RENDERED: AUGUST 28, 2020; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2019-CA-000891-MR
KAREEM EDWARDS APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM LYON CIRCUIT COURT
v. HONORABLE C.A. WOODALL, III, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 17-CR-00162
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION
AFFIRMING
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BEFORE: MAZE, K. THOMPSON, AND L. THOMPSON, JUDGES.
THOMPSON, L., JUDGE: Kareem Edwards (“Appellant”) appeals from an order,
judgment, and sentence of the Lyon Circuit Court reflecting a jury verdict of guilty
on one count of riot in the first degree and three counts of assault in the third
degree.1 Appellant argues that he was entitled to a directed verdict on two counts;
1
Kentucky Revised Statute (“KRS”) 525.020; KRS 508.025.
that he should have received a hearing on his motion to dismiss his trial counsel;
that it was palpable error to allow the Commonwealth’s witness to narrate video
recordings of several fights at the Kentucky State Penitentiary (“KSP”); and that he
was improperly denied his right under the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution to a jury selected from a representative cross-section of the
community. He requests an Opinion reversing his judgment and sentence, and
remanding the matter for a new trial with a jury composed of a fair cross-section of
the community. For the reasons addressed below, we find no error and affirm the
order, judgment, and sentence on appeal.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Appellant is an inmate at KSP. On June 29, 2017, he was one of
several inmates in a large recreational area (“the yard”) at KSP when several fights
between inmates and corrections officers erupted. According to the record, one
inmate began fighting with corrections officers which resulted in several other
inmates becoming combative and/or assaulting officers in numerous locations
across the yard. Appellant was watching the disturbance from a retaining wall,
when he jumped down and struck Lieutenant Anthony Hale in the face with a
closed fist. Appellant continued attacking Hale after Hale fell to the ground. Hale
briefly lost consciousness and suffered broken teeth.
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Sergeant Melvin O’Dell then attempted to control and remove
Appellant from the yard, resulting in Appellant kicking O’Dell in the legs. After
Appellant was placed in handcuffs, he refused to comply with instructions and
officers had to drag him. When officers attempted to place Appellant in a
restraining chair, Appellant used his elbow to strike Officer Brian Neely in the eye
and ribs.
On December 5, 2017, a grand jury charged Appellant with one count
of riot in the first degree, two counts of assault in the third degree, one count of
assault in the second degree, and with being a persistent felony offender.2 The
matter proceeded to a jury trial on the amended charges of one count of riot in the
first degree and three counts of assault in the third degree. The jury returned a
guilty verdict on each count, and the circuit court imposed the recommended
sentence of 17 years in prison to run consecutively to his underlying murder
sentence. This appeal followed.
ARGUMENTS AND ANALYSIS
Appellant first argues that the Lyon Circuit Court committed
reversible error in failing to render a directed verdict on the charges of riot in the
first degree and assault in the third degree as to Sergeant O’Dell. He contends that
distinct, separate disturbances occurred at different times and at different locations
2
KRS 508.020; KRS 532.080.
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throughout the KSP yard, and were not sufficient to establish that a riot occurred
nor that Appellant knowingly participated in it. Appellant asserts that while five
other inmates were also charged with various crimes resulting from the melee,
those individuals were involved in similar but unrelated disturbances which cannot
reasonably be characterized as a riot. Appellant directs our attention to the
commentary of KRS 525.020, which emphasizes that the actor must “knowingly”
participate in a riot, and that it is not sufficient to merely demonstrate that
numerous individuals engaged in similar but unrelated activities.
KRS 525.020(1) states that “[a] person is guilty of riot in the first
degree when: (a) He knowingly participates in a riot; and (b) In the course of and
as a result of such riot a person other than one (1) of the participants suffers
physical injury or substantial property damage occurs.”
