18-3569
United States v. Bryant
United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
_____________________________________
August Term 2019
(Submitted: April 13, 2020 Decided: September 24, 2020)
No. 18-3569
_____________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
— v. —
ROBBULL BRYANT, RICH,
Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________________
Before: LIVINGSTON, Chief Judge, PARKER and BIANCO, Circuit Judges.
Defendant-Appellant Robbull Bryant appeals from a judgment of
conviction entered on November 20, 2018, in the United States District Court for
the District of Vermont (Sessions III, J.), following his guilty plea to one count of
conspiring to distribute cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(b)(1)(B),
and one count of possession of a firearm as a convicted felon in violation of 18
U.S.C. §§ 922(g), 924(a)(2). The district court sentenced Bryant to 90 months’
imprisonment to be followed by a four-year term of supervised release.
On appeal, Bryant challenges the merits of his felon in possession of a
firearm conviction in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Rehaif v. United
States, 139 S. Ct. 2191 (2019). Bryant further argues that his 90-month term of
imprisonment is procedurally and substantively unreasonable, and challenges the
imposition of two supervised release conditions—namely, the notification-of-risk
condition (the “risk” condition) and the condition restricting his communications
with known felons (the “communication” condition).
As explained below, we hold that Bryant’s guilty plea to possessing a
firearm as a convicted felon remains valid, even in light of Rehaif, because it is plain
that Bryant knew of his unlawful status when he possessed the firearm and there
is no reasonable probability that he would have not pled guilty had he been
properly informed that such knowledge was a requirement for conviction under
18 U.S.C. § 922(g). We also conclude that there was no error at sentencing in the
district court’s consideration of potential sentencing disparities among similarly
situated defendants, and that Bryant’s 90-month sentence was not procedurally or
substantively unreasonable. Finally, we hold that the two disputed conditions of
supervised release imposed on Bryant are not unconstitutionally vague, but we
will remand (1) the risk condition so that the district court can formally incorporate
its oral amendment of that condition into the written judgment of conviction, and
(2) the communication condition so that the district court may provide the
necessary justification for restricting Bryant’s communications with his brother, or
exempt such communications from that condition.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM Bryant’s conviction and sentence, except we
VACATE the judgment as to the two challenged conditions of supervised release,
and REMAND in that respect only for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
MICHELLE ANDERSON BARTH, The
Law Office of Michelle Anderson
Barth, Burlington, VT, for Defendant-
Appellant.
NATHANAEL T. BURRIS (Gregory L.
Waples, on the brief), Assistant United
States Attorneys, for Christina E.
Nolan, United States Attorney for the
District of Vermont, Burlington, VT,
for Appellee.
2
_____________________________________
JOSEPH F. BIANCO, Circuit Judge:
Defendant-Appellant Robbull Bryant appeals from a judgment of
conviction entered on November 20, 2018, in the United States District Court for
the District of Vermont (Sessions III, J.), following his guilty plea to one count of
conspiring to distribute cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(b)(1)(B),
and one count of possession of a firearm as a convicted felon in violation of 18
U.S.C. §§ 922(g), 924(a)(2). The district court sentenced Bryant to 90 months’
imprisonment to be followed by a four-year term of supervised release.
On appeal, Bryant challenges the merits of his felon in possession of a
firearm conviction in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Rehaif v. United
States, 139 S. Ct. 2191 (2019). Bryant further argues that his 90-month term of
imprisonment is procedurally and substantively unreasonable, and challenges the
imposition of two supervised release conditions—namely, the notification-of-risk
condition (the “risk” condition) and the condition restricting his communications
with known felons (the “communication” condition).
As explained below, we hold that Bryant’s guilty plea to possessing a
firearm as a convicted felon remains valid, even in light of Rehaif, because it is plain
that Bryant knew of his unlawful status when he possessed the firearm and there
3
is no reasonable probability that he would have not pled guilty had he been
properly informed that such knowledge was a requirement for conviction under
18 U.S.C. § 922(g). We also conclude that there was no error at sentencing in the
district court’s consideration of potential sentencing disparities among similarly
situated defendants, and that Bryant’s 90-month sentence was not procedurally or
substantively unreasonable. Finally, we hold that the two disputed conditions of
supervised release imposed on Bryant are not unconstitutionally vague, but we
will remand (1) the risk condition so that the district court can formally incorporate
its oral amendment of that condition into the written judgment of conviction, and
(2) the communication condition so that the district court may provide the
necessary justification for restricting Bryant’s communications with his brother, or
exempt such communications from that condition.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM Bryant’s conviction and sentence, except we
VACATE the judgment as to the two challenged conditions of supervised release,
and REMAND in that respect only for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
4
I. BACKGROUND
A. Facts 1
In late 2014, law enforcement began investigating a drug-trafficking
operation, involving the distribution of heroin and cocaine base, in the area of
Brattleboro, Vermont. Between July 2015 and August 2016, law enforcement
conducted 11 controlled purchases of narcotics (heroin, cocaine base, and cocaine)
from members of the drug-trafficking business, which were surveilled by audio
and visual means. In three of those transactions, Bryant was the individual who
personally sold the cocaine base or cocaine. In the spring of 2016, law enforcement
discovered that the base of operations was moved from Brattleboro to a residence
in Putney, Vermont (the “Putney Residence”). A co-conspirator and a customer
of the drug business separately identified Bryant as a leader of the drug
organization.
The drug-trafficking operation also involved the use of firearms and
violence. For example, on August 26, 2016, Bryant and an associate participated
in a shootout outside the Putney Residence. This gunfight was precipitated by a
dispute over $30 in narcotics and, although Bryant asserted that he was not the
1The facts here are derived from the Pre-Sentence Report (“PSR”) to which no factual
objections were made at the sentencing.
5
aggressor during the incident, Bryant discharged rounds in an exchange of gunfire
with one of the individuals with whom the dispute arose. Bryant was stopped in
a car in the vicinity of the Putney Residence shortly after the incident and was
taken into custody. That same day, police searched the Putney Residence and
seized marijuana and drug paraphernalia (including a crack pipe and scales), as
well as a semi-automatic Ruger .40 caliber firearm. The police also recovered .40
caliber shell casings in the driveway and on the front porch of the Putney
Residence. Several witnesses also reported observing Bryant carry various
firearms in his possession on other occasions, including instances in which he
waved or flashed a firearm in front of other individuals.
