVD investigation that this program provides
an export subsidy,” Commerce concluded it was inappropri-
ate to offset Trina’s export price by the amount of the coun-
tervailing duty imposed. J.A. 6586. Further, because
“[Commerce] considers the PRC to be an NME country,”
J.A. 6567, Commerce selected Thailand as a surrogate
market economy country to provide surrogate values to cal-
culate Trina’s normal value, J.A. 6575; see also 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677b(c)(1) (providing for the use of surrogate values to
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calculate normal value for NME respondents). Commerce
valued Trina’s module glass input using Harmonized Tariff
Schedule (“HTS”) Subheading 7007.19.90000 (covering
“Toughened (Tempered) Safety Glass, Not Suitable For In-
corporation In Vehicles, Aircraft, Spacecraft Or Vessels;
Other”). J.A. 140 (Final I&D Mem.).
In July 2017, Commerce issued its Final Results.
82 Fed. Reg. at 32,170; see J.A. 113–56 (Final I&D Mem.).
Commerce calculated a 9.61 percent weighted average
dumping margin for Trina. Final Results, 82 Fed. Reg. at
32,171. Consistent with the Preliminary Results, Com-
merce declined to offset Trina’s export price by any coun-
tervailed export subsidy. J.A. 121. Commerce explained
that it “did not make a determination in the [companion]
CVD investigation . . . that the [Ex-Im Bank] Buyer’s
Credit Program was an export subsidy,” because it had re-
lied on AFA to countervail the program. J.A. 121. For
Trina’s normal value, Commerce “continued to value
Trina’s module glass using Thai imports of tempered glass
classified under HTS [Subheading] 7007.19.90000[.]” J.A.
141. Commerce rejected SolarWorld’s argument that
“Trina’s module glass should be valued using HTS [Sub-
heading] 7007.29.90 (i.e., Laminated safety glass: Other;
Other),” because “laminated glass is ‘made in sandwich
form, with one or more interlayers of plastics between two
or more sheets of glass,’” J.A. 141 (quoting WCO EN
7007.29.90), and there was “no record evidence of addi-
tional working [of Trina’s module glass] that would result
in glass comparable to laminated glass,” J.A. 142.
Both SolarWorld and Trina filed suit against the Gov-
ernment in the CIT, challenging Commerce’s Final Results
as unsupported by substantial evidence and contrary to
law. Trina I, 359 F. Supp. 3d at 1331. On the offset issue,
the CIT remanded to Commerce, concluding that “Com-
merce’s decision to not offset the Ex-Im Bank Buyer’s
Credit Program [wa]s contrary to law[.]” Id. at 1332. The
CIT reasoned that, because AFA “does not obviate the need
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10 CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES

for Commerce to affirmatively find that the elements of the
statute have been satisfied,” Commerce must have “neces-
sarily found that the [Ex-Im Bank] [B]uyer’s [C]redit
[P]rogram was an export subsidy,” and, therefore, “Com-
merce’s decision to deny an offset for the countervailing du-
ties imposed” as a result of the Ex-Im Bank Buyer’s Credit
Program “is contrary to law[.]” Id. at 1339. The CIT “di-
rected [Commerce] to recalculate Trina’s [export] prices to
account for the offset[.]” Id. at 1332. On the valuation of
Trina’s inputs, the CIT “sustain[ed] Commerce’s selection
of surrogate values for,” inter alia, “module glass” as sup-
ported by substantial evidence. Id. The CIT explained that
“Commerce [had] reasonably determined that [Thai] im-
port data under HTS [S]ubheading 7007.19.90000 consti-
tute[d] the best available information with which to value
[that] input.” Id. at 1336; see 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1)
(providing that Commerce’s surrogate value determina-
tions must “be based on the best available information re-
garding the values of [relevant] factors in a market
economy country or countries”).
“In accordance with [Trina I],” Commerce, “under re-
spectful protest, increased Trina’s [export] price[] by the
amount countervailed” based on the Ex-Im Bank Buyer’s
Credit Program subsidy “in the most recently completed
segment of the corresponding [CVD] proceeding.”
