UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
________________________________
)
BRUD ROSSMANN, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 19-2808 (EGS)
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SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION,)
)
Defendant. )
________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff, appearing pro se, has sued the Social Security Administration (“SSA”) to
compel the release of records under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) and the Privacy
Act. See Order, ECF No. 3 (dismissing lawsuit against improperly named individuals). Pending
before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summary
Judgment, ECF No. 10. For the following reasons, the Court grants the motion to dismiss.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Request for Records and Agency Response
On December 8, 2018, plaintiff requested:
1. A schedule of disqualifying income under the SSI program; the
income levels that will disqualify me form SSI benefits.
2. All SSI program information that relates to disqualifying SSI
income or resources.
3. All medical and other records related to my SSI program status;
including without limitation.
4. All records related to my denied Plan to Achieve Self Support
(PASS). Social Security Administration.
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Declaration of C.T. Monica Chyn (“Chyn Decl.”), ECF No. 10-1, Exs. A & B. In its response dated
January 8, 2019, defendant provided a website link “[f]or items 1 and 2.” Id., Ex. B. “For item
3,” defendant informed plaintiff that he would need to “visit [his] local Social Security office,”
which it noted “has jurisdiction over the records necessary to process your request.” Id. Plaintiff
was told to “resubmit” his request “to [the] local office” and to take with him on the visit “proper
identification and a copy of this letter.” Id. The letter included information for plaintiff to
“determine the location of [his] nearest local Social Security office[.]” “For item 4,” plaintiff
was told to “contact your area’s PASS cadre,” and was provided [t]heir contact information.”
Id. The letter closed with the following:
If you disagree with this decision, you may file a written appeal
with the Executive Director for the Office of Privacy and
Disclosure, Social Security Administration, G-401 WHR, 6401
Security Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21235. Your appeal must
be postmarked or electronically transmitted to
FOIA.Public.Liaison@ssa.gov within 90 days of the date of our
response to your initial request. Please mark the envelope or
subject line with “Freedom of Information Appeal.”
Id. The SSA has no record of plaintiff having resubmitted his request to a local office, nor of
him filing a written appeal with the Executive Director. Chyn Decl. ¶¶ 7, 8.
B. Court Proceedings
On September 3, 2019, plaintiff filed the instant action, alleging in relevant part:
On June 30, 2017, Sonya Klyburn (phonetic) administered a
medical examination of Brud Rossmann. As a result of this
otherwise truly unusual medical examination, Brud Rossmann was
awarded “medically disabled” status under the SSI program of the
U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA).
The related records from the June 30, 2017 medical examination
have been unlawfully withheld after numerous Brud Rossmann
FOIA, Privacy Act demands extending into from 2018 to 2019.
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At the Federal and D.C. or local levels; under both Federal and
D.C. authorities. Brud Rossmann demands his long denied
government records to include, without limitation, Sonya
Klyburn's June 30, 2017 assessment, her related report, all
reporting by her, and all other persons, including IMA, and without
limitation. . . .
Subsequent repeated FOIA and Privacy Act demands by Brud
Rossmann of the SSA, related agencies, for the report of Klyburn,
related documentation, have been denied.
Compl. ¶¶ 3-5, ECF No. 1.
Plaintiff’s “Causes of Action” are “Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and Privacy Act,
Title 5.” Id. at 11-12. He demands “Ten Million Dollars” in damages and “an Order requiring
the SSA to provide unlawfully withheld documentation to include, without limitation, Klyburn's
assessment.” Id. at 12.
II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK
A. Rule 12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss
On a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1), the
plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that the court has subject-matter jurisdiction. Lujan v.
Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992). “The court must address the issue of
jurisdiction as a threshold matter, because absent jurisdiction the court lacks the authority to
decide the case on any other grounds.” Am. Farm Bureau v. EPA, 121 F. Supp. 2d 84, 91
(D.D.C. 2000). Moreover, because subject-matter jurisdiction relates to the Court’s power to
hear the claim, the Court must give the plaintiff’s factual allegations closer scrutiny when
resolving a Rule 12(b)(1) motion than would be required for a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Uberoi v.
