RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 24, 2020
TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky
2018-SC-0560-MR
IMOJEAN DANIEL APPELLANT
ON APPEAL FROM BREATHITT CIRCUIT COURT
V. HONORABLE FRANK ALLEN FLETCHER, JUDGE
NO. 17-CR-00098
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE LAMBERT
REVERSING AND REMANDING
Imojean Daniel was convicted of murder in relation to the shooting death
of her friend and roommate, Joy Turner. She now appeals her resulting thirty-
year sentence. After review, we reverse and remand for a new trial consistent
with this opinion.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
In the months leading up to her death in September 2016, forty-two-
year-old Joy Turner’s life was turbulent. Her beloved Aunt Eva, whom Joy
considered to be a second mother, had recently passed away. Then, in
January 2016, Joy’s parents, Michael and Carolyn Turner, forced Joy to leave
their home. Their decision to do so was a result of Joy’s lifestyle choices, in
particular her abuse of prescription medications.
After Joy left her parents’ home, she was homeless. From January 2016
until late March or early April of 2016 Joy stayed with her then-boyfriend
Bobby “B.J.” Thomas, Jr. B.J. told investigating officers that while Joy lived
with him she cried a lot, slept a lot, and stayed in the bedroom most of the
time. He believed she was depressed due to her Aunt Eva’s passing. Joy was
being treated for anxiety and depression, and her medical records
demonstrated she visited her treating physician frequently.
In April 2016 Joy moved out of B.J.’s home and began living with the
Appellant, Imojean Daniel. Joy and Daniel were described by witnesses as best
friends, and both of Joy’s parents testified that they have known Daniel since
she was a little girl. When Joy moved into Daniel’s single-wide trailer, Daniel
and her girlfriend Kim Spicer were already living there. Kim testified that she
and Daniel have been romantically involved “on and off” for twenty-two years,
and that they lived together for about eighty percent of that time. Kim said
that she and Joy got along most of the time, but when Joy took too much of
her prescription pills, she would “get mouthy” and Kim would leave the trailer
to avoid altercations with her. Kim further stated that she never saw Daniel
and Joy argue or fight.
Beverly Gross, who was very close to Daniel and Kim but did not know
Joy, was a frequent visitor at the trailer. Beverly said that in the two months
leading up to Joy’s death, she visited the trailer at least three to four times a
1
week. Beverly was very candid about the fact that she, Daniel, Joy, and Kim
all abused drugs1 at the trailer. Beverly said that two weeks before Joy’s death
Daniel made Kim move out. It was Beverly’s understanding that Daniel broke
up with Kim and wanted to pursue Joy romantically. Beverly did not believe
Joy was romantically interested in Daniel or that Daniel and Joy were in a
relationship, but that Joy continued living with Daniel because she needed a
place to stay. Kim stated that she only knew of Daniel and Joy being best
friends and that they were never romantically involved.
The night of September 1, 2016, Daniel and Joy were at the trailer by
themselves. Daniel would later tell lead detective Jeff Browning that she and
Joy had been drinking and doing drugs that night at a friend’s house, and they
returned to the trailer sometime after 10 p.m. Joy was passing out, so Joy
went to bed and Daniel went to the living room to watch a movie. The living
room and the bedroom were separated by a kitchen area and a short hallway.
Daniel told Det. Browning that at some point she walked down the hallway
towards the bedroom. She saw Joy on the floor against the back wall of the
room between the bed and an old pedal sewing machine. Daniel said she
thought Joy fell out of bed and hit her head on the sewing machine until she
tried to move her and saw the gun. Daniel said she pulled Joy away from the
wall, laid her on her back, and attempted CPR. Daniel told Det. Browning that
she never heard the gun, a .25 caliber semi-automatic pistol, go off.
1 Beverly specifically mentioned Suboxone, Percocet and, Methadone. Beverly
also acknowledged that she was using drugs intravenously during this time period.
2
Daniel’s aunt, Gertrude Cole, lived next to Daniel; their homes were on
either side of a small driveway. Sometime around midnight Gertrude’s
grandson,2 Dalton Turner, and his friend Tyler Noble were sitting outside on
Gertrude’s porch. Both Dalton and Tyler testified to suddenly hearing Daniel
screaming hysterically for someone to call 911 and seeing her banging on the
side of her trailer with her hand. Prior to this, neither of them heard any
arguing or screaming from within Daniel’s trailer, and neither of them heard a
gunshot. One of Daniel’s neighbors called 911, and police arrived on the scene
soon after. Joy’s mother, father, and sister were also called to the scene that
night. Daniel was not arrested that day, as the investigating officers did not
feel they had enough evidence to disprove Joy killed herself.
Although Daniel’s version of events remained consistent in her
statements to police, other witnesses claimed that her version of events as told
to them differed. Joy’s mother and father and Beverly all testified that Daniel
said she and Joy were in the bedroom and Joy asked Daniel to get her a pop
from the kitchen. And, when Daniel went back to the bedroom, she saw Joy
slumped on the floor between the bed and the sewing machine. In addition,
Joy’s father testified that he heard Daniel say she was asleep and did not hear
the gun go off. Finally, Deputy Jailer Nelda Fugate testified that she
transported Daniel shortly after her eventual arrest a year later in November
2017. Jailer Fugate said she told Daniel that she was charged with murder, to
which Daniel replied, “it wasn’t murder, it was assisted suicide.”
2 Daniel’s cousin.
3
Dr. Laura Lippincott, the medical examiner and forensic pathologist that
conducted Joy’s autopsy, testified for the Commonwealth. She determined that
the bullet entered Joy’s skull through her right parietal scalp. In layman’s
terms, “above the ear and a bit behind it, but not the back of the head.” The
bullet then traveled “back to front, right to left, and slightly downward,” and
never exited Joy’s skull. Further, Dr. Lippincott determined based on the soot
around the wound that it was a contact wound. This meant that the gun was
pressed against Joy’s head when it was fired.
Dr. Lippincott also noted that several different substances were found in
Joy’s blood: Clonazepam, Tetrahydrocannabinol, Oxycodone, Gabapentin, and
alcohol. All of the substances were present at therapeutic levels, except for the
alcohol, the percentage of which Dr. Lippincott could not compare to a blood
alcohol content level. She testified that, in her opinion, these substances
would have had an “interactive effect” upon Joy.