J.A. 6764–65 (citing Final CVD Determination, 79 Fed.
Reg. 76,962); see Viraj Grp., Ltd. v. United States, 343 F.3d
1371, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (explaining that Commerce
may “adopt[] under protest a contrary position forced upon
it by the [CIT]” and subsequently appeal that position to
this court). Commerce maintained that, while it had
“properly determined not to grant Trina an offset to its [ex-
port] prices for the countervailed . . . Ex-Im Bank Buyer’s
Credit Program,” it nonetheless “compl[ied] with the
[CIT’s] direction” and “increased Trina’s [export] price[.]”
J.A. 6769. As a result, Trina’s weighted average dumping
margin was reduced to 3.42 percent. J.A. 6770. The CIT
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CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES 11

sustained Commerce’s Remand Redetermination. See
Trina II, 393 F. Supp. 3d at 1251.
DISCUSSION
SolarWorld argues that: (1) the CIT “erred in sustain-
ing Commerce’s [Remand Redetermination]—made under
protest—to offset Trina’s [export] price to account for the
countervailed” Ex-Im Bank Buyer’s Credit Program, Ap-
pellant’s Br. 19 (capitalization normalized); and (2) the CIT
“improperly deferred” to Commerce when it “sustain[ed]
Commerce’s decision to apply Thai HTS [Subheading]
7007.19.90000 to Trina’s solar [module] glass,” id. at 31.
We address each argument in turn.
I. Standard of Review
We “apply . . . the same standard” of review as the CIT,
Downhole Pipe & Equip., L.P. v. United States, 776 F.3d
1369, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted), upholding Commerce’s determinations if
they are supported “by substantial evidence on the record”
and otherwise “in accordance with law,” 19 U.S.C.
§ 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). “Although we review the decisions of
the CIT de novo, we give great weight to the informed opin-
ion of the CIT and it is nearly always the starting point of
our analysis.” Nan Ya Plastics Corp. v. United States, 810
F.3d 1333, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks,
alterations, and citation omitted).
We review Commerce’s “statutory interpretations as to
the appropriate methodology” under Chevron U.S.A., Inc.
v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). Pes-
quera Mares Australes Ltda. v. United States, 266 F.3d
1372, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2001). If “Congress has directly spo-
ken to the precise question at issue,” then “that is the end
of the matter; for the court, as well as the agency, must give
effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress.”
Wheatland Tube Co. v. United States, 495 F.3d 1355, 1359
(Fed. Cir. 2007) (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842–43). “In
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order to determine whether a statute clearly shows the in-
tent of Congress . . . , we employ traditional tools of statu-
tory construction and examine the statute’s text, structure,
and legislative history, and apply the relevant canons of
interpretation.” Kyocera Solar, Inc. v. U.S. Int’l Trade
Comm’n, 844 F.3d 1334, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). If, however, “the
statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific
issue,” we evaluate whether Commerce’s interpretation is
reasonable. Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843. The agency’s con-
struction need not be the only reasonable interpretation or
even the most reasonable interpretation. See Zenith Radio
Corp. v. United States, 437 U.S. 443, 450 (1978).
We review Commerce’s findings of fact for substantial
evidence. See SolarWorld Ams., Inc. v. United States, 910
F.3d 1216, 1222 (Fed. Cir. 2018). Substantial evidence is
“more than a mere scintilla”; rather it is such “evidence
that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to sup-
port a conclusion.” Downhole Pipe, 776 F.3d at 1374 (inter-
nal quotation marks and citations omitted). “We look to
the record as a whole, including evidence that supports as
well as evidence that fairly detracts from the substantiality
of the evidence.” SolarWorld, 910 F.3d at 1222 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).
