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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
ALEJANDRO SOLORIO :
:
Appellant : No. 1966 MDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 29, 2019
in the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-06-CR-0005522-2018
BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 17, 2020
Alejandro Solorio (“Solorio”) appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered following his convictions of two counts of simple assault, and one
count each of strangulation, recklessly endangering another person, and
harassment.1 We affirm.
On February 2, 2018, Solorio and his girlfriend, Carolyn Salinas (the
“victim”), engaged in an argument in their apartment in Reading,
Pennsylvania. At some point during the argument, Solorio grabbed and
twisted the victim’s arm. The victim attempted to escape by biting Solorio.
Solorio then slammed the victim against a wall and squeezed her neck with
both of his hands. The victim lost control of her bladder, which caused Solorio
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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2701(a)(1), (3), 2718(a)(1), 2705, 2709(a)(1).
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to release her. Shortly thereafter, as the victim was in the bathroom changing
clothes, Solorio entered the bathroom and grabbed the victim around the neck
a second time.
The victim escaped from the apartment, and drove to Reading City Hall,
which contained a police station, in order to file a Protection from Abuse Order
(a “PFA”) against Solorio. The victim spoke with an attendant at the front
desk, who directed her to the courthouse to file for a PFA. As this was
occurring, Solorio called and texted the victim’s phone with threatening
messages. The victim returned to the apartment, where Solorio met her at
the front door.2 At that time, Solorio punched the victim in the chest. The
victim again escaped from Solorio, hid in her car, and called the police.
Reading Police Officer Victor Morrison (“Officer Morrison”) responded to
the apartment, where the victim reported the assault. Solorio was arrested
at the scene. Three days later, the victim sought medical treatment from Lisa
Medina, M.D. (“Dr. Medina”). The victim reported, and Dr. Medina observed,
various injuries and pain to the victim’s neck, cervical spine, wrist, and knee.
On January 4, 2019, Solorio was charged with the above-mentioned
offenses, and one additional count of harassment. Solorio’s trial took place
on October 29, 2019, during which the jury heard testimony from the victim,
Officer Morrison, Dr. Medina, and Solorio. Solorio denied ever striking or
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2The victim testified that she did not file for a PFA on the night of the assault,
but did file for a PFA at a later date. N.T., 10/29/19, at 59.
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choking the victim. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found Solorio guilty
of one count of strangulation, two counts of simple assault, and one count of
reckless endangerment. The trial court found Solorio guilty of one count of
harassment, and not guilty of the second count of harassment. On the same
day, the trial court sentenced Solorio to two-and-a-half to ten years in prison
for strangulation, and a consecutive term of two years of probation for reckless
endangerment.3
Solorio filed post-sentence Motions, challenging the sufficiency and
weight of the evidence for the convictions of strangulation, and requesting
reconsideration of his sentence, which the trial court denied. Solorio filed a
timely Notice of Appeal and a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Concise
Statement of matters complained of on appeal.
Solorio raises three issues for our review:
1. Whether the verdict of guilty to … strangulation … was based
on insufficient evidence when the Commonwealth did not establish
that the [victim]’s breath or circulation of blood was impeded[?]
2. Whether the verdict of guilty to [strangulation] was in error and
against the weight of the evidence where, inter alia, [the victim]
went to police to get a PFA soon after being attacked by [Solorio],
but did not tell police of the attack; [the victim] testified that she
had pictures of herself taken after she was attacked, but those
pictures were not shown to police or medical staff; [and] when
police arrived on the scene, the only injury that was observed on
[the victim] was a bruise that police described as “old[?]”
3. Whether the trial court erred and abused its discretion by
imposing a sentence of incarceration of not less than 2[½]
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3Solorio’s simple assault and harassment convictions merged for the purposes
of sentencing.
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years[,] nor more than 10 years[,] when the sentence was
inconsistent with the factors of the protection of the public, the
gravity of the offense, as it relates to the impact on the life of the
victim and on the community, and the rehabilitative needs of
[Solorio?]
Brief for Appellant at 10.