When Dr. Lippincott initially completed Joy’s autopsy, she ruled her
manner of death to be homicide. However, when she later reviewed the case,
she changed her opinion. She testified that she could no longer rule out
suicide or homicide as Joy’s cause of death.
David McCann, a Forensic Scientist Specialist II with the Kentucky State
Police’s Central Forensic Lab, testified for the defense. He tested swabs
collected by investigating officers at the scene for DNA, and tested them against
DNA samples collected from Joy, Kim, and Daniel. Of particular note, the swab
from the trigger of the gun contained Joy’s DNA, but Daniel and Kim were
4
conclusively ruled out as contributors to the DNA profile. The DNA profile from
a swab of the grip of the gun was too limited for meaningful interpretation.
Additional facts are discussed below as necessary.
I. ANALYSIS
Daniel asserts a myriad of alleged errors on appeal. First, that the trial
court erred by allowing three separate pieces of testimonial evidence to be
admitted in violation of KRE3 404(b), one of which lacked sufficient pre-trial
notice under KRE 404(c). Second, that the trial court violated her due process
right to present a defense when it denied her request for expert funds, and that
the Commonwealth made a prejudicial statement in its closing in relation to
the denial of funds. Third, that the trial court erred by allowing a Styrofoam
head used by the medical examiner during her testimony to be admitted into
evidence. Fourth, that the trial court failed to instruct the jury on both the
Commonwealth’s burden of proof and extreme emotional disturbance. Finally,
that the trial court erred by denying Daniel’s request to suppress her statement
to Jailer Fugate.
A. KRE 404(b) Evidence
Daniel’s first argument on appeal is that the trial court erred by
admitting three separate items of evidence regarding Daniel’s other bad acts
into evidence in violation of KRE 404(b). She further asserts that one of those
pieces of evidence lacked the requisite pre-trial notice from the Commonwealth
in violation of KRE 404(c). We will address each piece of evidence in turn.
3 Kentucky Rule of Evidence.
5
(i.) Shooting into the Air Incident
Beverly testified that in all the time she spent at Daniel’s trailer, she
never saw Daniel and Joy get into a physical altercation. She acknowledged
that they occasionally fought, but that their fights only involved screaming at
each other. The worst fight she ever witnessed happened about a week before
Joy’s death. Daniel had misplaced $7 and accused Joy of having it. Joy
denied having the money, and the argument escalated. Daniel got her pistol,
walked outside onto the porch, and fired the pistol into the air several times.
Daniel argues that this evidence was admitted in error both because the
Commonwealth did not provide adequate notice of its intention to introduce it
in accordance with KRE 404(c),4 and because it constitutes other bad acts
evidence which is not otherwise admissible under KRE 404(b). This alleged
error was properly preserved for our review by Daniel’s objection to the
evidence on both KRE 404(c) and KRE 404(b) grounds.5
On the morning of the first day of trial, during a colloquy on the matter
the Commonwealth acknowledged the testimony it anticipated eliciting from
Beverly as recounted above regarding the shooting into the air incident. The
Commonwealth argued first, that the evidence was not KRE 404(b) evidence,
and it was therefore not required to disclose is intention to use it. Further, it
asserted that the information was contained in Beverly’s statement to police
4 “In a criminal case, if the prosecution intends to introduce evidence pursuant
to subdivision (b) of this rule as a part of its case in chief, it shall give reasonable
pretrial notice to the defendant of its intention to offer such evidence.” KRE 404(c).
5 Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure (RCr) 9.22.
6
and the defense therefore had adequate notice of its intent to introduce it. The
trial court ruled that the evidence was admissible because Beverly’s statement
to police was included in the discovery materials provided to the defense by the
Commonwealth. Later, after voir dire but before the jury was sworn, the trial
court and the parties had a discussion in chambers and the trial court again
found that the Commonwealth provided adequate notice of its intent to use
Beverly’s statement in its case-in-chief.
Because we are reversing Daniel’s conviction and remanding for a new
trial on other grounds, we decline to address whether this evidence is otherwise
admissible under KRE 404(b). We instead leave that determination to the
sound discretion of the trial court on remand. But we remind the trial court
that, as with any evidence, it must conduct the requisite balancing test under
Bell v. Commonwealth6 before ruling on the admissibility of this evidence.
Specifically, it must find that the evidence is relevant, and that its probative
value is not substantially outweighed by its potential prejudicial effect.7
As for the potential lack of KRE 404(c) notice,8 on remand the issue of
pre-trial notice will be mooted by virtue of the defense’s actual notice of the
Commonwealth’s use of the evidence in its case-in-chief during the first trial.
(ii.) Two Dollar Bill Evidence
6 875 S.W.2d 882 (Ky. 1994).
7 Id. at 889.
8 See Daniel v. Commonwealth, 905 S.W.2d 76, 77 (Ky. 1995) (holding “A police
report alone does not provide reasonable pretrial notice pursuant to KRE 404(c).”).
7
Cody Abner testified that he owned a small convenience store in the
community, and that he knew Joy, her parents, Daniel, and Kim. He stated
that about a week after Joy’s death, Daniel and Kim came to his store together
and bought some items. They both exited the store. Then, Kim came back in
by herself to buy something else and paid with a $2 bill. Cody said customers
rarely pay with $2 bills, so he was looking at it and noticed Joy’s name on it.
He immediately informed her family.
Carol, Joy’s mother, identified the $2 bill as Joy’s and testified regarding
the significance of the $2 bill to Joy. She said that when Joy was a senior in
high school, she and two of her friends had a kind of senior skip day, and they
all signed their names and nicknames and the date, June 3, 1992, on the $2
bill. Carol said Joy had carried the bill behind her ID in her wallet ever since.
Carol said Joy would have “walked in the desert” before spending it. The bill
was also identified by Joy’s sister.