EEOC, 180 F. Supp. 2d 42, 44 (D.D.C. 2001). In resolving a motion to dismiss for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction, the Court “may consider the complaint supplemented by undisputed
facts evidenced in the record, or the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court’s
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resolution of disputed facts.” Coal. for Underground Expansion v. Mineta, 333 F.3d 193, 198
(D.C. Cir. 2003) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
B. Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss
A motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests the legal
sufficiency of a complaint. Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). A
complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is
entitled to relief, in order to give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the
grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quotation
marks omitted). Despite this liberal pleading standard, to survive a motion to dismiss, a
complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that
is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quotation marks omitted).
A claim is facially plausible when the facts pled in the complaint allow the court “to draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. The standard
does not amount to a “probability requirement,” but it does require more than a “sheer possibility
that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id.
The court must give the plaintiff the “benefit of all inferences that can be derived from
the facts alleged,” Kowal v. MCI Commc'ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994),
considering “the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached as exhibits or incorporated
by reference in the complaint, and matters about which the Court may take judicial notice,”
Gustave-Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F. Supp. 2d 191, 196 (D.D.C. 2002). The court need not “accept
inferences drawn by plaintiffs if such inferences are unsupported by the facts set out in the
complaint” or “legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations.” Kowal, 16 F.3d at
1276. Further, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
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conclusory statements” are not sufficient to state a claim. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Only a
complaint that “states a plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss.” Id. at 679.
“In ruling on a motion to dismiss, the Court may consider not only the facts alleged in the
complaint, but also documents attached to or incorporated by reference in the complaint and
documents attached to a motion to dismiss for which no party contests authenticity.” Demissie v.
Starbucks Corporate Office & Headquarters, 19 F. Supp. 3d 321, 324 (D.D.C. 2014). Therefore,
“‘where a document is referred to in the complaint and is central to the plaintiff's claim, such a
document attached to the motion papers may be considered without converting the motion to one
for summary judgment’ . . . ‘Otherwise, a plaintiff with a legally deficient claim could survive a
motion to dismiss simply by failing to attach a dispositive document on which it relied’. . .
Moreover, a document need not be mentioned by name to be considered ‘referred to’ or
‘incorporated by reference’ into the complaint.” Strumsky v. Washington Post Co., 842 F. Supp.
2d 215, 217-18 (D.D.C. 2012) (citations omitted); see also Long v. Safeway, Inc., 842 F. Supp.
2d 141, 144-45 (D.D.C. 2012), aff’d, 483 Fed. App’x. 576 (D.C. Cir. 2012).
If, in deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court relies on matters outside the pleadings,
“the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56,” and “[a]ll parties
must be given a reasonable opportunity to present all the material that is pertinent to the motion.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). Plaintiff was so advised on January 6, 2020. See Order, ECF No. 11
(citing Neal v. Kelly, 963 F.2d 453 (D.C. Cir. 1992)).
III. DISCUSSION
Defendant asserts that dismissal is warranted because plaintiff failed to exhaust his
administrative remedies before filing suit. See Mem., ECF No. 10 at 8-10. The Court agrees.
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An agency subject to the Privacy Act must permit an individual to have access to his
records and an opportunity to correct them. See 5 U.S.C. § 552a(d). The Privacy Act grants
federal courts jurisdiction to compel compliance with the Act and, in the case of willful or
intentional violations, to award damages. See id. § 552a(g). In contrast, an agency’s disclosures
under the FOIA are to the public at large, and the FOIA provides no damages remedy. Rather, it
limits federal courts to compelling the release of improperly withheld records. Those
distinctions notwithstanding, both Acts require requesters to exhaust their administrative
remedies before filing suit. The failure to satisfy this exhaustion requirement “can be a
substantive ground for rejecting a FOIA claim in litigation,” Bayala v. United States Dep't of
Homeland Sec., Office of Gen. Counsel, 827 F.3d 31, 35 (D.C. Cir. 2016), and it is a
jurisdictional barrier to bringing a Privacy Act claim. See Kursar v. Transportation Sec. Admin.,
581 F. Supp. 2d 7, 18 (D.D.C. 2008), aff'd, 442 Fed. App’x 565 (D.C. Cir. 2011), quoting
Mulhern v. Gates, 525 F.Supp.2d 174, 183 (D.D.C.2007) (“ ‘[p]remature Privacy Act suits are
dismissed for lack of subject[-]matter jurisdiction,’ not under the judicial exhaustion doctrine”)
(alterations in original)).