On August 17, 2016, a criminal complaint was filed charging Bryant with
distribution of cocaine base. Subsequently, on September 30, 2016, a federal grand
jury returned a seventeen-count superseding indictment. In that indictment,
Bryant was charged with one count of conspiring to distribute heroin, cocaine, and
28 grams or more of cocaine base; two counts of being a felon in possession of a
firearm; one count of possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking
crime; and four counts of distribution of cocaine base. The felony that formed the
basis of his felon-in-possession charge was his 2007 conviction in Virginia state
6
court for grand larceny. Bryant was sentenced to three years in prison for that
conviction, but the sentence was suspended in lieu of 10 years of probation, so he
spent no time in jail. 2 Five of Bryant’s co-conspirators were also named in the
superseding indictment.
B. Bryant’s Guilty Plea and Sentencing
On June 7, 2018, Bryant pled guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement with the
government, to a two-count superseding information charging him with the
following: (1) one count of conspiring to distribute 28 grams or more of cocaine
base from the fall of 2014 through August 26, 2016, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846
and 841(b)(1)(B); and (2) one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm in
August 2016, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). In the plea
agreement, the parties agreed, pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
11(c)(1)(C), that Bryant should receive a term of imprisonment of no greater than
ten years.
Sentencing took place on November 19, 2018. With respect to the calculation
of the United States Sentencing Guidelines range, the Probation Department
determined that Bryant had a total offense level of 33 and a criminal history
2 Bryant was removed from further supervised probation after one year.
7
category III, which resulted in an advisory Guidelines range of 168 to 210 months’
imprisonment.
At sentencing, the parties stipulated to the total offense level of 33,
consisting of the following: a base offense level of 28 for a conspiracy involving at
least 196 grams of cocaine base, U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(6); a two-level firearm
enhancement, id. § 2D1.1(b)(1); a two-level enhancement for the use of violence, id.
§ 2D1.1(b)(2); a two-level enhancement for maintaining a drug-distribution
premises, id. § 2D1.1(b)(12); a two-level enhancement for Bryant’s role in the
offense, id. § 3B1.1(c); and a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility,
id. § 3E1.1. With respect to the criminal history calculation, Bryant argued that he
should only be a criminal history category II because he should not receive a two-
point increase for committing the crime while under supervision for a previous
petit larceny conviction and, even if the two points were properly counted, he is
entitled to a downward departure in his criminal history category because it
overrepresented the seriousness of such history.
As to the ultimate sentence, Bryant argued that the district court should
impose five years’ imprisonment, which was the mandatory minimum sentence
based upon the narcotics conspiracy count, while the government argued for a
8
sentence of ten years’ imprisonment. In support of his argument for a variance
from the Guidelines range, Bryant noted, among other things, that the district
court had already sentenced two of his co-defendants: Alfred Spellman, who had
received a time-served sentence of approximately two years’ imprisonment; and
Earl Brown, who had received a sentence of 48 months’ imprisonment. Bryant
noted that Spellman was also involved in the August 26th shooting incident,
including discharging his weapon with Bryant. Thus, Bryant contended that these
co-defendants were “of equal standing in the offense” and, to avoid unwarranted
disparity, he should receive a sentence of no more than five years’ imprisonment.
App’x at 104.
On this issue, the government responded that Bryant’s extensive
involvement with firearms and leadership role distinguished him from other
members of the conspiracy. Moreover, with respect to the particular co-
defendants referenced by Bryant, the government noted that it was unable to
prove any controlled purchases from Spellman, and that Brown was not Bryant’s
primary supplier. Therefore, the government argued that these distinctions would
further explain any disparity in their sentencings as compared to the ten-year
sentence being requested by the government.
9
The district court preliminarily determined that the advisory Guidelines
range was 168 to 210 months’ imprisonment, based upon a total offense level of 33
and a criminal history category III, and also noted that it would consider Bryant’s
argument regarding the criminal history category as part of his overall request for
a non-Guidelines sentence. Within that framework, the district court granted
Bryant’s request to have his criminal history category lowered to category II after
concluding that the lower category was “more suitable” in light of the nature of
his prior convictions. App’x at 191. The district court also lowered the total
offense level from a level 33 to a level 28 because, based upon a balancing of the
various sentencing factors (including Bryant’s genuine remorse and post-arrest
rehabilitation), the district court concluded that the range that resulted from that
additional adjustment (namely, 87 to 108 months’ imprisonment) was sufficient to
accomplish the purposes of sentencing in this case. 3 After explaining its reasoning
with respect to a number of the sentencing factors, including Bryant’s relative
3Although the district court referred to this determination as an “adjustment” to the total
offense level, App’x at 193, it is clear that this was a variance from the otherwise
applicable Guidelines range (as opposed to some type of downward departure within
the advisory Guidelines system) because both the parties and the district court stated
their agreement that the correct total offense level was 33, and the district court further
explained it was applying the lower offense level of 28 based upon consideration of all
the sentencing factors.
10
culpability, the district court sentenced Bryant to 90 months’ imprisonment on
each of the two counts to run concurrently, followed by four years of supervised
release.
Bryant also raised objections at the sentencing regarding two of the
proposed conditions of supervised release. First, Bryant objected to the risk
condition, which allowed the Probation Department to require Bryant to notify
another person if the probation officer determined that Bryant posed a risk to that
person. Bryant contended that the condition unlawfully delegated authority to the
Probation Department and that, in any event, the condition is constitutionally
vague. The district court agreed that the risk condition should be modified to
require judicial approval. 4 However, the district court imposed the modified risk
condition, notwithstanding Bryant’s remaining vagueness objection.
Second, Bryant objected to the communication condition, which would limit
his ability to communicate or interact with individuals known to be engaged in
criminal activity or known to have been convicted of a felony. More specifically,
4 The oral modification by the district court during sentencing was not included in the
written judgment. However, the addendum to the PSR included a proposed modified
version of the risk condition, which incorporated judicial oversight and a limitation on
what information would be considered in determining Bryant’s “risk.” Addendum to
the PSR at 32.