Daniel argues that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing this
evidence because it is not relevant, and it is other bad act evidence not
otherwise admissible under KRE 404(b). This alleged error was preserved for
our review by her contemporaneous objection to the evidence.9 We review a
trial court’s ruling on the admission of evidence for abuse of discretion.10 A
9 RCr 9.22.
10 Holt, 250 S.W.3d at 652.
8
trial court abuses its discretion when it rules in a way that is arbitrary,
unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.11
As we have already mentioned, to be admissible every piece of evidence
must first satisfy the Bell test. That is, the evidence must be relevant, and its
probative value must not be substantially outweighed by its potential
prejudicial effect.12
To begin, we struggle to see what probative value, and by extension what
relevance this evidence has. Cody testified that Daniel and Kim initially came
into his store together, purchased items, and then left. Then, Kim returned
without Daniel and purchased something with Joy’s $2 bill. Kim was not on
trial for Joy’s murder, Daniel was. So the contention that this evidence could
somehow demonstrate Daniel’s motive to murder Joy is tenuous, at best. Of
course, one could speculate that Daniel gave Kim the $2 bill to spend, but
there was absolutely no evidence to suggest this was the case. Further, the
evidence showed that Joy’s belongings remained in Daniel’s home for three
weeks following her death, and that Kim was in Daniel’s home following Joy’s
death. It is therefore possible that Kim came across the $2 bill and took it
without Daniel’s knowledge. Accordingly, this evidence has very little probative
value, if any.
On the other hand, this evidence’s potential prejudicial effect was great.
Presenting this evidence to the jury suggested that Daniel was somehow
11 English, 993 S.W.2d at 945.
12 Bell, 875 S.W.2d at 889.
9
responsible for the $2 bill being spent, and, therefore, that Daniel was
motivated to kill Joy for her belongings.
The trial court abused its discretion by allowing it into evidence without
proof of Daniel’s direct misappropriation of the sentimentally significant $2 bill.
(iii.) Jewelry Evidence
Beverly testified that about a week after Joy died, she went to Daniel’s
trailer with her daughter. Daniel was going through a box of Joy’s jewelry, and
Daniel gave some of the costume jewelry to Beverly’s daughter. Daniel asked
Beverly if she wanted any of the jewelry, but Beverly declined. Beverly said
that when she got home, she threw away the jewelry Daniel gave to her
daughter. She further claimed that Daniel and Kim took the real silver and
gold jewelry and pawned it. Beverly identified the pawn shop at which Daniel
and Kim allegedly pawned the jewelry. Beverly was the only witness that
testified to this, and there was no other evidence that the jewelry was pawned,
such as a pawn receipt.
Daniel argues that this evidence was improperly admitted in violation of
KRE 404(b). While this alleged error was properly preserved for our review, we
decline to address it on the merits due to our reversal on other grounds.
Instead, we leave the determination of whether it is admissible to the discretion
of the trial court on remand. We reiterate that the trial court must conduct a
balancing test under Bell before ruling on its admissibility.
B. Expert Funds
10
Daniel next asserts that the trial court committed reversible error when it
denied her motion for expert funds under KRS13 31.110(1)(b) and KRS
31.185(1). This issue was properly preserved for our review by Daniel’s pre-
trial, ex parte motion for expert funds and subsequent objections to the trial
court’s adverse rulings on the issue.14 This Court reviews a trial court’s denial
of a defendant’s motion for expert funds for abuse of discretion.15 A trial court
abuses its discretion when it rules in a way that is arbitrary, unreasonable,
unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.16
Because of the fundamental principle that a defendant’s indigence17
should not serve to deprive her of her due process right to present a defense,
KRS 31.110(1) provides that a needy person who is charged with a serious
crime is entitled
(a) To be represented by an attorney to the same extent
as a person having his or her own counsel is so
entitled; and
(b) [To] be provided with the necessary services and
facilities of representation, including investigation
and other preparation. The courts in which the
defendant is tried shall waive all costs.18
In addition, KRS 31.185(1) directs that
[a]ny defending attorney operating under the
provisions of this chapter is entitled to use the same
13 Kentucky Revised Statute.
14 RCr 9.22.
15 McKinney v. Commonwealth, 60 S.W.3d 499, 505 (Ky. 2001).
16 English, 993 S.W.2d at 945.
17 Daniel’s indigent status is not contested by the Commonwealth.
18 (Emphasis added).
11
state facilities for the evaluation of evidence as are
available to the attorney representing the
Commonwealth. If he or she considers their use
impractical, the court of competent jurisdiction in
which the case is pending may authorize the use of
private facilities to be paid for on court order from the
special account of the Finance and Administration
Cabinet.
Several decades of case law in this area have distilled the test for whether
a defendant made a sufficient showing of need for expert funds into the
following: “1) whether the request has been pleaded with requisite specificity;
and 2) whether funding for the particularized assistance is ‘reasonably
necessary’; 3) while weighing relevant due process considerations.”19 Further,
“our review of a trial court's denial of funds pursuant to KRS 31.110 is limited
to the reasons actually presented to the trial court.”20
At the outset, we reiterate that the only issue the jury had to decide in
this case was whether Joy died as the result of homicide or suicide. On June
20, 2018, the defense filed an ex parte motion for expert funds. Specifically,
the defense requested funds to hire a crime scene reconstructionist to help the
defense review the Commonwealth’s evidence against Daniel, to conduct
additional testing and analysis of that evidence, to provide expert testimony at
trial, and to aid the defense in cross-examining and impeaching the
Commonwealth’s witnesses regarding that evidence. The defense argued the
following as grounds for the trial court to grant said funds:
19 Benjamin v. Commonwealth, 266 S.W.3d 775, 789 (Ky. 2008)
20 McKinney, 60 S.W.3d at 505.
12
Imojean Daniel is charged in this indictment with
Murder, a Capital Offense. The case involves an
accusation that Imojean Daniel killed Joy Turner by
shooting her in the head. The case was initially
investigated as a suicide however; Ms. Daniel was
subsequently indicted for murder. There is significant
evidence that Ms. Turner was depressed and suicidal
at the time leading up to her death. In addition, the
evidence collected and some not collected by the
Kentucky State Police indicate that suicide cannot be
ruled out. Ms. Daniel is facing the potential of life in
prison therefore; she must be afforded this expert
assistance.
The defense further identified Shelly Rice as the reconstructionist that it
intended to retain along with Ms. Rice’s anticipated fees.
The trial court subsequently entered an order denying the defense’s
motion. The court cited solely to Davenport v. Commonwealth,21 to be
discussed infra, and found that the defense’s goals in requesting expert
funding could be satisfied solely by cross-examination of the Commonwealth’s
witnesses.