II. Export Subsidy Offset
A. Legal Standard
If imported merchandise is subject to both antidump-
ing and countervailing duties, Commerce “shall,” when cal-
culating a respondent’s antidumping duty rate, “increase[]”
the respondent’s “export price” or “constructed export
price” by “the amount of any countervailing duty im-
posed . . . to offset an export subsidy[.]” 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677a(c)(1)(C). Commerce may impose countervailing
duties when it “determines that the government of a coun-
try or any public entity within the territory of a country is
providing, directly or indirectly, a countervailable subsidy”
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for “the manufacture, production, or export of” the subject
merchandise. Id. § 1671(a)(1); see id. § 1677(5) (providing
that a “countervailable subsidy” is a “financial contribu-
tion,” “income or price support,” or “funding mechanism”
provided by “an authority,” such as a government, “to a per-
son” with “a benefit . . . thereby conferred”). To be counter-
vailable, a subsidy must be “specific.” Id. § 1677(5)(A). To
be “specific” a subsidy must be “an export subsidy,” “an im-
port substitution subsidy,” or one of certain “domestic sub-
sid[ies].” Id. § 1677(5A)(A). “An export subsidy is a subsidy
that is, in law or in fact, contingent upon export perfor-
mance, alone or as [one] of [two] or more conditions.” Id.
§ 1677(5A)(B); see 19 C.F.R. § 351.514(a) (explaining that
“a subsidy” is “contingent upon export performance if the
provision of the subsidy is, in law or in fact, tied to actual
or anticipated exportation or export earnings, alone or as
one of two or more conditions”).
If Commerce finds, in the course of an investigation or
review, that “necessary information is not available on the
record” or “an interested party or any other person . . .
withholds information that has been requested by [Com-
merce],” “fails to provide such information by the dead-
lines . . . or in the form and manner requested,”
“significantly impedes a proceeding,” or “provides such in-
formation but the information cannot be verified,” then
Commerce is permitted to use “facts otherwise available”
in making its determinations. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(A)–
(D); see 19 C.F.R. § 351.308 (providing for “[d]etermina-
tions on the basis of facts available”). If Commerce further
finds a respondent has “failed to cooperate by not acting to
the best of its ability to comply with a request for infor-
mation,” then it “may use an inference that is adverse to
the interests of that party in selecting from among the facts
otherwise available” (that is, AFA). 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b);
see 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(a) (similar). In selecting AFA,
Commerce may use information from the petition, investi-
gation, prior administrative reviews, or “any other
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14 CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES

information placed on the record.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b); see
id. § 1677e(b)(2) (providing a list of “[p]otential sources of
information for adverse inferences”); 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(c)
(similar); Gallant Ocean (Thail.) Co. v. United States, 602
F.3d 1319, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (providing that, “in the
case of uncooperative respondents,” Commerce has discre-
tion to “select from a list of secondary sources as a basis for
its adverse inferences”). When Commerce “relies on sec-
ondary information rather than on information obtained in
the course of an investigation or review,” it “shall, to the
extent practicable, corroborate that information from inde-
pendent sources that are reasonably at [its] disposal.” 19
U.S.C. § 1677e(c); see 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(d) (providing for
the “[c]orroboration of secondary information” “to the ex-
tent practicable” and providing a non-exclusive list of “in-
dependent sources that are reasonably at [Commerce’s]
disposal”).
B. Commerce’s Decision to Not Offset Trina’s Export Price
Is Contrary to Law
In its Final Results, Commerce declined to increase
Trina’s export price by the amount countervailed to offset
the Ex-Im Bank Buyer Credit Program. J.A. 121. Com-
merce explained that such an increase was improper be-
cause Commerce “did not make a determination in the
[companion] CVD investigation . . . that the [Ex-Im Bank]
Buyer’s Credit Program was an export subsidy” because it
had relied on AFA to countervail the program. J.A. 121.