11
Bryant asserted that the communication condition would interfere with his right
to associate with his brother, who was a convicted felon. The district court
responded:
Well do you know if that is a problem here? I mean I’ve never seen a
situation which when a brother has a felony conviction that brother is
not allowed to talk with other brothers who may have a felony
conviction. Probation officers just generally allow that to happen.
App’x at 172. When Bryant explained that he did not want to rely upon any
practice by the Probation Department, but rather wanted the condition to reflect
the exclusion of communications with family members from this restriction, the
district court denied that request.
This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
Bryant raises three claims on appeal. First, he contends that his guilty plea
for being a felon-in-possession of a firearm, under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), should be
vacated in light of the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Rehaif. Second, he
asserts that his 90-month sentence was procedurally and substantively
unreasonable. Finally, he argues that the risk condition and communication
condition imposed by the district court as a component of his term of his
supervised release are unlawful. We will address each argument in turn.
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A. The Rehaif Challenge
Bryant was convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm pursuant to
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Section 922(g) prohibits possession of firearms by people
who fall into certain groups: here, “any person . . . who has been convicted in any
court of[ ] a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.”
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). At the time Bryant pled guilty to the instant crime, a
conviction under § 922(g) did not require that the defendant knew he belonged to
one of the prohibited classes when he knowingly possessed the firearm or
ammunition. See United States v. Amante, 418 F.3d 220, 221 n.1 (2d Cir. 2005); United
States v. Rehaif, 888 F.3d 1138, 1145 n.3 (11th Cir. 2018) (collecting cases). However,
in June 2019—after Bryant had been convicted and had already filed his opening
brief in this appeal—the Supreme Court changed the legal landscape. In Rehaif,
the Court held that, under § 922(g), the government must prove not only that the
defendant knew he possessed the firearm, but also that “he knew he belonged to
the relevant category of persons barred from possessing a firearm.” 139 S. Ct. at
2200. Thus, although a felon need not specifically know that it is illegal for him to
possess a firearm under federal law, Rehaif requires him to know, at the time he
possessed the firearm, that he “ha[d] been convicted in any court of[ ] a crime
13
punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.” 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1);
see Rehaif, 139 S. Ct. at 2194 (“To convict a defendant, the Government . . . must
show that the defendant knew he possessed a firearm and also that he knew he
had the relevant status when he possessed it.” (emphasis added)).
Here, because the knowledge-of-status requirement had not previously
been recognized, it was omitted from every part of Bryant’s case: the charging
document to which Bryant pled guilty (namely, an information) did not allege
knowledge of status, the district court did not advise him of that requirement at
the guilty plea proceeding, and the district court did not identify a factual basis for
concluding that Bryant had that knowledge. Thus, on appeal, Bryant contends
that the conviction must be vacated for two independent reasons: (1) the district
court did not have jurisdiction over him because the charging document was
deficient; and (2) the failure to cover this legal requirement at his plea proceeding
violated Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.
1. Jurisdiction
Bryant argued in his opening brief that, because the information charging
him was deficient, the district court had no jurisdiction over him. In his reply brief,
however, he acknowledges that this argument is foreclosed by our recent decision
14
in United States v. Balde, 943 F.3d 73 (2d Cir. 2019). Bryant is correct. As we held
in Balde, omission of the knowledge-of-status requirement in a charging document
does not affect the district court’s jurisdiction. Id. at 92 (“[T]he indictment’s failure
to allege that [the defendant] knew” of his unlawful status “was not a
jurisdictional defect.”). Thus, Bryant’s jurisdictional argument fails.
2. Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
Bryant also argues that the district court did not properly inform him at the
time of his guilty plea of “the nature of each charge to which [he] [wa]s pleading”
or determine that there was a “factual basis for the plea”—particularly, with
respect to the knowledge-of-status requirement—as required under Rule 11. See
Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(G), (b)(3). Based upon these Rule 11 violations, Bryant
asserts that his § 922(g)(1) conviction must be overturned. Because Bryant did not
object to the district court’s description of the charges at his plea proceeding, his
challenge is reviewed for plain error. 5
5Bryant argues that this Court should apply a “modified plain error” standard. We have
sometimes applied a modified plain error standard—requiring the government to bear
the burden of establishing that the error did not affect the defendant’s substantial rights—
in cases where the error was the result of a supervening change in law. See United States
v. Viola, 35 F.3d 37, 42-43 (2d Cir. 1994). However, that approach was called into question
by the Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461 (1997). See, e.g.,
United States v. Botti, 711 F.3d 299, 308-09 (2d Cir. 2013) (questioning Viola’s modified
plain error rule in light of Johnson, but declining to decide the issue). In any event, our
15
“Under the plain error standard, an appellant must demonstrate that
(1) there is an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious, rather than subject to
reasonable dispute; (3) the error affected the appellant’s substantial rights; and
(4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.” United States v. Bastian, 770 F.3d 212, 219-20 (2d Cir. 2014) (quotation
marks and alteration omitted). The government concedes that the failure to inform
Bryant of the knowledge-of-status requirement in § 922(g)(1) at the plea
proceeding was a clear error. Thus, the first two prongs of the plain error standard
are not at issue on appeal.
In determining whether the error affected “substantial rights” under the
third prong, the Supreme Court has explained that “in most cases it means that
the error must have been prejudicial: It must have affected the outcome of the
district court proceedings.” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993). More
particularly, when seeking a reversal of a guilty plea based upon a Rule 11
violation, a defendant “must show a reasonable probability that, but for the error,
conclusion would not differ in this case depending on who bears the burden of
persuasion. Accordingly, we decline to resolve the parties’ disagreement over whether
“modified plain error” or our standard plain-error review applies. See United States v.
Miller, 954 F.3d 551, 558 & n.16 (2d Cir. 2020).
16
he would not have entered the plea.” United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S.