On June 22, the defense tendered a written motion for reconsideration
and was heard on the matter during an ex parte hearing on the same day. The
written motion, in addition to the reasons articulated in the defense’s first
motion, stated:
Even the Medical Examiner, when interviewed by
defense counsel, indicated that she would need to
know more information to completely rule out
suicide…Defense counsel needs the assistance of an
expert to examine the scene, provide information
about what proper investigation techniques were used
and what proper techniques were not used. Very little
evidence from the scene was collected by the Kentucky
21 177 S.W.3d 763 (Ky. 2005).
13
State Police. An expert in this field can provide
defense counsel the information that is needed to
conduct a proper cross-examination into what should
have been done to definitely decide whether a homicide
or a suicide took place that evening. To adequately
and ethically represent Ms. Daniel, Defense counsel
needs access to the funds to hire a crime scene
Reconstructionist.
During the hearing on the motion counsel argued verbally to the court that the
court’s reliance on Davenport in denying its first motion was misplaced because
the Davenport case says that the reason [the defense]
did not get the expert funds for the reconstructionist is
that all they were trying to do is combat, in the
investigation, what was done and was not done right.
And [the court] said that could be brought out in
cross. The issue that we have here is we’re needing
this reconstructionist for a specific purpose. Our
theory of the case, as you just stated, has always been
that Joy Turner [completed] suicide. And, granted that
it is our position that the Kentucky State Police did not
do their job correctly with the investigation, in order to
prove our theory of the suicide it’s going to come down
to having an expert to show that with the position of
the body, with the blood splatter that was in the
photos that we were given by KSP,22 that our theory is
plausible and correct. So I think the difference
between this one and Davenport is we’re not just trying
to say, ‘well this is all the things that KSP did wrong.’
We’re trying to prove our theory.
The trial court denied the motion to reconsider and suggested the
defense talk to the Medical Examiner regarding her conclusions and what they
were based on. Defense counsel tried to explain that her conversations with
the Medical Examiner were the very reason she determined a reconstructionist
was needed; because the Medical Examiner told her that, without more
22 Kentucky State Police.
14
information, she could not rule out suicide. The trial court cut the defense’s
explanation short and told her those were things that could be argued to the
jury.
While both the initial motion and motion to reconsider indicate that Ms.
Rice’s curriculum vitae was filed with them, a sworn affidavit from Ms. Rice was
not filed until August 17th.
Ms. Rice’s affidavit stated the following:
5. My preliminary review and opinion is this incident
exhibits characteristics of an equivocal death scene.
Equivocal death scenes are those that have
questionable traits of the manner of death.
6. Equivocal death scenes require careful investigation
and reconstruction techniques to determine the final
conclusion of suicide or homicide. In my training,
these types of deaths, specifically shooting incidents,
are extensively covered in crime scene reconstruction,
shooting reconstruction, and homicide investigation
due to the sensitivity of such cases.
7. Upon more careful review and reconstruction of this
case, I could offer further opinions of whether Ms.
Turner was capable of committing suicide and if the
scene is more consistent with this manner of death.
8. Based on the physical evidence in the photographs
and other discovery materials, there are lingering
questions as to the manner of death in which the
fairness of a trial should be brought forth.
Ms. Rice’s curriculum vitae reflected her extensive training in various areas of
crime scene investigation and reconstruction.
On August 27, the first day of trial, after voir dire but before the jury was
sworn, the trial court had an ex parte discussion with the defense. The court
said it had since put additional thought into the defense’s motion, and it still
15
believed the defense could create reasonable doubt through cross-examination.
The defense responded that it did not believe this to be a case where cross-
examination would be enough. Their theory of the case was that Joy’s death
was the result of suicide, and that the police’s investigation into the case was
insufficient to prove that she was murdered. The defense attorneys pointed out
that they are not experts in crime scene investigation, and therefore having
access to such an expert was crucial to the preparation and presentation of
their case.
Indeed, during Det. Browning’s cross-examination, the defense asked
Det. Browning if he did any blood enhancement testing at the scene. Det.
Browning said he did not, and that he did not know what blood enhancement
testing, specifically Luminol,23 was. He further said that he had never heard of
using blood enhancement techniques to determine the origin from which a shot
was fired.
After Det. Browning’s testimony, the defense told the trial court that his
testimony was precisely why they needed expert funds. The trial court asked if
there was a learned treatise they could have consulted and cross-examined
him with. The defense pointed out that learned treatises can only come in
through a qualified expert, and Det. Browning would not even acknowledge
that such testing existed and therefore could not be qualified as an expert. The
Commonwealth acknowledged that it would have objected if the defense had
23 Luminol is a chemical reagent used to test for the presumptive presence of
blood. See 82 A.L.R.5th 67 (Originally published in 2000).
16
tried to cross-examine him with a learned treatise. Later, during the
Commonwealth’s closing arguments, it used Det. Browning’s testimony against
the defense by stating:
and then, [defense] counsel asked Detective
Browning…a question about some kind of a blood
enhancement test to show where a shot was fired
from. Det. Browning had never even heard of that.
State police don’t use that, and I very facetiously asked
him if the state police were holding that back from
him, of course they weren’t. That might sound good
on these TV programs, maybe, CSI or something. But
in the real world they’re not aware of any kind of tests
like that. And I submit to you ladies and gentlemen
that if there were a test like that, the defense would be
coming in to show how terrible an officer he is because
he didn’t know about the test.
The defense objected to this. It argued that it tried to show that such tests
actually exist through their own expert, but their motion was denied. The trial
court said that it did not want to get into the merits of that argument and
allowed the Commonwealth to continue.
As previously mentioned, our analysis of this issue must focus on
whether the defense’s claim was pleaded with requisite specificity, and whether
the funding was reasonably necessary, while considering relevant due process
considerations.