The standard of review on a motion for a directed verdict was set forth
in Commonwealth v. Benham, 816 S.W.2d 186 (Ky. 1991), in which the Kentucky
Supreme Court stated:
On motion for directed verdict, the
trial court must draw all fair and reasonable
inferences from the evidence in favor of the
Commonwealth. If the evidence is
sufficient to induce a reasonable juror to
believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant is guilty, a directed verdict should
not be given. For the purpose of ruling on
the motion, the trial court must assume that
the evidence for the Commonwealth is true,
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but reserving to the jury questions as to the
credibility and weight to be given to such
testimony.
On appellate review, the test of a directed verdict
is, if under the evidence as a whole, it would be clearly
unreasonable for a jury to find guilt, only then the
defendant is entitled to a directed verdict of acquittal.
Id. at 187 (citation omitted). The prosecution must produce more than a “mere
scintilla of evidence” regarding the defendant’s guilt. Id. at 188. However, “[t]he
testimony of even a single witness is sufficient to support a finding of guilt, even
when other witnesses testified to the contrary if, after consideration of all of the
evidence, the finder of fact assigns greater weight to that evidence.”
Commonwealth v. Suttles, 80 S.W.3d 424, 426 (Ky. 2002) (citation omitted).
Pursuant to Benham, supra, we must first determine whether, under
the evidence as a whole, it would have been clearly unreasonable for a jury to find
guilt on the charge of riot in the first degree. Having closely studied the record and
the law, we must answer this question in the negative. Evidence was adduced that
Appellant jumped down from a retaining wall and repeatedly struck Lieutenant
Hale with a closed fist causing physical injury. Further, the record reveals that
Appellant was one of six inmates who fought with corrections officers in the yard
at the same time or about the same time. There is no evidence that these attacks
were synchronized or coordinated, but rather were “reactive” according to KSP
Internal Affairs Coordinator James Beaver. KRS 525.020(1), however, does not
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require simultaneity or coordination. Rather, the General Assembly defined “riot”
for purposes of KRS Chapter 525 as “a public disturbance involving an assemblage
of five (5) or more persons which by tumultuous and violent conduct creates grave
danger of damage or injury to property or persons or substantially obstructs law
enforcement or other government function.” KRS 525.010(5).
The Kentucky Supreme Court has characterized fighting between
inmates and corrections officers as a “riot” for purposes of KRS Chapter 525.
In Commonwealth v. Cook, 739 S.W.2d 541 (Ky. 1987), for example, the
Kentucky Supreme Court determined that fighting between inmates which spilled
over into fighting with guards constituted a riot, and supported the conviction of
Northpoint Training Center inmate Floyd Cook on charges of both assault in the
second degree and riot in the first degree. We conclude from KRS 525.010(5),
KRS 525.020(1), and Cook that the Commonwealth produced “more than a mere
scintilla” of evidence that Appellant violated KRS 525.020(1), and that, under the
evidence as a whole, it was not clearly unreasonable for the jury to find guilt.
Benham, 816 S.W.2d at 187-88. Accordingly, Appellant was not entitled to a
directed verdict on this issue and the Lyon Circuit Court properly so found.
In his related argument, Appellant maintains that he was entitled to a
directed verdict on the charge of assaulting Sergeant O’Dell. While he admits that
he kicked O’Dell, he notes that O’Dell testified that no injury resulted from the
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kick. As such, he argues that he was improperly convicted of assault in the third
degree as to Sergeant O’Dell.
KRS 508.025(1) states in relevant part that a person is guilty of
assault in the third degree when he intentionally causes or attempts to cause
physical injury to an employee of a detention facility. KRS 508.025(1)(a)2. As
Appellant is appealing from the denial of his motion for a directed verdict, we
again must draw all fair and reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of
the Commonwealth, and determine under the evidence as a whole whether it was
clearly unreasonable for the jury to find guilt. It is uncontested that O’Dell is an
employee of a detention facility, and Appellant acknowledges kicking O’Dell
during the course of a physical altercation. When construing the evidence in favor
of the Commonwealth and drawing all fair and reasonable inferences therefrom,
we cannot conclude that it was clearly unreasonable for the jury to find that
Appellant attempted to injure O’Dell. As such, a directed verdict was not
warranted and we find no error.