74, 83 (2004); accord Balde, 943 F.3d at 96. In making that assessment, “a reviewing
court must look to the entire record, not to the plea proceedings alone.” Dominguez
Benitez, 542 U.S. at 80. Moreover, “[c]ourts should not upset a plea solely because
of post hoc assertions from a defendant about how he would have pleaded,” but
“should instead look to contemporaneous evidence to substantiate a defendant’s
expressed preferences.” Lee v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 1958, 1967 (2017); accord
United States v. Hobbs, 953 F.3d 853, 857-58 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting Lee in rejecting
a Rehaif challenge to a guilty plea).
Bryant argues that the failure to advise him of the knowledge-of-status
requirement at his plea proceeding satisfies the third prong. Specifically, he
asserts that there is evidence supporting an inference that he lacked knowledge of
his unlawful status at the time he possessed a firearm. As support, he notes that
he served no time in prison on his grand larceny conviction and that the conviction
was more than ten years old at the time of his plea. Thus, “[g]iven these
circumstances,” he argues, he would not have pled guilty had he known of the
additional knowledge requirement because “the government would have [had]
significant difficulty convincing a jury that [he] knew and remembered he had
17
been convicted of a crime punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one
year.” Bryant Reply Br. at 6. We find Bryant’s arguments unpersuasive.
In the wake of Rehaif, we have vacated a § 922(g) conviction in a case where
the defendant was sentenced to less than one year in prison on the prior felony,
United States v. Johnson, No. 18-2033-CR, 2020 WL 3864945, at *2-3 (2d Cir. July 9,
2020) (summary order) (“[T]he fact that neither of [the defendant’s] two felony
convictions actually resulted in prison sentences of more than a year weighs . . . in
favor of concluding that [the defendant] might not have pleaded guilty absent
error.”), and in a case where the defendant’s legal status (in terms of whether he
was illegally or unlawfully in the United States when he possessed the firearm)
was “hotly contested” in the district court, Balde, 943 F.3d at 97. On the other hand,
we have upheld felon-in-possession convictions after Rehaif where the defendant
had actually served more than one year in prison on the prior conviction. See, e.g.,
United States v. Miller, 954 F.3d 551, 560 (2d Cir. 2020) (defendant was previously
sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment with execution suspended after three years,
“which remove[d] any doubt that [he] was aware of his membership in
§ 922(g)(1)’s class”). 6 The rationale for the dichotomy is simple: defendants who
6Moreover, we have issued a series of non-precedential summary orders since Rehaif
addressing Rule 11 challenges where, similar to the defendant in Miller, the defendant
18
went to prison for over one year would obviously be aware that the crime was
punishable by more than one year in jail (and are not likely to have forgotten), and
those who were sentenced to less than one year might not have known that they
could have been sentenced to more than one year.
The facts here fall between a gap left in these two lines of cases. Here, Bryant
was sentenced on the prior felony in Virginia to three years in prison, but he served
no actual jail time because the sentence was suspended. Moreover, that 2007
conviction was about a decade before he possessed the firearm at issue in this case
in August 2016. Thus, Bryant contends that these facts weigh in favor of
concluding that there is a “reasonable probability that, but for the error, he would
had been sentenced to, and served, more than one year in prison on the prior felony. In
each of those cases, as in Miller, we rejected the Rehaif claim because the fact that the
defendant had actually served a sentence of more than one year on the prior felony made
it highly unlikely that the defendant was unaware of his prohibited status or that the
knowledge-of-status requirement would have impacted the outcome of the case. See, e.g.,
United States v. Mikelinich, 798 F. App’x 697, 698 (2d Cir. 2020) (“[The defendant] also
admitted that he pled guilty in 2004 to being a felon in possession (based on yet another
prior felony) and that he was sentenced to 15 months in prison and three years of
supervised release. Given that [the defendant] had in fact been sentenced to more than
one year in prison, there is no reason to believe that he would not have pleaded guilty
had he been told that the government would need to prove that he knew he was a felon
when he possessed the firearm[ ].” (alteration in original) (quotation marks omitted));
United States v. Keith, 797 F. App’x 649, 652 (2d Cir. 2020) (“[The defendant] had been
convicted in October 2008 of criminal sale of cocaine and served over two years in
prison.”).
19
not have entered the plea.” Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. at 83. However, those are
not all the facts before us. The government has also submitted the 2007 judgment
from Bryant’s grand larceny conviction in Virginia state court. 7 That judgment
states that Bryant “stands indicted for a felony” and that, in connection with
Bryant’s guilty plea, the Virginia court had “made [an] inquiry” and was “of the
opinion that [Bryant] fully understood the nature and effect of his plea and of the
penalties that may be imposed upon his conviction.” Gov. Suppl. App’x at 1 (emphases
added). This recitation is in accord with the Rules of the Supreme Court of
Virginia, which mandate that “[a] circuit court shall not accept a plea of guilty . . .
to a felony charge without first determining that the plea is made voluntarily with
an understanding of the nature of the charge and the consequences of the plea.” Va.
Sup. Ct. R. 3A:8(b)(1) (emphasis added). The judgment further states that Bryant
was sentenced to three years in prison, but the sentence was suspended in lieu of
7 Bryant argues that it is improper for the government to submit evidence—here, the state
judicial order—for the first time on appeal. However, the evidence is not in the district
court record because the government had no reason to submit evidence of Bryant’s
knowledge of his felon status (both because he pled guilty and it was before Rehaif was
decided). Because there is no reason to doubt the judgment of conviction—and Bryant
does not dispute its validity—we will consider that evidence on appeal. Miller, 954 F.3d
at 559-60 (“We will not penalize the government for its failure to introduce evidence that
it had but that, prior to Rehaif, it would have been precluded from introducing. Therefore,
in the limited context of our fourth-prong [plain error] analysis, we will consider reliable
evidence in the record on appeal that was not a part of the trial record . . . .”).
20
probation. Gov. Suppl. App’x at 1. Importantly, the Virginia court also certified
“that at all times during this proceeding the defendant was present in person.”
Gov. Suppl. App’x at 2.