To begin, the trial court based its denial of the defense’s motion for
funding solely on Davenport, but we agree with the defense’s position that case
Davenport is distinguishable from the case now before us. Davenport was
convicted of the murder and robbery of Patrick Perkins.24 One of Perkins’
24 Davenport, 177 S.W.3d at 766.
17
friends discovered his body in his home, which was “in disarray, with blood on
the wall and furniture overturned.”25 Perkins’ pants pockets were turned out,
and one of his pistols was missing.26 He was shot four times, and had
defensive wounds on his arms and wrists.27
Davenport’s nephew testified that he drove Davenport to Perkins’ home
on the night he was killed.28 Shortly after Davenport entered the home his
nephew saw him “bounce off the front door,” and heard a male voice that was
not his uncle’s cry “please, don’t kill me.”29 Scared, Davenport’s nephew drove
away, leaving Davenport at Perkins’ home.30 Davenport later instructed his
nephew to deny leaving him at Perkins’ home that night.31 Davenport
ultimately admitted being in Perkins’ home on the night he was killed, but
denied shooting him.32
On appeal to this Court, Davenport argued that the trial court
reversibly erred by denying his motion for funds to hire a crime scene expert.33
The sole basis for Davenport’s motion was that “the investigation into [the
victim’s] death was insufficient and was not conducted pursuant to commonly
25 Id.
26 Id.
27 Id.
28 Id. at 767.
29 Id.
30 Id.
31 Id.
32 Id. at 766-67.
33 Id. at 773.
18
accepted standards.”34 In support, the defense pointed to several steps the
investigating officers failed to take: “Perkins’ core temperature was not taken to
determine the specific time of death, no effort was made to determine the
owners of several weapons found in Perkins’ home, and neither fingerprints nor
blood samples were taken from Perkins’ home.”35
This Court held that the trial court properly denied Davenport’s motion
for expert funding, holding:
[f]unds will not be provided pursuant to KRS 31.110 so
that defense counsel may conduct a “fishing
expedition.” Rather, defense counsel must provide
specific information that he or she expects the expert
to provide at trial, and the request should be denied
where defense counsel is only able to express the need
for an expert in general terms. A “general” request is
precisely the type made by Appellant in the present
matter. Despite repeated requests by the trial court,
defense counsel was unable to provide any specific
reasons why an expert was needed, or any specific
information an expert would be able to provide.
Rather, defense counsel sought funds for an expert
who would undermine the sufficiency of the
investigation. We agree with the trial court that this
purpose could be, and in fact was, reached by cross-
examination of the investigating officers into what
procedures were and were not taken in the
investigation.36
Again, we believe Davenport is distinguishable from the case at bar.
First, the victim in Davenport was unquestionably a victim of homicide,
meaning that the only issue for the jury in that regard was the identity of the
34 Id.
35 Id.
36 Id. (internal citations omitted).
19
shooter. Here, Joy’s manner of death was such a contestable issue that even
the medical examiner could not determine whether Joy died as the result of
homicide or suicide. Further, the evidence against Daniel was not quite as
overwhelming as the evidence against Davenport. More importantly, Daniel
was very specific about the expert she wanted and what she believed that
expert could contribute to her defense. That is, to draw her own conclusions
about whether Joy’s death was consistent with a suicide—the most critical
issue in the case—based on her expertise and to explain why the police’s
investigation into the case was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that Joy died as a result of homicide. And, as the defense pointed out, their
lack of expertise in what should have been done, or even what could have been
done, put them at a great disadvantage.
We instead feel that this case more closely resembles one of the few cases
in which this Court has ruled that a trial court erred by denying expert funds:
Sommers v. Commonwealth.37 Sommers was convicted of murdering two girls,
a 12- and 13-year old, whose parents had abandoned them in the care of
Sommers and his wife in the summer of 1988.38 In December of 1988 the
Sommers’ house burned down, and the girls’ bodies were found in the debris.39
Forensic tests showed the girls did not die from smoke inhalation or the fire,
but from suffocation prior to the fire.40 The arson investigators determined the
37 843 S.W.2d 879 (Ky. 1992).
38 Id. at 880.
39 Id.
40 Id.
20
physical evidence was consistent with the fire being intentionally set.41 The
Commonwealth’s theory at trial was that Sommers had been sexually abusing
the girls, killed them to keep them from telling anyone, and then burned his
house down to cover up the murders.42
This Court held that the trial court committed reversible error when it
failed to grant Sommers’ motion for funding for “a pathologist and an arson
investigator to serve as consultants and/or witnesses for the defense.”43 After
discussing Hicks v. Commonwealth,44 Smith v. Commonwealth,45 and Simmons
v. Commonwealth,46 cases in which the denial of expert funding was upheld on
appeal, this Court concluded that Sommers’ case was “vastly different.”47
First, in Sommers’ case, “both the cause of death and the genesis of the
fire were matters of crucial dispute, resolvable only through circumstantial
41 Id.
42 Id.
43 Id. at 883.
44 670 S.W.2d 837 (Ky. 1984) (holding defendant failed to demonstrate how a
defense serologist could assist him, when sophisticated tests performed by a state
crime lab serologist strongly indicated that blood at the crime scene was the
defendant’s blood).
45 734 S.W.2d 437 (Ky. 1987) (holding the defendant failed to demonstrate
reasonable necessity for a ballistics or crime scene reconstruction expert when his
stated purpose for those experts was to prove his mental state during the commission
of his crimes).
46746 S.W.2d 393 (Ky. 1988) (holding the defendant failed to demonstrate
reasonable necessity for expert funds for two independent psychiatrists, two
independent psychologists, and one licensed clinical social worker. Defendant was
examined at the Kentucky Correctional Psychiatric Center by a psychiatrist and
consulted with a social worker, both of whom testified on his behalf at trial.
Defendant stated only in general terms that the requested expert assistance was
needed to adequately prepare for trial).
47 Sommers, 843 S.W.2d at 884.
21
evidence and expert opinion.”48 Further, Sommers’ counsel did not fail to
demonstrate reasonable necessity:
[i]n a memorandum in support of its motion, the
defense pointed out that there were no eyewitnesses to
the alleged offenses, and the defendant denied
committing either homicide or arson. It advised the
court that there were material issues as to the cause of
death and the nature and cause of the fire, and that
experts from the medical examiner's office, the fire
marshal's office and the Kentucky State Police were
witnesses for the Commonwealth. It argued that
different experts might observe the facts differently, or
might reach different conclusions even given identical
facts. Counsel maintained that without expert
assistance he could not effectively investigate the
circumstances, choose a course of defense, cross-
examine the state's witnesses, or challenge the validity
of their opinions.49
Accordingly, this Court held it was reversible error for the trial court to deny
Sommers the requested funding.50
Again, in this case defense counsel was very specific about what it
sought to gain through the use of a crime scene expert. It further identified the
expert it wanted, the qualifications of that expert, a sworn affidavit from that
expert,51 and her anticipated fee. The issue upon which counsel sought expert
assistance was the most crucial issue in that case: whether Joy died as the
result of homicide or suicide. And, based upon the fact that the police’s
48 Id.
49 Id.
50 Id. at 885.
51 Although Ms. Rice’s affidavit was filed relatively late in the game, it was still
before the trial court to consider before the court made its final ruling on this matter
on the first day of trial.
