NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 20-1154
A.J.; K.J.,
Appellants
v.
LANCASTER COUNTY; CRYSTAL A. NATAN, Exec Director;
ROBIN BOYER; ALEXIS PALMER; CHRISTOPHER HORNBERGER;
CHRISTINE SEBASTIAN-BAIR; PAT DOES #1-10; ESQ. COURTNEY J.
RESTEMAYER; ESQ. DAVID J. NATAN; ATTORNEY DOES #1-10
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civil No. 5-19-cv-01768)
District Judge: Hon. Joseph F. Leeson, Jr.
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
September 10, 2020
Before: CHAGARES, HARDIMAN, and MATEY, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion filed: September 16, 2020)
OPINION ∗
∗
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does
not constitute binding precedent.
MATEY, Circuit Judge.
The Lancaster County Children and Youth Services Agency (“CYS”) temporarily
barred A.J. and K.J. (“Parents”) from unsupervised contact with their children, L.R.J. and
L.J. The Parents sued the County and two CYS employees, alleging violations of the
Parents’ substantive-due-process rights. The District Court dismissed the Parents’
complaint for failure to state a claim. We will affirm.
I. BACKGROUND 1
One morning, the Parents discovered that their infant son L.R.J. injured his arm
while sleeping. They brought the child to the Chester County Hospital, where a hospital
staff member reported the injury to CYS, stating that any “suspicion for abuse [was] low.”
(App. at 26.) Soon after, the Parents took L.R.J. to see Dr. Malcolm Ecker, a pediatric
orthopedic surgeon at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (“CHOP”). After the visit,
nurse Dyana Cannon told CHOP’s Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect Team (“SCAN
Team”) and CYS that she had concerns about whether L.R.J.’s arm was fractured because
of abuse. Ms. Cannon asked the Parents to bring L.R.J. back to CHOP the next day, but the
SCAN Team’s evaluation revealed no other fractures, bruising, or other signs of trauma,
and its “official final diagnosis” was that L.R.J.’s injury “was an accidental fracture.” (App.
at 30.)
1
Because we are reviewing the District Court’s decision to dismiss the Parents’
complaint under Rule 12(b)(6), we assume those allegations are true and draw all
reasonable inferences from those allegations in favor of the Parents. See Morse v. Lower
Merion Sch. Dist., 132 F.3d 902, 906 (3d Cir. 1997).
2
A few days later, after meeting with CYS caseworker Christopher Hornberger, the
Parents agreed to a 30-day safety plan prohibiting unsupervised contact between them and
L.R.J.2 A state court ultimately rejected CYS’s continued efforts to separate the Parents
and their children, and this federal lawsuit followed.
II. DISCUSSION
The Parents’ complaint alleges substantive-due-process claims against the County
and against Mr. Hornberger and his supervisor Alexis Palmer in their individual
capacities, 3 and a failure-to-train claim against the County under Monell v. Department of
Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978). The District Court held that the Parents failed to state
any claim upon which relief could be granted and dismissed the complaint. 4
A. The Substantive-Due-Process Claims
To prevail on a substantive-due-process claim, a plaintiff must show that the
defendant’s conduct “shock[ed] the conscience.” Mulholland v. Gov’t Cnty. of Berks, 706
F.3d 227, 241 (3d Cir. 2013). As the defendants are a child welfare agency and its
employees, that standard is met only if they lacked “reasonable and articulable evidence
giving rise to a reasonable suspicion that [L.R.J. had] been abused or [was] in imminent
danger of abuse” at the time of the challenged action. Id. That standard is not satisfied here.
2
The Parents later agreed to extend the plan by 60 days.
3
The complaint contains substantive-due-process claims against Mr. Hornberger
and Ms. Palmer in their official capacities, but the District Court dismissed these claims as
duplicative of the individual-capacity claims. The Parents do not challenge that ruling on
appeal. The complaint also contains a claim against paralegal Christine Sebastian Bair, but
the District Court dismissed it with the Parents’ consent.
4
The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and exercise plenary review. Morse, 132 F.3d at 906.
3
The Parents base their claims on several actions beginning with the 30-day safety
plan. But by then, the defendants had at least some “reasonable and articulable evidence,”
since they had received a suspected-abuse report from Ms. Cannon several days earlier.
The Parents argue this evidence was outweighed by, among other things, Chester County
Hospital’s belief that any “suspicion for abuse was low” and the CHOP SCAN Team’s
“official final diagnosis” of an “accidental fracture.” But even if defendants’ decision to
ignore these and other contraindications was negligent, we cannot say that defendants
“consciously disregarded a great risk that there had been no abuse.” Id. at 241 (emphasis
added). Compare id. at 242–44 (officials had reasonable suspicion where plaintiff was
listed “as an indicated perpetrator of child abuse” in state registry, even though listing was
ten years old and officials had visited plaintiff’s home several times and found no
problems), with Croft v. Westmoreland Cnty. Child. & Youth Servs., 103 F.3d 1123, 1126
(3d Cir. 1997) (a “six-fold hearsay report by an anonymous informant” did not provide
reasonable suspicion).
And the justification for defendants’ actions grew over time. They learned that a
CHOP doctor diagnosed L.R.J.’s injury as “inflicted rather than accidental” (App. at 37)
and that Dr. Ecker believed L.R.J.’s injury “was not consistent” with the Parents’
explanation (App. at 40). With such reasonable suspicion, defendants’ conduct did not
shock the conscience. So the District Court’s dismissal of the substantive-due-process
claims will be affirmed.5
5
The District Court believed that the defendants’ actions did not implicate the
Parents’ substantive-due-process rights because the Parents never lost custody of their
4
B. The Monell Claim
The District Court held that the failure-to-train claim against the County fell with
the substantive-due-process claims, noting that “a municipality cannot be held liable on a
Monell claim absent an underlying constitutional violation.” (App. at 10 (quoting Johnson
v. City of Philadelphia, 837 F.3d 343, 354 n.58 (3d Cir. 2016)).) With no viable
substantive-due-process claims remaining, and with no argument from the Parents as to
why the principle stated in Johnson does not apply here, we will affirm the District Court’s
dismissal of the Monell failure-to-train claim.
III. CONCLUSION
For those reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s dismissal of the Parents’
complaint.
children. But see Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 66 (2000) (plurality opinion) (noting
that the “right of parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of
their children” is “fundamental” and thus protected by substantive due process); Schulkers
v. Kammer, 955 F.3d 520, 542 (6th Cir. 2020) (concluding that prohibiting unsupervised
contact between a mother and child “abridged the [mother’s] due process right to family
integrity under Troxel”). We affirm on an alternate ground. See Morse, 132 F.3d at 904
n.1.
5