First, Solorio argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient
to convict him of strangulation. Id. at 24-29. Solorio claims that the
Commonwealth failed to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the victim’s
breathing was actually “impeded” when Solorio was choking her. Id. at 24.
Specifically, Solorio asserts that because the victim only testified that she was
“getting to where [she] couldn’t breathe,” rather than testifying that she could
not breathe, the Commonwealth could not sustain its burden to convict him
of strangulation. Id. at 26. Further, according to Solorio, even if he did
impede the victim’s breathing, he did not do so intentionally; thus, the
Commonwealth could not sustain its burden. Id. at 28-29.
A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence presents a question of law;
our standard of review is de novo, and our scope of review is plenary.
Commonwealth v. Jacoby, 170 A.3d 1065, 1076 (Pa. 2017). When
analyzing whether sufficient evidence existed to support a conviction, we must
“view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the
verdict winner in order to determine whether the jury could have found every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v.
Thomas, 215 A.3d 36, 40 (Pa. 2019). “The evidence established at trial need
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not preclude every possibility of innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe
all, part, or none of the evidence presented.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 52
A.3d 320, 323 (Pa. Super. 2012). “[T]he uncorroborated testimony of a single
witness is sufficient to sustain a conviction for a criminal offense, so long as
that testimony can address and, in fact, addresses, every element of the
charged crime.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 180 A.3d 474, 482 (Pa.
Super. 2018). “Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be resolved by
the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a
matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined
circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Vargas, 108 A.3d 858, 867 (Pa. Super.
2014) (en banc). Additionally, we may not “re-weigh the evidence and
substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder.” Id.
In order to convict Solorio of strangulation, the Commonwealth needed
to prove that he “knowingly or intentionally impeded the breathing or
circulation of the blood of another person by … applying pressure to the throat
or neck[.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2718(a)(1). A victim’s breathing needs only to be
“impeded” by the actor to constitute strangulation. Id. “Impediment” is
defined as “[a] hindrance or obstruction[.]” Impediment, BLACK’S LAW
DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019).
As the trial court stated in its Opinion,
[t]he [v]ictim testified that [Solorio] placed both hands
around her neck and squeezed for what she believed to be several
minutes. The [v]ictim expressed that her ears were ringing, her
face felt hot[,] and she felt as if her head were about to pop. The
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[v]ictim then stated that she was getting to the point where she
couldn’t breathe or scream, and that she ended up urinating on
herself.
Dr. Medina, who examined the [v]ictim several days after
the incident, indicated that she observed anterior neck swelling
around the soft tissue of the neck. While Dr. Medina did not
observe any bruising, she noted that the soft tissue was tender
and inflamed[,] and that the [v]ictim, though with full range of
motion, was in pain on the exercise of such motion.
The testimony presented at trial was sufficient to support
the conviction. The [v]ictim testified that [Solorio] impeded her
breathing by squeezing with his hands around her neck.
Observation by Dr. Medina, though not necessary, supports the
[v]ictim’s testimony. The statute requires nothing more than the
knowing or intentional act of impeding a person’s breathing or
circulation by either “applying pressure to the throat or neck” or
by “blocking the nose or mouth of the person.” Since the
[v]ictim’s uncorroborated testimony may be believed by the jury
to establish the elements of the crime, we find that the
Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence and that [Solorio]’s
allegation lacks merit.
Trial Court Opinion, 2/4/20, at 6-7.
The record confirms the trial court’s determination. At trial, the victim
testified that, while Solorio was choking her, he stated, “shut up right now, or
I’ll shut you up.” N.T. (Trial), 10/29/19, at 52. The victim testified that Solorio
choked her with both of his hands for several minutes, and then choked her
again with one hand while she was in the bathroom. Id. at 47-48, 52.
Further, Dr. Medina testified that her physical examination of the victim
matched the description the victim gave to Dr. Medina of the assault. Id. at
69, 73.