The CIT remanded to Commerce, concluding that “Com-
merce’s refusal to offset the CVDs imposed is contrary to
law because Commerce necessarily determined that the
[Ex-Im Bank] [B]uyer’s [C]redit [P]rogram was an export
subsidy in the [companion] CVD investigation.” Trina I,
359 F. Supp. 3d at 1337. The CIT “directed [Commerce] to
recalculate Trina’s [export] prices to account for the off-
set[.]” Id. at 1332. On remand, Commerce, “under respect-
ful protest, increased Trina’s [export] price[] by the amount
countervailed” as a result of the Ex-Im Bank Buyer’s Credit
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CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES 15

Program. J.A. 6764–65. The CIT sustained Commerce’s
Remand Redetermination. Trina II, 393 F. Supp. 3d at
1251. SolarWorld asserts that “[t]he CIT erred in ordering
Commerce to offset Trina’s [export] price to account for the
countervailed Ex-Im [Bank] Buyer’s Credit Program,” Ap-
pellant’s Br. 17, and in “sustaining Commerce’s decision
[as] made under protest,” id. at 19. 4 We disagree with So-
larWorld.
Commerce’s decision to not increase Trina’s export
price by the amount countervailed for the Ex-Im Bank
Buyer’s Credit Program is contrary to law. Where, as here,
merchandise is subject to both antidumping and counter-
vailing duties during the period of review, Commerce
“shall,” when calculating a respondent’s antidumping duty
rate, “increase[]” the respondent’s “export price” or “con-
structed export price” by “the amount of any countervailing
duty imposed . . . to offset an export subsidy[.]” 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677a(c)(1)(C); see AD and CVD Orders, 80 Fed. Reg. at
8,592 (providing that Trina’s merchandise is subject to an-
tidumping and countervailing duties). As such, when cal-
culating Trina’s antidumping duty rate, Commerce was
required to increase Trina’s export price by any counter-
vailing duty imposed in the companion CVD investigation
to offset an export subsidy. See Lexecon Inc. v. Milberg
Weiss Bershad Hynes & Lerach, 523 U.S. 26, 35 (1998) (ex-
plaining that “shall” generally creates “an obligation im-
pervious to judicial discretion” (citing Anderson v.
Yungkau, 329 U.S. 482, 485 (1947))).

4 While Commerce issued its Remand Redetermina-
tion under respectful protest, J.A. 6764–70; see Viraj, 343
F.3d at 1376 (providing that the Government may appeal
Commerce’s determinations made under protest), the Gov-
ernment does “not appeal” the CIT’s reversal of this policy
and “do[es] not address the issue substantively in [its]
brief,” Gov’t’s Br. 7 n.1.
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16 CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES

Here, Commerce failed to increase Trina’s export price
by a countervailing duty imposed to offset an export sub-
sidy. In the companion CVD investigation, Commerce first
determined that the Ex-Im Bank Buyer’s Credit Program
was countervailable as an export subsidy. Commerce de-
scribed the program as providing “[e]xport [c]redit [s]ubsi-
dies,” explaining that “[t]hrough th[e] program, the [Ex-Im
Bank] provides loans at preferential rates for the purchase
of exported goods from the PRC.” Final CVD I&D Mem.
30; see 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(B) (“An export subsidy is a
subsidy that is, in law or in fact, contingent upon export
performance, alone or as [one] of [two] or more condi-
tions.”). Next, “[un]able to verify [Trina’s] reported non-
use of [the program],” Commerce resorted to AFA to deter-
mine that Trina had “used [the] program during the [period
of investigation].” Final CVD I&D Mem. 30. Commerce,
accordingly, imposed a countervailing duty on Trina’s mer-
chandise to offset the Ex-Im Bank Buyer’s Credit Program.
See id. at 16. Having determined that the Ex-Im Bank
Buyer’s Credit Program was an export subsidy and im-
posed a countervailing duty on Trina’s merchandise as a
result, Commerce was required to increase Trina’s export
price by the offset. Commerce’s decision to do otherwise
was contrary to law. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(C) (provid-
ing that a respondent’s “export price shall be[] increased
by . . . the amount of any countervailing duty imposed on
the subject merchandise . . . to offset an export subsidy”);
Kyocera Solar, 844 F.3d at 1338 (explaining that, where
“‘Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at
issue[,]’ . . . our inquiry ends, for we ‘give effect to the un-
ambiguously expressed intent of Congress.’” (quoting Chev-
ron, 467 U.S. at 842–43)).