This evidence “removes any doubt that [Bryant] was aware of his
membership in § 922(g)(1)’s class.” See Miller, 954 F.3d at 560. The record of
conviction shows that the Virginia court presiding over his grand larceny case
informed Bryant—in accord with the Virginia Supreme Court’s rules—of the
penalties which could be imposed at the time of his guilty plea, which would
necessarily entail advising him that the crime was punishable by a sentence of
imprisonment of more than one year. Moreover, Bryant would also have heard,
at his sentencing, that he was being sentenced to three years’ imprisonment, even
though that sentence was being suspended. Thus, this situation is not akin to the
hypothetical situation that concerned the Supreme Court in Rehaif, where a
defendant received a sentence of probation on the prior felony and might not have
understood that the maximum punishment for the crime was more than one year,
especially if he had gone to trial on the prior felony (and thus may have lacked the
opportunity for the court to ever explain the maximum penalty to the defendant
at, for example, a guilty plea proceeding). Nor is it similar to the facts confronted
21
by this Court in Johnson, 2020 WL 3864945, where the defendant had been
previously convicted of felonies, but none of the sentences imposed for those prior
convictions exceeded one year.
Here, based upon the state court judgment and the legal requirements under
Virginia law, not only was Bryant advised at his plea that his crime of conviction
was punishable by a term of imprisonment of more than one year, but he was also
actually sentenced to three years’ imprisonment. Although he served no actual
time due to the suspended sentence, there is no reasonable probability that he was
unaware that he could have served more than one year of imprisonment. In fact,
Bryant does not claim on appeal (nor has he claimed at any time) that these
procedures under Virginia law were not followed, or that he was somehow
unaware or forgot that he received a suspended sentence of three years’
imprisonment on the prior conviction. In short, this evidence is more than
sufficient to show that Bryant was aware of his unlawful status at the time he
possessed the firearm.
Other circuit courts addressing similar evidence have reached the same
conclusion. For example, in United States v. Huntsberry, 956 F.3d 270 (5th Cir. 2020),
the defendant argued that his guilty plea, to being a felon-in-possession of a
22
firearm in 2014, should be vacated under Rehaif because the prior felony was based
upon a juvenile conviction in 2003 for which he received a suspended sentence of
two years’ imprisonment followed by three years’ supervised probation. Id. at 285.
The Fifth Circuit rejected the Rehaif challenge and held that there was “little
possibility that [the defendant] was ignorant of his status as a convicted felon,”
although he had not served any time in prison, because Louisiana law required
defendants to be apprised of the maximum possible penalty before accepting a
guilty plea. Id. From that legal requirement, the court concluded that the
defendant “undoubtedly understood that the offense to which he pleaded nolo
contendere was punishable by more than one year in prison.” Id.
Similarly, in United States v. Burghardt, 939 F.3d 397 (1st Cir. 2019), cert.
denied, 140 S. Ct. 2550 (2020), the First Circuit held that the defendant’s post-Rehaif
Rule 11 challenge failed because he had twice previously been convicted of crimes
in New Hampshire, where judges are required by state law to explain to
defendants the potential maximum sentence. Id. at 403-04. The court concluded
that this legal requirement made it “virtually certain” the defendant was told
“face-to-face what his maximum sentence could be.” 8 Id. at 404; see also United
8Bryant argues that Burghardt is distinguishable because the defendant in that case had
multiple felony convictions and had served at least a total of two years’ imprisonment
23
States v. Payne, 964 F.3d 652, 656 (7th Cir. 2020) (relying in part on the “express
statements in the three docket sheets and the common practice in the courts in
which [the defendant] was convicted” in holding that the defendant knew of his
unlawful status); United States v. Thomas, 810 F. App’x 789, 798 (11th Cir. 2020)
(“[T]he state court that accepted Thomas’s guilty plea was required by Florida law
to first ensure that Thomas understood . . . the statutory maximum penalty . . . .
[He] does not point to anything in the record to suggest that the state court judge
who accepted his guilty plea failed to comply with state law.”).
This does not end our analysis, however. We must also consider whether,
notwithstanding this proof, Bryant would have insisted, even foolishly, on going
to trial based on his belief that the government could not prove his knowledge of
his felon status to the jury. See Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. at 85 (“[I]f it is
reasonably probable he would have gone to trial absent the error, it is no matter
that the choice may have been foolish.”). Although Bryant argues that we “should
infer that it is reasonably probable that [he] would not have pleaded guilty to this
with respect to those convictions. However, the First Circuit’s decision did not hinge on
that fact. Instead, the court noted that the record was unclear as to how much of the two
years of prison time was served on each conviction and emphasized that “evidence that
he served over a year for a single charge is not necessary to support our conclusion”
because there was “ample other evidence” of the defendant’s knowledge of his status.
Burghardt, 939 F.3d at 404 n.4.
24
offense after Rehaif,” Bryant Reply Br. at 11, there is insufficient evidence in the
record to support such an inference. First, Bryant’s suggestion that the
government might not be able to admit the Virginia judgment of conviction carries
no weight. Bryant does not dispute the accuracy or authenticity of the document,
and there is no indication that the government would have any issue admitting
that judgment under Rule 803(22) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Second, as
noted supra, there is nothing in the record to suggest that Bryant ever raised any
issue—with his attorney, with the district court, or with anyone else—about any
purported lack of knowledge about his status as a felon at the time he possessed
the firearm in August 2016. This fact alone makes this case distinguishable from
other cases, such as Balde, where “[t]hroughout the proceedings below, the nature
of [the defendant’s] status was hotly contested” (including at multiple hearings
and during his plea colloquy) and he “vigorously argued” that he was legally
present in the United States. 943 F.3d at 97.