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In this case, it is clear that the victim’s testimony of her ears ringing,
her face getting hot, her head feeling like it was going to blow off, her inability
to scream or control her bladder, and her description that she was “getting to
where [she] couldn’t breathe” all established that the victim’s ability to
breathe was “hindered” or “obstructed.” Id. at 52. Based on the foregoing,
the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the
verdict-winner, was sufficient to establish that Solorio knowingly impeded the
victim’s breathing by applying pressure to her neck with his hands. As a
result, Solorio’s claim that the evidence was insufficient to support his guilty
verdict for strangulation fails.
In his second claim, Solorio argues that his conviction of strangulation
was against the weight of the evidence. Brief for Appellant at 30-34. Solorio
asserts that the victim’s testimony lacked credibility and, as a result, “tip[ped]
the evidentiary balance so heavily in [Solorio’s] favor as to preclude a safe
conviction, and to warrant a reversal thereof.” Id. at 31. In support, Solorio
directs our attention to the victim’s behavior on the night of the assault,
wherein she left the apartment, travelled to City Hall to obtain a PFA, but did
not mention the details of the assault while she was there, and later returned
to the apartment. Id. at 32. Solorio further argues that the testimony of
Officer Morrison and Dr. Medina showed that the victim did not have any
recent bruising either on the night of the assault or several days later. Id. at
31-32. Solorio also directs our attention to the victim’s claims that she had
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taken photographs of her injuries shortly after the attack, but later could not
reproduce the photographs either to police or to Dr. Medina. Id. at 33.
Our standard of review related to weight of the evidence claims is well
settled.
The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder of fact[,]
who is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence and to
determine the credibility of the witnesses. An appellate court
cannot substitute its judgment for that of the finder of fact. Thus,
we may only reverse the … verdict if it is so contrary to the
evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice.
Commonwealth v. Small, 741 A.2d 666, 672-73 (Pa. 1999). Additionally,
where the trial court has ruled on the weight claim, an appellate court’s role
is not to consider the underlying question of whether the verdict is against the
weight of the evidence; rather, our appellate review is limited to whether the
trial court abused its discretion in ruling on the weight claim.
Commonwealth v. Champney, 832 A.2d 403, 408 (Pa. 2003).
The trial court ably addressed Solorio’s weight of the evidence claim as
follows:
[T]he jury was free to afford the weight and credibility it saw fit
to the testimony and evidence presented at trial. The jury clearly
believed the [v]ictim’s recollection and testimony of the events
that occurred during the incident. Given the testimony presented
by the [v]ictim, the observations of Dr. Medina following the
attack, and the testimony presented by [Solorio] during the trial,
we find nothing in the jury’s verdict that shocks the conscience of
this court or that it is so contrary to the evidence as to characterize
a miscarriage of justice. As such, we find that [Solorio]’s alleged
error lacks merit.
Trial Court Opinion, 1/31/20, at 8-9 (citations to record omitted).
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Our review of the record confirms that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion when it concluded that the jury’s verdict was not against the weight
of the evidence. The jury was free to assess the victim’s credibility, afford her
testimony the appropriate weight, and resolve any inconsistencies in her
testimony. See Champney, supra. Discerning no abuse of discretion by the
trial court, this claim fails.
In his third claim, Solorio argues that the trial court imposed an
excessive sentence for his strangulation conviction. Brief for Appellant at 22.
Solorio asserts that the trial court, in crafting its sentence, “abuse[d] its
discretion when it considered [his] alleged mendacity while testifying at trial[,]
because the trial court did not properly consider the factors set forth in
Commonwealth v. Thurmond, [] 407 A.2d 1357 ([Pa. Super. ]1979).
According to Solorio, this also constitutes consideration of an impermissible
factor at sentencing. Brief for Appellant at 22-23.
Solorio’s claim challenges the discretionary aspects of his sentence. “It
is well-settled that, with regard to the discretionary aspects of sentencing,
there is no automatic right to appeal.” Commonwealth v. Mastromarino,
2 A.3d 581, 585 (Pa. Super. 2010). Before we address the merits of a
discretionary sentencing claim,
[w]e conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1) whether the
appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see Pa.R.A.P. 902
and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly preserved at
sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify sentence, see
Pa.R.Crim.P. [720]; (3) whether the appellant’s brief has a fatal
defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a substantial
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question that the sentence appealed from is not appropriate under
the Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).
Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa. Super. 2010) (some
citations omitted).
In this case, Solorio filed a timely Notice of Appeal, challenged the
discretionary aspects of his sentence in a post-sentence Motion, and included
a separate Rule 2119(f) Statement in his Brief.4 Additionally, Solorio’s
assertions that the trial court improperly considered impermissible sentencing
factors can raise a substantial question for our review. Commonwealth v.
Downing, 990 A.2d 788, 792 (Pa. Super. 2010) (concluding that a claim that
the trial court relied on improper sentencing factors raises a substantial
question). Thus, we will consider the merits of Solorio’s claim.
We adhere to the following standard of review:
Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the
sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal
absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse
of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather,
the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the
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4 We note that the Commonwealth has objected to Solorio’s Rule 2119(f)
Statement. See Brief for Appellee at 23-26. The Commonwealth contends
that Solorio failed to include his claim in his Rule 1925(b) Concise Statement.
Id. at 21-23. Additionally, the Commonwealth asserts that Solorio’s claim is
insufficient, as “[n]o facts or argument are set forth in support of the bald
assertion” that the trial court improperly considered Solorio’s untruthful
testimony when it calculated his sentence. Id. at 26. However, when read in
conjunction with his post-sentence Motion and Rule 1925(b) Concise
Statement, we do not find Solorio’s Rule 2119(f) Statement so deficient that
we must deem the issue waived. We are satisfied that Solorio has preserved
his challenge to the trial court’s consideration of his untruthful testimony that
resulted in an excessive sentence.
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sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercise its
judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or
arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.
Commonwealth v. Robinson, 931 A.2d 15, 26 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citation
omitted).
“In every case in which the court imposes a sentence for a felony … the
court shall make as part of the record, and disclose in open court at the time
of sentencing, a statement of the reason or reasons for the sentence
imposed.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b); see also Commonwealth v. Mouzon,
812 A.2d 617, 620-21 (Pa. 2002) (plurality). The Sentencing Code also
provides that “the [trial] court shall follow the general principle that the
sentence imposed should call for confinement that is consistent with the
protection of the public, the gravity of the offense as it relates to the impact
on the life of the victim and on the community, and the rehabilitative needs
of the defendant.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b); see also Commonwealth v.
McClendon, 589 A.2d 706, 713 (Pa. Super. 1991) (stating that “the court
should refer to the defendant’s prior criminal record, age, personal
characteristics and potential for rehabilitation.”). Further, the trial court must
consider the Sentencing Guidelines. Commonwealth v. Sheller, 961 A.2d
167, 190 (Pa. Super. 2008).
Although a court’s consideration of false testimony is not improper as a
matter of law, its right to do so is not unlimited. Commonwealth v.
Bowersox, 690 A.2d 279, 281-82 (Pa. Super. 1997). Relying on false
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testimony for sentencing purposes can only be justified if certain factors are
satisfied. Thurmond, 407 A.2d at 1359. This Court in Thurmond set forth
the six factors as follows:
First, the misstatements must be willful. Unless the defendant
has willfully offered false testimony, the fact that the testimony
was untrue does not of itself show that the defendant is not likely
to respond to efforts at rehabilitation. Second, the misstatement
must be material, not of marginal importance. Only material
falsehoods sufficiently bear on a defendant's character to justify
enhancing punishment. Third, the verdict of guilt must
necessarily establish that the defendant lied, not merely that the
jury did not believe his testimony. This requirement ensures that
a defendant can receive a stiffer penalty based on giving false
testimony only when the finder of fact has determined, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that the testimony was willfully false. Fourth,
the verdict must be supported by sufficient credible evidence. If
the jury's verdict is to form the basis for enhancement of
sentence, that verdict must have a rational foundation in evidence
of record. Fifth, the trial court, if not acting as the trier of fact,
must observe the testimony allegedly false. The cold record of
the testimony and the verdict affords a meager basis for the
sentencing court to determine whether the defendant's testimony
demonstrated a character not likely susceptible to rehabilitation.