Commerce’s reasoning that, because its “determination
to countervail the [Ex-Im Bank Buyer’s Credit Program]
was based on [AFA],” it “[had] not” actually “ma[d]e a de-
termination that the program . . . was [an export subsidy]”
and, therefore, was not required to offset it, J.A. 121–22, is
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CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES 17

incorrect. AFA allows Commerce to “reach[]” a “determi-
nation” on an incomplete record. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a); see
id. § 1677e(b)(2) (providing “[p]otential sources of infor-
mation for adverse inferences”). It does not obviate Com-
merce’s obligation to make “the applicable determination.”
Id. § 1677e(a); see id. § 1671(a)(1) (providing that Com-
merce must “determine[] that” an exporter or producer is
receiving “a countervailable subsidy” before imposing coun-
tervailing duties). Nor does it obviate Commerce’s obliga-
tion to support any such determinations “[with] substantial
evidence.” Id. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i); see id. § 1677e(c) (requir-
ing that Commerce, “to the extent practicable, corroborate
that information from independent sources that are rea-
sonably at their disposal”); Gallant Ocean, 602 F.3d at 1325
(vacating and remanding Commerce’s AFA duty rate cal-
culation as unsupported by substantial evidence);
Dongguan Sunrise Furniture Co. v. United States, 931 F.
Supp. 2d 1346, 1350 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2013) (“[E]ven an AFA
rate must be supported by substantial evidence.” (citation
omitted)). Before imposing a countervailing duty, Com-
merce must necessarily determine that a subsidy is “spe-
cific”—that it is an “export subsidy,” “import substitution
subsidy,” or a “[d]omestic subsidy” meeting certain require-
ments, 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)—even if it must use AFA to do
so, id. § 1677e (providing that Commerce may “use the
facts otherwise available in reaching the applicable deter-
mination”). Otherwise, Commerce cannot impose a coun-
tervailing duty to offset that subsidy. Id. §§ 1671(a)(1)
(providing that Commerce may impose countervailing du-
ties only where it “determines that the government of a
country or any public entity within the territory of a coun-
try is providing, directly or indirectly, a countervailable
subsidy”), 1677(5)(A) (providing that, to be countervailable,
a subsidy must be “specific”). Accordingly, Commerce’s de-
cision to not offset Trina’s export price, based on its reli-
ance on AFA to countervail the Ex-Im Bank Buyer’s Credit
Program, is contrary to law.
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18 CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES

SolarWorld’s counterarguments are unpersuasive.
First, SolarWorld argues that, because the term “export
subsidy” in 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(C) is ambiguous, the
CIT should have deferred to Commerce’s reasonable inter-
pretation of that term—that “export subsidy . . . exclude[s]
AFA determinations[.]” Appellant’s Br. 26 (capitalization
normalized). This argument is without merit. The term
“export subsidy” is not ambiguous as to whether it includes
determinations made using AFA. On its face, it covers all
export subsidy determinations. See 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677(5A)(B) (defining “export subsidy” as “a subsidy that
is, in law or in fact, contingent upon export performance,
alone or as [one] of [two] or more conditions”). Moreover,
Commerce did not offer an interpretation of “export sub-
sidy” in either its Final Results, see J.A. 121–22, or its Re-
mand Redetermination, see J.A. 6764–70. Commerce
concluded only that, by resorting to AFA, it “[had] not de-
termine[d]” whether “the subsidies in question were export
subsidies” within the statutory definition and “as required
for an offset under [19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(C)].” J.A. 121–
22; see J.A. 122 n.16 (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(B) with-
out comment). At best, SolarWorld’s argued interpretation
of “export subsidy” comes from the Government’s briefing
before the CIT. See Def.’s Resp. Br. Opp’n Rule 56.2 Mots.
J. Agency R. at 23–25, Changzhou Trina Solar Energy Co.
v. United States, CIT Consol. No. 17-cv-00199-CRK (June
7, 2018), ECF No. 38 (arguing that, because the term “ex-
port subsidy” is ambiguous and “does not require that
Trina’s [export] price be adjusted,” Commerce’s “interpre-
tation” of 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(C) should be deferred to
as “reasonable”). Even if the term “export subsidy” were
ambiguous, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(B) (expressly defining
“export subsidy”), we do not apply Chevron “to an agency
counsel’s interpretation of a statute,” much less a defend-
ant-intervenor’s, “where the agency itself has articulated
no position on the question,” Bowen v. Georgetown Univ.