The final and perhaps most compelling reason why we can be confident that
Bryant would not have put the government to the test of proving his knowledge
of his prohibited status is based upon the fact that Bryant would have faced other,
more serious charges if he had gone to trial. See, e.g., Burghardt, 939 F.3d at 405
25
(“The benefit received by the defendant from pleading is often a factor in our
analysis of the likelihood that a defendant might have decided not to plead
guilty . . . .”). Bryant argues that the government would have had “significant
difficulty convincing a jury that [he] knew and remembered he had been convicted
of a crime punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year,” and, at a
minimum, “he would have been in a superior negotiating position because his
understanding about his status as a prohibited person would have been in play as
a defense.” Bryant Reply Br. at 6, 11. Critically, these arguments overlook the fact
that Bryant faced a separate and more serious firearm charge in the superseding
indictment—namely Count IV, for knowingly possessing a firearm in August 2016
in furtherance of drug trafficking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)—which
would carry a mandatory consecutive sentence of five years’ imprisonment. See
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i). The Rehaif decision would have been of no assistance
to Bryant with respect to this related firearms charge. More specifically, other than
proving his possession of the firearm in August 2016 (which obviously was the
same element and proof contained in the felon-in-possession charge, and was part
of Bryant’s pre-Rehaif plea calculus), the only additional element that the
government would have to prove was that his possession of the firearm was in
26
furtherance of drug trafficking. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). The proof that the
gun possession related to drug trafficking was overwhelming, including, among
other things, the following: (1) the shootout in which Bryant was involved on
August 26, 2016 took place at the Putney Residence, which was the base of
operations for the drug business; (2) shortly after the shootout, Bryant and a
second individual left the residence in their vehicles and were stopped by law
enforcement; (3) police searched the Putney Residence on August 26, 2016 and
seized marijuana, drug paraphernalia (including a crack pipe and scales), and a
semi-automatic Ruger .40 caliber firearm, in addition to .40 caliber shell casings
recovered outside the Putney Residence; and (4) police were told by one of the
targets of the August 26, 2016 shooting (and at least one other eyewitness) that the
shooting involved a narcotics debt of $30. 9
Based upon this evidence, Bryant undoubtedly understood that, if the
government could prove he possessed the firearm in August 2016, it also could
easily prove the possession related to his drug trafficking on Count IV. Given this
9 We note that the criminal complaint also referenced that a law enforcement officer
observed (over a live-feed video, which was recorded) Bryant holding a handgun during
a drug transaction with an informant on August 11, 2016, at the Putney Residence. See
Aff. in Support of Compl. at 3-4, United States v. Bryant, 16cr118 (D. Vt. Aug. 17, 2016),
ECF No. 24-1. This evidence was also referenced by the government (and confirmed by
Bryant) at the guilty plea proceeding. See Plea Tr. at 24-25, Bryant, 16cr118, ECF No. 382.
27
additional (more serious) charge and the overlapping proof, even if Rehaif had
been decided before Bryant’s guilty plea, Bryant would have certainly recognized
that any potential acquittal on the felon-in-possession charge based on Rehaif
would have been a Pyrrhic victory. In other words, assuming that the government
could not prove his knowledge of his prohibited status and that he was acquitted
on the § 922(g) charge, the same proof would have resulted in his conviction on
the § 924(c) charge, with a higher penalty (namely, a mandatory five years of
imprisonment) that must run consecutively to the other counts of conviction,
including the mandatory five-year minimum on the narcotics distribution
charge. 10
Similarly, from the government’s standpoint, the § 922(g) charge would not
have been an independent focal point in the plea negotiations because a § 922(g)
conviction would likely be grouped with the drug distribution conviction under
the Guidelines and (as ultimately reflected in the PSR) result in no incremental
increase in the total offense level for purposes of sentencing. The government’s
10 Moreover, although the superseding indictment did not charge Bryant with
discharging a firearm, it is clear that the evidence would have supported such a charge
given the conduct on August 26, 2016, and, if the government obtained a superseding
indictment before trial adding that charge, Bryant would have faced a 10-year
mandatory, consecutive sentence if convicted of the § 924(c) charge. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A)(iii).
28
willingness to dismiss the § 924(c) charge as part of the plea agreement was an
enormous benefit to Bryant, while the felon-in-possession charge would have had
little, if any, additional significance to him (or the government) in such
negotiations. Thus, in the context of this particular case, it is highly implausible
that Rehaif could have given Bryant any additional leverage in plea negotiations or
would have resulted in him reaching a decision not to plead guilty to the two-
count superseding information and, instead, go to trial on the superseding
indictment.
In sum, we conclude that, even if the district court had correctly explained
the knowledge-of-status element under § 922(g) at the time of Bryant’s plea, there
is no reasonable probability that he would not have pled guilty to the superseding
information, and thus, the error did not affect a substantial right. Accordingly,
Bryant’s Rehaif challenge fails under plain error review. 11
11Because the third prong of the plain-error standard is not satisfied, we need not
consider the fourth prong of the test. See Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 135 (2009).
In any event, for the same reasons articulated under third prong, we also conclude that
the error did not affect “the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.” Bastian, 770 F.3d at 219-20.
29
B. Reasonableness of the 90-Month Sentence
Bryant also challenges his 90-month sentence as procedurally and
substantively unreasonable. He argues that his sentence was procedurally
unreasonable because the district court “failed to meaningfully consider and
compare the co-defendants’ relative culpability.” Bryant Br. at 37. As a result, he
claims that the sentence was substantively unreasonable because it was
disproportionately severe.
We review a district court’s sentencing decisions for reasonableness. United
States v. Cossey, 632 F.3d 82, 86 (2d Cir. 2011). A review of “reasonableness”
involves both “an examination of the length of the sentence (substantive
reasonableness) as well as the procedure employed in arriving at the sentence
(procedural reasonableness).” United States v. Johnson, 567 F.3d 40, 51 (2d Cir.
2009). “Reasonableness review is akin to a deferential abuse-of-discretion
standard.” Cossey, 632 F.3d at 86 (quotation marks omitted). To impose a
procedurally reasonable sentence, a district court must “(1) normally determine
the applicable Guidelines range, (2) consider the Guidelines along with the other
factors under [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a), and (3) determine whether to impose a
Guidelines sentence or a non-Guidelines sentence.” United States v. Villafuerte, 502
30
F.3d 204, 206-07 (2d Cir. 2007). A sentence is substantively unreasonable only
when it “cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions,” United States
v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc), or, in other words, is
“shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable,” United States v.
Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 123 (2d Cir. 2009).
With respect to procedural reasonableness, Bryant argues that the district
court failed to compare Bryant’s sentence to those of his co-defendants, which he
claims created an unwarranted sentencing disparity. His argument is a nonstarter.