Appellant next argues that he was improperly denied a hearing on his
motion to dismiss his trial counsel. In January 2019, Appellant filed a pro se
motion to compel his appointed trial counsel to produce her work file. In April
2019, and about a month before trial, Appellant then filed a pro se motion to
dismiss his trial counsel. In support of the motion, Appellant alleged that he had
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been denied “medical reports, camera footage, police reports, photos, tape
recordings, witness statements, etc.,” and that his appointed counsel had otherwise
failed to communicate with him. He also asserted a conflict of interest. On April
17, 2019, the circuit court denied Appellant’s motions upon finding that Appellant
had no constitutional right to choose his appointed counsel, that he had failed to
demonstrate a conflict of interest, and that he had otherwise failed to demonstrate a
good cause to justify replacing his counsel. Appellant responded by filing a pro se
notice of interlocutory appeal on May 30, 2019, which the court tabled, and a pro
se motion on May 9, 2019, seeking a temporary injunction to halt the proceedings.
The court denied this motion.
On the day of trial, Appellant stated to the court that he had not
received from counsel the full discovery, video recordings, or other exculpatory
evidence. After complaining that counsel had not informed him of her trial
strategy, Appellant acknowledged that he had refused to meet with his trial counsel
one week prior because one or two hours was not a sufficient time to develop a
serious trial strategy. After further discussions with Appellant, his trial counsel,
and the Commonwealth, the circuit court found no conflict of interest and no
grounds for discharging his counsel. These conclusions were later memorialized in
the May 20, 2019 Final Jury Trial Order, Judgment and Sentence now on appeal.
Appellant, through counsel, now argues that the short exchange the morning of
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trial between himself, appointed counsel, the Commonwealth, and Judge Woodall
was wholly inadequate to address his concerns. He seeks an opinion reversing and
remanding the matter for a hearing.
Appellant acknowledges that there is no explicit requirement that a
hearing be conducted on a motion to dismiss trial counsel. He directs our attention
to the unpublished Opinion of Garren v. Commonwealth, No. 2019-CA-000027-
MR, 2019 WL 5681185 (Ky. App. Nov. 1, 2019), however, for the proposition that
there is an implied entitlement to a hearing. Garren cites Deno v. Commonwealth,
177 S.W.3d 753 (Ky. 2005), which held that the procedure to address a motion to
dismiss counsel: 1) allows the movant to fully describe his objection to counsel; 2)
if the stated objection is not frivolous, counsel is allowed to respond; and 3) the
court questions the movant and counsel regarding the specific allegations. We do
not conclude from Deno that a movant is entitled to a full hearing on a motion to
dismiss counsel. Rather, Deno requires that the court consider the movant’s
objection and counsel’s response, and then render a decision.
In the matter before us, Appellant fully described in open court his
objections to counsel. Counsel responded that she had formulated a trial strategy,
was ready to proceed, had produced all relevant documents for Appellant, and that
Appellant refused to meet with her at the detention facility. Appellant, trial
counsel, and the Commonwealth discussed the matter with Judge Woodall after
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which the circuit court denied the motion. Appellant was availed of the basic
procedure outlined in Deno, his complaints about counsel’s representation were
either refuted by the record or were otherwise non-persuasive, and we find no
error.
Appellant’s next argument is that palpable error occurred when the
Commonwealth’s witness was allowed to narrate to the jury the video recordings
of the disturbances at KSP. Specifically, Appellant objects to the testimony of
KSP Internal Affairs Supervisor James Beavers, in which Beavers described what
was occurring when several videos of the disturbance were shown to the jury.
Appellant cites Kentucky Rule of Evidence (“KRE”) 602 for the rule limiting lay
opinion testimony to matters of which the witness has personal knowledge, and
cites Gordon v. Commonwealth, 916 S.W.2d 176, 180 (Ky. 1995), for the
proposition that the jury must determine what is revealed in a video recording
without embellishment by a witness. The corpus of his argument is that Beavers
improperly narrated and commented upon the video recordings which depicted
events of which he had no personal knowledge or recollection. He asserts that
without Beavers’ improper commentary, the Commonwealth would have failed to
establish an essential element of the riot. He seeks a reversal and remand for a new
trial arising from this error.