Hosp., 488 U.S. 204, 212 (1988).
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CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES 19

Second, SolarWorld argues that we should give Auer
deference to Commerce’s interpretation of the Final CVD
I&D Mem.—erroneously calling it the “CVD Order”—as
“apply[ing] AFA in finding the Ex-Im [Bank] Buyer’s
Credit Program was an export subsidy.” Appellant’s Br. 20
(citing Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 461 (1997); Diamond
Sawblades Mfrs. Coal. v. Hyosung D&P Co., 809 F.3d 626,
630 (Fed Cir. 2015)). This argument is irrelevant. Here,
as SolarWorld concedes, Commerce has determined that
the Ex-Im Bank Buyer’s Credit Program was an
“[e]xport[] . . . [s]ubsid[y],” because it “provides loans at
preferential rates for the purchase of exported goods from
the PRC.” Final CVD I&D Mem. 30; see Appellant’s Br. 20
(arguing that Commerce “f[ound] the Ex-Im [Bank] Buyer’s
Credit Program was an export subsidy” (capitalization nor-
malized)). As discussed above, whether Commerce used
AFA to reach that determination is immaterial. See 19
U.S.C. §§ 1671(a)(1), 1677a(c)(1)(C), 1677e(a).
Third, SolarWorld argues that “providing . . . an offset
would inappropriately reward noncompliance with Com-
merce’s request for information[]” from the Government of
China in the CVD investigation, “eliminating any incentive
for the [Government of China] to cooperate in future CVD
investigations of this key subsidy program.” Appellant’s
Br. 18. SolarWorld neglects the fact that AFA was already
applied to increase Trina’s countervailing duty rate. See
Final CVD I&D Mem. 16, 94; see also Dupont Teijin Films
USA, LP v. United States, 273 F. Supp. 2d 1347, 1349 n.4
(2003) (explaining that “[t]he basic economic theory behind
[19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(1)(C)]” is that the any “export sub-
sidy” received directly “contribute[s] to lower-priced sales
of subject merchandise . . . by the amount of [that] subsidy.
The offset is designed to prevent the double application of
duties when the subsidies and dumping are related.”). Fur-
ther, SolarWorld’s argument misapprehends the nature of
AFA. See F.lli De Cecco Di Filippo Fara S. Martino S.p.A.
v. United States, 216 F.3d 1027, 1032 (Fed. Cir. 2000)
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20 CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES

(explaining that AFA “is to provide respondents with an in-
centive to cooperate, not to impose punitive, aberrational,
or uncorroborated margins”). Accordingly, Commerce’s de-
cision to not offset Trina’s export price is contrary to law.
See Wheatland Tube, 495 F.3d at 1359 (“If the intent of
Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the
court, as well as the agency, must give effect to the unam-
biguously expressed intent of Congress.” (quoting Chevron,
467 U.S. at 842–43)).
III. Surrogate Value Selection
A. Legal Standard
Where, as here, the exporting country has a non-mar-
ket economy, see Preliminary Results, 82 Fed. Reg. at
12,795, Commerce calculates the normal value for a re-
spondent’s subject merchandise using surrogate values
from a comparable market economy country, see 19 U.S.C.
§ 1677b(c)(1), (4). In selecting surrogate values, Commerce
“attempts to construct a hypothetical market value of [the
subject merchandise] in the [NME].” Downhole Pipe, 776
F.3d at 1375 (internal quotation marks, alterations, and ci-
tation omitted).
Commerce’s surrogate value determinations must “be
based on the best available information regarding the val-
ues of [relevant] factors in a market economy country or
countries.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1); see id. § 1677b(a)
(providing that Commerce constructs the “normal value”
“to achieve a fair comparison with the export price”). “Com-
merce has broad discretion to determine” what constitutes
“the best available information,” as this term “is not de-
fined by statute.” QVD Food Co. v. United States, 658 F.3d
1318, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Commerce “generally selects,
to the extent practicable, surrogate values that are publicly
available, are product-specific, reflect a broad market av-
erage, and are contemporaneous with the period of review.”