We have “repeatedly made clear that section 3553(a)(6) requires a district court to
consider nationwide sentence disparities, but does not require a district court to
consider disparities between co-defendants.” United States v. Ghailani, 733 F.3d 29,
55 (2d Cir. 2013) (quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added). Given that there is
no requirement to consider a disparity with a co-defendant’s sentence, there is
certainly no procedural error in failing to explain it. See United States v. Alcius, 952
F.3d 83, 89 (2d Cir. 2020) (“There is no requirement that a district court consider or
explain sentencing disparities among codefendants.”).
In any event, the district court did consider Bryant’s sentence in the context
of co-defendants who had already been sentenced. In fact, at the sentencing, the
31
district court explicitly noted “at the outset” that it “appreciate[d] that the Court
should make efforts at being consistent among various players in the conspiracy,”
but that there were many other factors to consider as well. App’x at 188-89. The
district court then explained that Bryant’s role in the conspiracy rendered him
dissimilar to his co-defendants:
Mr. Bryant was . . . the organizer, the boss. He was the person in
charge. . . . Other people would play different kinds of roles, but here
obviously it’s a management increase. He was . . . the major force
behind the conspiracy. There’s no question about that. So then any
comparison to any other individuals becomes really less valuable.
App’x at 189. The district court further explained that Bryant’s “use[ of] guns in a
very threatening way during the course of the conspiracy” (including waving a
gun in someone’s face) separated his criminal conduct from that of other co-
conspirators. App’x at 190-91. Although Bryant contends that his co-defendant
Spellman also discharged his weapon in the gunfight, the district court
emphasized that, not only was Bryant involved in the shooting, but also he was
involved in other threatening conduct with firearms, and thus, had an additional
enhancement for the use of violence:
One of the differentiating facts, though, is the use of violence. He’s
got an enhancement for the use of violence. He’s got [an]
enhancement for the gun. There’s all kinds of stories about him
waving the guns around to various co-conspirators in a very
32
threatening way and of course then there’s the gun fight. That is just
an extraordinarily serious aggravating factor, and when you start to
compare him to people in the conspiracy who were sentenced at other
times that level of violence is not necessarily present in their
situations.
App’x at 179.
Accordingly, contrary to Bryant’s assertion that “[t]he district court did not
adequately address [his sentencing disparity] arguments,” Bryant Br. at 38, it is
clear that the district court gave meaningful consideration to those arguments, and
decided to reject them based upon other evidence and a discretionary balancing of
the sentencing factors. Put simply, there was no procedural error.
Bryant’s 90-month term of imprisonment was also substantively reasonable.
“[I]n the overwhelming majority of cases, a Guidelines sentence will fall
comfortably within the broad range of sentences that would be reasonable in the
particular circumstances.” United States v. Fernandez, 443 F.3d 19, 27 (2d Cir. 2006),
abrogated on other grounds by Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 364 (2007). Here,
even after the district court determined that Bryant should be treated as a criminal
history category II (rather than III), his Guidelines advisory range (with the
agreed-upon offense level of 33) was still 151 to 188 months’ imprisonment—well
above the 90-month term of imprisonment that was imposed. In addition, that 90-
33
month sentence was still at the low end of the Guidelines range of 87 to 108 months
that the district court ultimately decided was more appropriate after considering
and balancing Bryant’s mitigating factors.
In short, a sentence of 90 months’ imprisonment is far from unreasonably
high for a defendant with a criminal record, who was a leader in a drug-trafficking
business (involving at least 196 grams of crack cocaine), and was part of a shootout
and other threats of gun violence in connection with that conspiracy. Neither the
sentences of his co-defendants, nor any of the other mitigating factors articulated
at Bryant’s sentencing, undermine the substantive reasonableness of the sentence.
Accordingly, Bryant’s procedural and substantive challenges to the 90-month
sentence fail.
C. Conditions of Supervised Release
Bryant also challenges two of the conditions of supervised release: the risk
and communication conditions. This Court generally reviews the imposition of
conditions of supervised release for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Reeves,
591 F.3d 77, 80 (2d Cir. 2010). “[W]hen a challenge to a condition of supervised
release presents an issue of law,” however, “we review the imposition of that
condition de novo, bearing in mind that any error of law necessarily constitutes an
34
abuse of discretion.” United States v. McLaurin, 731 F.3d 258, 261 (2d Cir. 2013)
(quotation marks omitted).
1. Risk Notification Condition
a. Judicial Pre-Approval of Notification
At the sentencing, Bryant challenged the risk notification condition, which
allowed the probation officer, if he or she determined that the defendant posed a
risk to another person, to require the defendant to notify that person of such risk.12
In response to the objection, the district court noted that it would add a judicial
oversight component to that condition. That language, which required prior
approval by the district court before any notification was made to another person,
was contained in the amended version of this condition that appeared in the
addendum to the PSR. The modified version also contained criteria for
determining whether a risk requiring notification existed.
12 Condition (l), the risk condition, provided:
If the probation officer determines that you pose a risk to another person
(including an organization), the probation officer may require you to notify
the person about the risk and you must comply with that instruction. The
probation officer may contact the person and confirm that you have notified
the person about the risk.
Addendum to the PSR at 32.
35
However, the district court never formally incorporated the amended
condition into the written judgment of conviction. On appeal, the government
concedes that the risk condition, as modified by the district court pursuant to the
addendum to the PSR, governs and that this case should be remanded so that the
written judgment may be modified to comport with the district court’s oral ruling.
We agree. Accordingly, we will remand so that the district court may formally
incorporate the amended risk condition into the written judgment.
b. Vagueness
Bryant separately argues that the amended risk condition is still
unconstitutional because, he asserts, the condition is impermissibly vague. The
amended condition states:
If the probation officer determines, based on your criminal record,
personal history or characteristics, that you pose a risk to another person
(including an organization), the probation officer, with the prior
approval of the Court, may require you to notify the person about the
risk and you must comply with that instruction. The probation officer
may contact the person and confirm that you have notified the person
about the risk.
Addendum to the PSR at 33 (challenged language emphasized). Particularly,
Bryant argues that the condition is vague because, if it were to be applied to him,
the terms “risks,” “characteristics,” and “personal history” are all vague.