Finally, the court may consider the defendant's lying only as one
fact among many bearing on sentence.
Id. at 1359-60 (citations omitted).
The sentencing judge put the following reasons for its sentence on the
record at the sentencing hearing:
I’ve taken into account many things here. The first and
foremost is I’ve taken into account the findings of the jury which
are paramount here and which must be respected.
I’ve taken into account the testimony of [the victim], both
during the course of trial and in this sentencing proceeding.
I’ve taken into account, also, the testimony of [Solorio], and
we do not punish people for exercising their right to trial by jury
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here. That being said, we do take into account and look down on
with the utmost gravity defendants who demonstrate what the law
calls mendacity, which is a nice word for lying, and it’s perfectly
clear that the jury did not believe the defendant’s testimony.
Quite frankly, I’m not shocked that they didn’t believe his
testimony because much of it was just totally incredible.
Nevertheless, he, in effect, called indirectly at least called
the police officers liars. He certainly called the victim a liar, and
the violent nature of these offenses is, of course, most disturbing
and I note, also, that there was physical evidence and medical
testimony that corroborate the victim’s condition after these
assaults.
N.T. (Sentencing), 10/29/19, at 9-10.
Here, the trial court satisfied the six Thurmond factors in calculating
Solorio’s sentence. First, Solorio’s statements under oath were clearly willful,
as there was no confusion or ambiguity in his testimony that he definitively
did not choke the victim. See Thurmond, 407 A.2d at 1360 (describing the
first factor as the appellant “not assert[ing] an inability to recollect, lack[ing]
certainty or reveal[ing] any other fact describing that the falsity of her
testimony is attributable to other than a willful decision to give false
testimony.”). Second, the portions of Solorio’s testimony that the jury found
to be incredible concerned the material aspects of his conviction; specifically,
whether Solorio wrapped his hands around the victim’s neck and choked her.
N.T. (Trial), 10/29/19, at 89. Third, the jury’s verdict finding Solorio guilty of
strangulation demonstrates that Solorio’s testimony was untruthful, as Solorio
testified specifically that he did not choke the victim at any point during the
assault. Id. Fourth, for the reasons discussed infra, the jury’s verdict was
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supported by sufficient evidence. Fifth, the trial court observed Solorio’s
testimony at trial, which occurred on the same day as when it imposed
Solorio’s sentence. Sixth, the trial court clearly considered several other
factors when calculating Solorio’s sentence, such as the victim’s testimony
and the Sentencing Guidelines. See N.T. (Sentencing), 10/29/19, at 9-10.
Moreover, we note that the trial court had the benefit of a PSI. See id. at 2-
4 (wherein the trial court states, “[w]e have a PSI[,]” and the trial court and
counsel discussed the contents therein); Commonwealth v. Devers, 546
A.2d 12, 18 (Pa. 1988) (explaining that where a sentencing court considered
a PSI, it is presumed that they are “aware of relevant information regarding
the defendant’s character and weighed those considerations along with
mitigating statutory factors.”).
In this case, not only did the trial court properly consider Solorio’s
alleged mendacity, but also the testimony of the victim at sentencing, the
nature of Solorio’s conduct and his criminal history and had the benefit of a
PSI. See Bowersox, 690 A.2d at 283 (stating that “the court may consider
false trial testimony only as one fact among many bearing on sentence.”)
Further, Solorio’s sentence for strangulation fell within the standard range of
the Sentencing Guidelines. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2718(d)(2)(i); see also
Moury, 992 A.2d at 171 (stating that “where a sentence is within the standard
range of the guidelines, Pennsylvania law views the sentence as appropriate
under the Sentencing Code.”). Accordingly, the trial court’s reliance on
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Solorio’s mendacity was not prejudicial, did not result in an excessive
sentence, and did not constitute an abuse of discretion. See Thurmond, 407
A.2d at 1360.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/17/2020
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