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This issue was not raised below and is not ripe for appellate review.
As such, we may review it only for palpable error. Martin v. Commonwealth, 207
S.W.3d 1, 3 (Ky. 2006). “A palpable error which affects the substantial rights of a
party may be considered . . . by an appellate court on appeal, even though
insufficiently raised or preserved for review, and appropriate relief may be granted
upon a determination that manifest injustice has resulted from the error.”
Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure (“RCr”) 10.26. “When an appellate court
engages in a palpable error review, its focus is on what happened and whether the
defect is so manifest, fundamental and unambiguous that it threatens the integrity
of the judicial process.” Martin, 207 S.W.3d at 5.
The question for our consideration, then, is whether Internal Affairs
Supervisor Beavers’ narration of the videos was a defect so manifest, fundamental,
and unambiguous that it threatened the integrity of the judicial process. We find
no such defect. Manifest injustice has been found, for example, when the
Commonwealth and the trial judge agreed to “send a message” by sentencing a
defendant far in excess of the statutory maximum penalty. Martin v.
Commonwealth, 456 S.W.3d 1, 12 (Ky. 2015). Manifest injustice has also been
found when identical jury instructions for separate offenses potentially deprived
the defendant of his right to a unanimous verdict and to challenge the sufficiency
of the evidence on appeal. Miller v. Commonwealth, 283 S.W.3d 690, 695-96 (Ky.
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2009). Beavers’ narration of the videos did not threaten the integrity of the judicial
process as in Martin and Miller, and, accordingly, we find no basis for reversing
the judgment of conviction on this issue.
Appellant’s final argument is that the Lyon Circuit Court violated his
Sixth Amendment right to a jury selected from a representative cross-section of the
community. At the close of voir dire, Appellant’s counsel made a motion noting
that there were no non-white persons on the jury and asking if additional African
American jurors could be included from the district court jury pool. The court
responded that only about 5% of Lyon County residents were non-white, and that
according to the latest census most of that 5% was a result of KSP being located in
the county. The court denied Appellant’s request upon concluding that, “[a]s a
result, we do not have many black people or non-white people, very few, on any
jury panel here in Lyon County.” Appellant argues that the circuit court’s
acknowledgement that there are few African Americans in Lyon County is
tantamount to the improper systemic exclusion of a distinctive group of persons
and is violative of the Sixth Amendment.
In order to succeed on a motion to dismiss a venire, the movant must
demonstrate that: 1) a distinctive group in the community is excluded; 2) the
representation of the group compared to the representation in the community is not
fair and reasonable; and 3) the underrepresentation is due to systemic exclusion of
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the group in the jury selection process. Miller v. Commonwealth, 394 S.W.3d 402,
409 (Ky. 2011). Appellant has not proven any of these elements. Nothing in the
record demonstrates that African Americans or other non-whites in the community
were excluded from the jury pool or petit jury. Further, Appellant has not shown
any unfair or unreasonable representation, nor that any purported
underrepresentation was the result of systemic exclusion. Appellant has not met
his burden on this issue, and the Lyon Circuit Court properly so found.
CONCLUSION
Appellant was not entitled to a directed verdict on the charges of riot
in the first degree or assault in the third degree. He received full consideration of
his motion to dismiss counsel, and did not show palpable error arising from the
narration of the videos shown to the jury. Finally, Appellant’s Sixth Amendment
right to a representative jury was not infringed. For these reasons, we affirm the
Final Jury Trial Order, Judgment and Sentence of the Lyon Circuit Court.
ALL CONCUR.
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BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Steven Nathan Goens Daniel Cameron
Frankfort, Kentucky Attorney General of Kentucky
Emily Bedelle Lucas
Assistant Attorney General
Frankfort, Kentucky
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