36
The problem with Bryant’s argument is that it begins with “if.” Until a
condition of supervised release is imposed, the inquiry remains “an abstraction.”
United States v. Traficante, 966 F.3d 99, 106 (2d Cir. 2020) (rejecting an identical
challenge because it, too, was unripe). The risk condition here is not ripe for
review—it is unknown whether the district court will require Bryant to notify
anyone about any risks. See id. Therefore, Bryant’s vagueness challenge fails.
2. Communication Condition
As to the communication condition, Bryant contends that the condition is
(1) vague, and (2) unreasonable as applied to him because it prohibits him from
interacting with his brother, who is also a felon. That condition reads:
You must not communicate or interact with someone you know is
engaged in criminal activity. If you know someone has been
convicted of a felony, you must not knowingly communicate or
interact with that person without first getting the permission of the
probation officer.
App’x at 200. We address his two challenges in turn.
a. Vagueness
Bryant argues first that the communication condition should be vacated
because it is vague and provides undue discretion to the probation officer. Bryant
contends that it is unclear whether the communication condition would be
37
violated by, for example, incidental contacts with other convicted felons, such as
by having lunch with coworkers.
Bryant’s argument is unpersuasive. We have previously “upheld against a
claim of unconstitutional vagueness a condition forbidding association with
persons having criminal records.” United States v. Albanese, 554 F.2d 543, 546 & n.5
(2d Cir. 1977) (citing Birzon v. King, 469 F.2d 1241, 1242-43 (2d Cir. 1972)). Bryant’s
argument that the condition does not properly apprise him of what contacts are
allowed is similarly unfounded. The Supreme Court has made clear that
“incidental contacts between ex-convicts in the course of work on a legitimate job
for a common employer” are exempted from conditions restricting association,
Arciniega v. Freeman, 404 U.S. 4, 4 (1971); see also United States v. Doe, 802 F. App’x
655, 657 (2d Cir. 2020) (rejecting a vagueness challenge to the same communication
condition at issue here).
Bryant argues that the Seventh Circuit’s decision in United States v. Kappes,
782 F.3d 828 (7th Cir. 2015) supports his position. It does not. In Kappes, the
Seventh Circuit held that a condition, which was very similar to the one at issue in
this case, was unconstitutionally vague because it barred defendants from
“associat[ing] with any persons engaged in criminal activity” and “associat[ing]
38
with any person convicted of a felony.” Id. at 848-49 (emphases added). However,
the legal defect with that condition was the term “associate,” which the Seventh
Circuit found vague. Id. The Seventh Circuit stated that the condition could be
cured by changing “associate” to “meet, communicate, or otherwise interact with,”
id. at 849 (emphasis added), which is almost exactly what the condition at issue
here says, see Addendum to the PSR at 32 (stating that “[y]ou must not communicate
or interact with” prohibited persons (emphasis added)).
In sum, we see no vagueness in the condition imposed on Bryant.
Accordingly, his challenge fails on that ground.
b. Interacting with an Immediate Family Member
Bryant also argues that the communication condition will bar him from
speaking to his brother, who is also a convicted felon. He asserts that the district
court did not make the required findings in order to justify imposing a condition
that prohibits contact with his brother. We agree.
In United States v. Myers, then-Judge Sotomayor held that a condition
restricting a father from associating with his child was, without a stronger
justification in the record, unreasonable:
[W]hen a fundamental liberty interest is implicated by a sentencing
condition, we must first consider the sentencing goal to which the
39
condition relates, and whether the record establishes its
reasonableness. We must then consider whether it represents a
greater deprivation of liberty than is necessary to achieve that goal.
Here, however, the record was inadequate on both prongs of the
inquiry, allowing us neither to identify the goal to which the
condition related nor to determine whether an undue deprivation of
liberty occurred.
426 F.3d 117, 126 (2d Cir. 2005). The government argues that Myers is
distinguishable because that case involved a parent-child relationship, whereas
here the relationship is fraternal. However, we have recognized that sibling
relationships are entitled to the same level of due process protection as other
familial relationships. See Gorman v. Rensselaer County, 910 F.3d 40, 47 (2d Cir.
2018).
Although it would be permissible in certain circumstances to restrict contact
on supervised release between a defendant and an immediate family member if a
sufficient showing for such a restriction is made, here the district court made no
findings and provided little explanation of why this condition was appropriate.
When the issue was raised below, the district court responded that “[p]robation
officers just generally allow [brothers to talk]” and, if “there’s a particular conflict
between members of a family and the probation officer thinks that would create a
40
pretty grave risk if there is contact between the two,” the probation officer should
be able to prevent the brothers from communicating. App’x at 172-73.
We recognize that a district court need not explain its reasoning when
imposing standard conditions, United States v. Truscello, 168 F.3d 61, 63 (2d Cir.
1999), which the communication condition at issue here is, see App’x at 200.
However, because this condition as applied to Bryant implicates a protected
familial relationship, see Gorman, 910 F.3d at 47, a more thorough justification is
required, see Myers, 426 F.3d at 125-28 (remanding for further development of the
record). The district court’s comments, as well as the PSR’s generic justifications
for the application of this condition, are not commensurate with the burden
imposed, and are thus insufficient to support the restriction of Bryant’s
communications and interactions with his brother. Moreover, because a
restriction regarding communications and interactions with an immediate family
member implicates a liberty interest, that determination is not a minor detail that
can be left to the discretion of the Probation Department. See United States v. Matta,
777 F.3d 116, 122 (2d Cir. 2015) (holding that, although a district court “may
delegate to a probation officer decisionmaking authority over certain minor details
of supervised release,” it “may not delegate to the Probation Department
41
decisionmaking authority which would make a defendant’s liberty itself
contingent on a probation officer’s exercise of discretion”); see also Myers, 426 F.3d
at 130 (“[T]he district court may not improperly delegate this determination [of
whether a special condition is warranted] to the probation office.”).
Accordingly, we will remand to allow the district court to provide further
justification for this condition as applied to Bryant’s immediate family members
or to exempt such communications and interactions from the restriction.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM Bryant’s conviction and
sentence, except we VACATE the judgment as to the two challenged conditions of
supervised release, and REMAND in that respect only for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
42