22
investigation was insufficient to convince the Medical Examiner of Joy’s cause
of death, there is reason to believe that expert assistance could have helped the
defense explain why the investigation was insufficient to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that Joy was murdered.
Accordingly, we hold that Daniel’s motion for expert funds was pleaded
with requisite specificity, and that it demonstrated reasonable necessity for the
expert funds it sought. The trial court therefore abused its discretion in failing
to grant Daniel’s motion for expert funds. Accordingly, we reverse Daniel’s
conviction and remand for a new trial consistent with this opinion.
As a final note, we feel it is important to point out that the dissent’s
comparison of this case to Commonwealth v. Ferguson, 581 S.W.3d 1 (Ky.
2019), is incomplete and misleading. In Ferguson, the victim suffered two
gunshot wounds to the head. Id. at 3. Further, the Medical Examiner in
Ferguson believed that the victim’s gunshot wounds were likely not self-
inflicted due to the distance from the victim that one of the shots was fired. Id.
at 15-16.
C. Styrofoam Head
Daniel next asserts that the trial court committed reversible error when it
allowed a Styrofoam head used by Dr. Lippincott for demonstrative purposes to
be entered into evidence. This alleged error was properly preserved for our
review by Daniel’s contemporaneous objection to the Styrofoam head being
admitted into evidence.52 We review a trial court’s ruling on the admission of
52 RCr 9.22.
23
evidence for abuse of discretion.53 A trial court abuses its discretion when it
rules in a way that is arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound
legal principles.54
During Dr. Lippincott’s testimony, she used a Styrofoam head to
demonstrate both approximately where the entrance wound on Joy’s head was
and the general trajectory of the bullet after it entered her skull. She
acknowledged that the Styrofoam head was not to scale, i.e., was not precisely
the same size and shape of Joy’s head. Dr. Lippincott used the measurements
of Joy’s wound contained in her autopsy notes to determine approximately
where the entrance wound was, which she marked on the skull prior to her
testimony. During her testimony she pushed a stick into the Styrofoam head
to demonstrate the general trajectory of the bullet.
Daniel did not object to Dr. Lippincott’s testimony or the use of the
Styrofoam head as a visual aid. However, Daniel did object to the Styrofoam
head being entered into evidence as an exhibit, asserting that it was only
meant to be used for demonstrative purposes. The trial court overruled the
objection on the grounds that the main issue for the jury to decide was whether
Joy’s death was the result of homicide or suicide and that trajectory is an
important consideration in making that decision. Further, Dr. Lippincott is a
forensic pathologist and is therefore a qualified expert to present that kind of
evidence.
53 Ross v. Commonwealth, 455 S.W.3d 899, 910 (Ky. 2015).
54 English, 993 S.W.2d at 945.
24
Daniel now argues to this Court, primarily under Rankin v.
Commonwealth,55 that the Commonwealth’s use of the Styrofoam head was not
a “fair comparison,” and is therefore reversible error. Daniel contends that the
Styrofoam head was highly prejudicial because it bolstered the
Commonwealth’s theory that Daniel shot Joy in the head. In addition, Daniel
argues that the Styrofoam head was not probative of anything because it was
not a scale model of Joy’s head. However, this Court is inclined to agree with
the Commonwealth’s assertion that the Styrofoam head is more akin to the
visual aid evidence approved of in Stringer v. Commonwealth,56 than the
experiment evidence of Rankin. But, at any rate, the evidence would still be
admissible under a Rankin analysis.
At the outset we note that Daniel’s assertion that this evidence bolstered
the Commonwealth’s theory of the case is simply incorrect. Dr. Lippincott
never stated that the location of the entrance wound or the trajectory of the
bullet was consistent with homicide. And, Dr. Lippincott later stated during
cross-examination that she was unable to make a ruling on Joy’s manner of
death; she could rule out neither homicide nor suicide. That said, we will next
address the parties’ respective arguments under our existing case law.
Stringer was a child sex abuse case wherein we held that the trial court
did not err by allowing the victim to use anatomically correct dolls while
55 327 S.W.3d 492 (Ky. 2010).
56 956 S.W.2d 883 (Ky. 1997).
25
describing the acts Stringer perpetrated upon her.57 We held simply that the
child’s “use of the dolls was no different than the employment by a witness of
any other appropriate visual aid.”58
Rankin, in contrast, was slightly more complex. Rankin was convicted of
first-degree criminal abuse and wanton murder.59 Rankin was babysitting his
girlfriend’s children, 6-month-old C.A. and 2-year-old M.A., while his girlfriend
was at work.60 Rankin claimed that he put the children down for a nap,
leaving C.A. in her car seat on the floor.61 When he checked on the children
approximately an hour later, “he found the car seat tipped over and C.A. on the
floor with M.A. kneeling on her neck.”62 Tragically, C.A. was later pronounced
dead.63
One of Rankin’s arguments on appeal to this Court was that the trial
court erred by allowing the Commonwealth to play a video made by a social
worker involved in the case.64 The video depicted M.A. “interacting with a
sand-filled teddy bear weighted to approximate C.A.'s weight and placed in a
car seat like C.A.'s on the floor of the social worker's interview room.”65 The
57 Id. at 886.
58 Id. at 887.
59 Rankin, 327 S.W.3d at 494.
60 Id. at 495.
61 Id.
62 Id.
63 Id.
64 Id. at 498.
65 Id.
26
video shows M.A. trying to lift the teddy bear from the car seat, and failing.66
Rankin argued that the exhibit was prejudicially misleading because, though
they had the same weight, the teddy bear and C.A.’s body differed in other
respects and therefore the experiment could not provide a reliable
comparison.67 This Court disagreed with Rankin’s argument and reasoned
that
the Commonwealth did not offer the social worker's
video of M.A. as a simulation of what happened to
C.A., but rather as proof tending to show that the two-
year-old was not strong enough to lift his fourteen-
pound sister out of her car seat, thus casting doubt on
Rankin's statement to police that he found the
children on the floor with M.A. kneeling on C.A.'s neck.