Qingdao Sea–Line Trading Co. v. United States, 766 F.3d
1378, 1386 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (footnote omitted).
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CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES 21

B. Commerce’s Surrogate Value Selection for Trina’s
Module Glass Is Supported by Substantial Evidence
In its Final Results, Commerce “value[d] Trina’s mod-
ule glass using Thai imports of tempered glass classified
under HTS [Subheading] 7007.19.90000,” J.A. 141; see
J.A. 140 (providing that Thai HTS Subheading
7007.19.90000 “Toughened (Tempered) Safety Glass, Not
Suitable For Incorporation In Vehicles, Aircraft, Spacecraft
Or Vessels; Other”). Specifically, Commerce found, based
on “an examination of record information and Trina’s [sub-
missions]” in the course of administrative review, that
“Trina’s module glass” was “tempered.” J.A. 141. Pre-
sented with Thai import data for HTS Subhead-
ing 7007.19.90000 (“tempered/safety glass”), HTS
Subheading 7007.19.90001 (“float glass”), and HTS Sub-
heading 7007.29.90 (“laminated safety glass”), Commerce
concluded that “Trina’s module glass [wa]s appropriately
valued using Thai HTS [Subheading] 7007.19.90000.”
J.A. 141. The CIT sustained this determination as sup-
ported by substantial evidence. See Trina I, 359 F. Supp.
3d at 1336. SolarWorld argues that “Commerce’s determi-
nation to use Thai HTS [Subheading] 7007.19.90000 to
value Trina’s solar glass was not supported by substantial
evidence.” Appellant’s Br. 31 (capitalization normalized).
SolarWorld asserts that “[r]ecord evidence . . . makes clear
that[,] in addition to being tempered, Trina’s solar module
glass also undergoes additional processing” that “impart[s]
extreme durability to the glass,” leaving “Thai HTS [Sub-
heading] 7007.29.90 . . . the only HTS number that re-
flects” that processing. Id. at 34–35; see J.A. 141 (providing
that HTS Subheading 7007.29.90 covers “Laminated safety
glass: Other; Other”). We disagree with SolarWorld.
Substantial evidence supports Commerce’s decision to
value Trina’s module glass using Thai imports of tempered
glass classified under HTS Subheading 7007.19.90000. In
its submissions to Commerce, Trina described its module
glass as “tempered.” J.A. 46–47 (Trina’s Third
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22 CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES

Supplemental Questionnaire Response) (providing that
“both [its] coated glass and tempered glass” are “tem-
pered”); see J.A. 5550 (Trina’s Section A Questionnaire Re-
sponse) (providing Trina advertising material describing
Trina’s module glass as “[anti-reflective] coated tempered
glass”), 5713 (Trina’s First Supplemental Questionnaire
Response) (explaining that Trina’s “tempered glass” is
“float glass” rather than “rolled glass”). Further, Com-
merce, examining Trina’s publicly available data, found
that the “only glass referred to there [was] tempered glass.”
J.A. 46. Examination of other producers’ publicly available
data indicated use of “tempered glass” with “antireflection
surface treatment” and “extremely durable” “front glaz-
ing,” in some cases “us[ing] a polymer film (plastic) as the
front sheet.” J.A. 46–47. Trina confirmed that there was
no “significant difference between the glass referred to in”
the publicly available information and “the glass Trina con-
sumed during the [period of review] to produce the subject
merchandise.” J.A. 47. On this basis, Commerce conclude
that “Trina’s module glass [wa]s appropriately valued” us-
ing data for “Thai imports of tempered glass classified un-
der HTS [Subheading] 7007.19.90000.” J.A. 141; see
Qingdao Sea–Line, 766 F.3d at 1386 (providing that “Com-
merce generally selects, to the extent practicable, surro-
gate values that are,” inter alia, “product-specific”). As
such, Commerce’s use of Thai tempered glass data to value
Trina’s tempered module glass is supported by substantial
evidence. See Downhole Pipe, 776 F.3d at 1374 (providing
that substantial evidence is such evidence as a “reasonable
mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion”
(citing Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197,
229 (1938)).