Plaintiff disputes that he failed to exhaust the administrative steps set out in the SSA’s
response to his FOIA/PA request. In his unsworn opposition, plaintiff asserts “contrary to
[defendant’s] Declaration,” he “in fact” wrote the “local SSA Field Office, and visited in person,
to ensure any response information would be provided[.]” Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. (“Opp’n”),
ECF No. 12 at 4. He continues:
As evidenced in Exh. Sec. 5, Brud Rossmann did in fact follow up
with the SSA Field Office to secure a response to this 12 2018
dated FOIA, Privacy Act request. Moreover, Brud Rossmann
repeatedly U.S. mailed the SSA, and then hand delivered to the
SSA Field Office, such correspondence and/or related
correspondence. Exh. Sec. 5. As well known to high or highest
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level SSA officials, ground level officials, and many others. Exh.
Sec. 5.
Id. Plaintiff’s proffered exhibit, set out below in its entirety, is puzzling and yet revealing.
EXHIBIT SECTION 5
SELECT PROOF OF BRUD ROSSMANN'S MAILED, HAND
DELIVERED, OTHERWISE TRANSMITTED 2 2019 DATED
CORRESPONDENCE TO THE SSA FIELD OFFICE
CONSISTENT WITH THE SSA'S HACKED 1 8 2019
DECLARED RESPONSE, AND SOLOMON ABAWI'S 2 2019
HAND-DELIVERY OF CORRESPONDENCE FOR BRUD
ROSSMANN
ECF No. 12-1 at 38. According to plaintiff, the aforementioned Solomon Abawi is a Case
Manager at Miriam’s Kitchen who as “Agent for the D.C. Department of Human Services hand
delivered Brud Rossmann-to-SSA 2 26 2019 dated correspondence at the SSA Field Office in
Washington, D.C. on or about 2 27 2019.” Opp’n at 5. Apart from the fact that plaintiff has
provided neither proof of delivery nor Abawai’s sworn statement, he seemingly admits that he
did not personally visit the local office as instructed. More importantly, notwithstanding
plaintiff’s vague denials, see Opp’n at 2-3, it is reasonably safe to conclude that he received
SSA’s final decision in January 2019, and that he did not appeal the decision administratively
before filing this lawsuit in September 2019. Therefore, plaintiff’s unexhausted Privacy Act
claim is dismissed for want of subject matter jurisdiction.
“The District of Columbia Circuit instructs that ‘[a] FOIA plaintiff’s failure to exhaust
administrative remedies before filing a civil action is properly treated as a failure to state a claim
upon which relief may be granted’ under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).” Mitchell v. Samuels, 160 F.
Supp. 3d 8, 12, n.4 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting Saldana v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 715 F. Supp. 2d
10, 18 (D.D.C. 2010), citing Hidalgo v. FBI, 344 F.3d 1256, 1260 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). Because
exhaustion under the FOIA is not a jurisdictional prerequisite, the “district court has discretion to
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overlook a failure to exhaust if ‘the litigant’s interests in immediate judicial review outweigh the
government’s interests in the efficiency or administrative autonomy that the exhaustion doctrine
is designed to further.’” Khine v. United States Dep't of Homeland Sec., 943 F.3d 959, 968 (D.C.
Cir. 2019) (quoting Avocados Plus Inc. v. Veneman, 370 F.3d 1243, 1247 (D.C. Cir. 2004)).
Plaintiff has offered nothing concrete to excuse his failure to exhaust. “To permit him to ignore
the [SSA’s] directive[s]” would deprive the agency of its “power to correct or rethink initial
misjudgments or errors, . . . and frustrate the policies underlying the exhaustion requirement.”
Hidalgo, 344 F.3d at 1260. Therefore, plaintiff’s FOIA claim is dismissed as well, albeit under
Rule 12(b)(6). 1
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s motion to dismiss is granted. A separate order
accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
SIGNED: EMMET G. SULLIVAN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Date: September 11, 2020
1
In a motion for an enlargement of time filed on January 30, 2020, defendant “advise[d] . . . that, on
January 13, 2020, SSA mailed to Plaintiff via UPS tracking number 1Z61W0660296196626 a copy of the
records Plaintiff has requested in this case.” ECF No. 14 at 1 n.3. It is unclear whether the documents
were released under the Privacy Act or the FOIA. Regardless, to the extent that plaintiff is dissatisfied
with defendant’s record release, see Am. Response, ECF No. 17, the dismissal of this case without
prejudice permits him to bring a new civil action after exhausting his administrative remedies.
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