For this limited purpose, the weighted teddy bear
was sufficiently like an infant to give the
experiment some probative value…In short, the
experiment's obvious limitations can reasonably be
deemed to go to its weight as evidence, not to its
admissibility.68
Accordingly, although we feel the Styrofoam head is more comparable to
the visual aid evidence in Stringer than the out-of-court experiment evidence in
Rankin, we hold that it would be admissible through the lens of either case.
Dr. Lippincott used the Styrofoam head as a visual aid to demonstrate the
general area where the bullet entered Joy’s skull, and the resultant bullet path
and nothing more. Thus, it was an appropriate visual aid, and Stringer is not
violated. Additionally, under a Rankin analysis, because Dr. Lippincott’s
66 Id.
67 Id.
68 Id. (emphasis added).
27
testimony was clear that the Styrofoam head was not to scale and was meant
only to be a demonstration of the approximate locations of the entrance wound
and bullet path, the Styrofoam head was sufficiently similar to Joy’s for that
limited purpose to give it probative value. And, as previously discussed, the
evidence was neutral on the issue of homicide versus suicide and therefore was
not prejudicial. The trial court accordingly did not abuse its discretion in
allowing this evidence.
D. Jury Instructions
Daniel next asserts that the trial court committed two reversible errors in
relation to the jury instructions given in this case. First, she asserts that the
trial court erred by failing to give a stand-alone instruction on the
Commonwealth’s burden of proof. She also argues that the trial court erred by
failing to instruct the jury on extreme emotional disturbance (EED). These
alleged errors were properly preserved by Daniel’s tender of instructions on the
Commonwealth’s burden of proof and EED, respectively.69 We review a trial
court’s ruling regarding jury instructions for abuse of discretion.70 A trial court
abuses its discretion when it acts in a way that is arbitrary, unreasonable,
unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.71 With this in mind, we
address each argument in turn.
i.) Burden of Proof
69 RCr 9.54(2).
70 Ratliff v. Commonwealth, 194 S.W.3d 258, 274 (Ky. 2006).
71 English, 993 S.W.2d at 945.
28
Daniel first contends that the trial court abused its discretion by
declining to give a stand-alone instruction on the Commonwealth’s burden of
proof. Daniel tendered the following instruction on “Burden of Proof”:
The burden of proof in this case rests on the
prosecution from the beginning to the end of trial to
establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, every fact
essential to the conviction of Imojean Daniel of a
particular offense. Ms. Daniel has no burden to
sustain. If upon the whole case, you have a
reasonable doubt as to Ms. Daniel’s guilt, you shall
find her not guilty.
The trial court declined to give this instruction. It agreed with the
Commonwealth that, because of the other instructions given, a stand-alone
instruction on burden of proof was not necessary.72 The instruction ultimately
given to the jury on “Presumption of Innocence” provided:
The law presumes Imojean Daniel to be innocent of a
crime, and the indictment shall not be considered as
evidence or as having any weight against her. You
shall find Imojean Daniel not guilty unless you are
satisfied from the evidence alone and beyond a
reasonable doubt that she is guilty. If upon the whole
case you have a reasonable doubt that she is guilty,
you shall find her not guilty.
On appeal to this Court, Daniel seems to argue that without the stand-
alone instruction on burden of proof she proposed, the jury would not know
that Daniel never had a burden of proof. We disagree.
72 There is no video record of the conversation between the trial court and
respective counsel regarding jury instructions. We instead refer to the narrative
statement provided by the trial court.
29
Instead, we believe the reasoning of the Court of Appeals in Patterson v.
Commonwealth is applicable to this issue. Patterson held that
[i]t is entirely unreasonable to believe that a juror,
without benefit of a burden of proof instruction, could
conclude other than that it is for the Commonwealth
to bear this obligation. It is clearly evident through
the presumptions of innocence and reasonable doubt
instructions upon whom the burden lies without the
need for a specific, separate instruction.73
Here, in addition to the “Presumption of Innocence” instruction, the jury
was informed by the defense once during its opening statement, and three
times during its closing argument that the Commonwealth bore the burden of
proof to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Daniel killed Joy. The
Commonwealth also acknowledged this during its opening statement. It is
therefore untenable that the jury did not know that the Commonwealth bore
the burden of proof absent Daniel’s proposed instruction. The trial court did
not abuse its discretion by declining to give that instruction to the jury.
ii.) Extreme Emotional Disturbance
Daniel next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to
instruct the jury on EED. Daniel’s tendered murder instruction required the
jury to find that Daniel was not acting under EED when she shot Joy. The trial
court declined to give the instruction. It reasoned that the absence of EED was
not an element the Commonwealth was required to prove, and Daniel had
73 630 S.W.2d 73, 75 (Ky. App. 1981). This holding has previously been cited
favorably by this court. See, e.g., Herp v. Commonwealth, 491 S.W.3d 507, 513 (Ky.
2016); Patterson v. Commonwealth, 2005-SC-000831-MR, 2007 WL 541923, at *8 (Ky.
Feb. 22, 2007); and Cissell v. Commonwealth, 2004-SC-0487-MR, 2006 WL 141613, at
*7 (Ky. Jan. 19, 2006).
30
presented no evidence that she acted under EED. We agree with the trial
court’s ruling.
Trial courts have a duty to instruct the jury on the whole law of the
case.74 But that duty does not extend to placing speculative theories before the
jury merely because the testimony includes some basis for the speculation.75 A
jury instruction on EED in particular “must be supported by some definite,
non-speculative evidence.”76 The evidence must show that there was an
identifiable triggering event77 which caused the defendant to “suffer a
temporary state of mind so enraged, inflamed, or disturbed as to overcome [the
defendant’s] judgment, and to cause [the defendant] to act uncontrollably from
an impelling force of the extreme emotional disturbance rather than from evil
or malicious purposes.”78
Daniel contends that one of the motives the Commonwealth proposed
was that Daniel was jealous of Joy. More specifically, that Daniel was
interested in Joy romantically, and Joy did not feel the same way about her.