SolarWorld’s counterarguments are unpersuasive.
First, SolarWorld argues that “Commerce failed to use the
‘best available information’ to value Trina’s solar glass,” be-
cause “Commerce valued Trina’s coated, tempered glass
using Thai imports of standard tempered glass[.]”
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CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES 23

Appellant’s Br. 31 (emphasis omitted). This argument mis-
apprehends the “best available evidence” standard. “The
data on which Commerce relies to value inputs must be the
‘best available information,’ but there is no requirement
that the data be perfect.” Home Meridian Int’l, Inc. v.
United States, 772 F.3d 1289, 1296 (Fed. Cir. 2014). The
fact that Trina’s tempered glass has a coating does not pre-
clude the conclusion that Thai import data for tempered
glass is the best available information on the record to
value it. See Nation Ford Chem. Co. v. United States, 166
F.3d 1373, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (“The ‘best available infor-
mation’ . . . may constitute information from the surrogate
country that is directly analogous to the production experi-
ence of the NME producer . . . or it may not.”); see also So-
larWorld, 910 F.3d at 1223 (explaining that, in selecting
surrogate values, “Commerce is not required to engage in
a classification analysis but instead is required to deter-
mine which of the competing subheadings constituted the
best available information” (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted)).
Second, SolarWorld argues that, “[b]ecause Commerce
did not consider evidence that detracts from its conclusion,”
specifically, “[record] evidence indicating that Trina’s glass
[is laminated glass],” Commerce’s decision is “not sup-
ported by substantial evidence.” Appellant’s Br. 35. This
argument is premised on a misreading of Commerce’s de-
termination. Commerce “disagree[d] with [SolarWorld’s]
suggestion that Trina’s module glass should be valued” as
“[l]aminated safety glass” using Thai “HTS [Subheading]
7007.29.90[.]” J.A. 141. Commerce explained that, while
“laminated glass is ‘made in sandwich form, with one or
more interlayers of plastics between two or more sheets of
glass,’” J.A. 141 (quoting WCO EN 7007.29.90), SolarWorld
could only point to evidence that “Trina’s module glass” had
potentially “undergone additional working such as surface
treatments and glazing,” not “additional working that
would result in . . . laminated glass . . . made of multiple
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24 CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY v. UNITED STATES

layers of plastic and glass,” J.A. 142. On appeal, Solar-
World does not challenge Commerce’s definition of lami-
nated glass or point to missed evidence; rather, SolarWorld
proffers the same rejected evidence, compare Appellant’s
Br. 33–34 (arguing that a “datasheet for glass on Trina’s
website refers to . . . [‘c]oated [t]empered [g]ass’” with “‘a
polymer film (plastic) as the front sheet . . . for arrays in
high-impact environments’” and “information from other
module suppliers, indicating that their glass is ‘high-trans-
parency tempered glass with an antireflection surface
treatment’” and “‘front glazing . . . [that] is extremely du-
rable’” (quoting J.A. 46–47 (Trina’s Third Supplemental
Questionnaire Response)), with J.A. 140–42 (summarizing
SolarWorld’s arguments before Commerce as relying on the
same evidence), and “invite[s] [us] to reweigh [it],” Down-
hole Pipe, 776 F.3d at 1376. We decline to do so. See
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. United States, 750 F.2d 927,
936 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (“That [an appellant] can point to evi-
dence of record which detracts from the evidence which
supports the [agency’s] decision and can hypothesize a rea-
sonable basis for a contrary determination is neither sur-
prising nor persuasive.”). Accordingly, substantial
evidence supports Commerce’s decision to value Trina’s
module glass using Thai imports of tempered glass classi-
fied under HTS Subheading 7007.19.90000.
CONCLUSION
We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments
and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons,
the Judgment of the U.S. Court of International Trade is
AFFIRMED