Therefore, Daniel reasons, if the jury ultimately found that she shot Joy, it
would have been reasonable for the jury to also conclude that there was a
triggering event that night that caused the shooting. The Commonwealth itself
presented no evidence of a triggering event, and Daniel’s theory of the case
74 RCr 9.54(1).
75 Lackey v. Commonwealth, 468 S.W.3d 348, 355 (Ky. 2015).
76 Padgett v. Commonwealth, 312 S.W.3d 336, 341 (Ky. 2010) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
77 Driver v. Commonwealth, 361 S.W.3d 877, 888 (Ky. 2012).
78 Padgett, 312 S.W.3d at 341.
31
from beginning to end was that Joy killed herself. Accordingly, the evidence
was not sufficient to warrant an instruction on EED, and the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in declining to give such instruction.
E. Suppression of Daniel’s Statement to Deputy Jailer Fugate
Daniel’s final argument is that the trial court erred by failing to suppress
the statement she made to Deputy Jailer Nelda Fugate. This alleged error was
properly preserved by Daniel’s pre-trial motion to suppress the statement, and
subsequent contemporaneous objection to the testimony at trial.79 Our review
of a trial court’s ruling on the suppression of evidence is a two-step process:
“[w]e review the trial court's factual findings for clear error, and deem
conclusive the trial court's factual findings if supported by substantial
evidence. The trial court's application of the law to the facts we review de
novo.”80
As both parties agree about the facts surrounding this issue, we hold
that the following facts are supported by substantial evidence and the first step
of our review is therefore satisfied. Jailer Fugate testified during the
suppression hearing that she had worked for the Breathitt County Fiscal Court
for four years. Her primary duty was to transport female prisoners to and from
jail, court, doctor’s appointments, or wherever else they needed to go. When
she transports a prisoner, she is required to fill out a “body receipt” to be
79 RCr 9.22.
80 Williams v. Commonwealth, 364 S.W.3d 65, 68 (Ky. 2011).
32
signed by the person receiving the prisoner. The body receipt includes things
like the date, time, and charges against the prisoner. Jailer Fugate said it is
her practice to read to the person she is transporting the charges against them.
This is not something required of her by her employer, but she began doing it
because in her experience most people ask what they are charged with.
Jailer Fugate said she picked Daniel up from the Jackson Police
Department after Daniel was arrested. Daniel seemed sober and not in need of
any medical attention. Jailer Fugate then put Daniel in the back of her
transport vehicle. While they were still sitting in the parking lot of the Jackson
Police Department, Jailer Fugate informed Daniel she was charged with
murder. Daniel immediately replied that “it wasn’t murder, it was assisted
suicide.” Fugate said that she believed what Daniel said was incriminating and
she therefore did not say anything else to Daniel. As soon as she dropped
Daniel off, she wrote down what Daniel said. KSP officers later came and
interviewed her, and she told them what Daniel said. Based on this testimony,
the defense argued that Daniel’s statement should have been suppressed
because Jailer Fugate did not read Daniel her Miranda rights81 and Jailer
Fugate knew or should have known that reading Daniel her charges would
elicit an incriminating statement.
In its order denying Daniel’s motion to suppress the statement, the trial
court noted that the parties stipulated that Daniel was in custody and that
Jailer Fugate was a state actor. Therefore, the only legal issue the trial court
81 See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
33
ruled on, and consequently the only issue for our review, was whether or not
Jailer Fugate’s statement to Daniel was an interrogation or its functional
equivalent.82 The trial court ultimately found that Daniel’s statement was
voluntary and was not the result of a custodial interrogation. It is this finding
that we now review de novo.
“Interrogation” under Miranda and its progeny means both the colloquial
understanding of the word, and its broader definition of “any words or actions
on the part of police (other than those normally attendant to arrest and
custody) that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an
incriminating response from the suspect…focus[ing] primarily upon the
perceptions of the suspect, rather than the intent of the police.”83
Here, it is clear that Jailer Fugate never asked Daniel any questions.
Therefore, the issue becomes whether Jailer Fugate knew, or should have
known, that informing Daniel that she was charged with murder was
reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from her. We hold that,
under the facts of this case, merely telling a prisoner what she was charged
with was not an interrogation.
First, most people who are informed that they have been charged with a
crime will do the exact opposite of saying something incriminating. They are
82See Smith v. Commonwealth, 312 S.W.3d 353, 358 (Ky. 2010) (holding that
Miranda warnings are only required when a person is in the custody of a state actor
conducting an interrogation).
83 Wells v. Commonwealth, 892 S.W.2d 299, 302 (Ky. 1995) (quoting Rhode
Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 301 (1980)).
34
likely to say something like “I didn’t do anything” or, in this instance, “I didn’t
murder anyone.”
Further, we have held in other cases that similar conduct to that of Jailer
Fugate did not constitute an interrogation. For example, in Taylor v.
Commonwealth, officers were holding Taylor in handcuffs and informed him
that “he was not under arrest and that they had been told he possessed
drugs.”84 Taylor voluntarily responded that he had illegal drugs in his
pockets.85 Taylor argued to this Court, as Daniel does now, that his
incriminating statement should have been suppressed because he was not read
his Miranda rights prior to making it and the officers’ statement to him was the
functional equivalent of an interrogation.86 This Court disagreed and held that
“[t]elling an individual of the reason he is being stopped by police is not an
interrogation.”87
In another case, Wells v. Commonwealth, Wells entered the home of a
man named Charlie Robinson, attempted to rob him, and stabbed him in the
back.88 Robinson was able to survive the attack long enough to call 911 and
identify Wells as his attacker, but later died as a result of his injuries.89 After
84 182 S.W.3d 521, 522 (Ky. 2006).
85 Id. at 522.
86 Id. at 523.
87 Id. at 524.
88 892 S.W.2d 299, 300-01 (Ky. 1995).
89 Id. at 301.
35
Wells left Robinson’s house he stole $500 in government food stamps from a
bank.90
Wells was initially arrested for theft, but during his interview with police
one of the officers “told the other officers that she would need additional time to
complete paperwork on an expected additional murder charge and to inform
the jail officials.”91 Wells became irate and demanded to know what she was
talking about.92 The officer explained that Wells would be charged with first-
degree assault, which would be elevated to murder if the victim died.93 Wells
then asked if the officer was talking about “that thing on Iowa (street) with old
Charlie (the victim).”94 It was this statement that Wells argued should have
been suppressed, as he believed it was the functional equivalent of an
interrogation.95
This Court disagreed and held that the officer’s statement to the other
officers “cannot be considered the functional equivalent of questioning. Those
statements may well be considered ‘normally attendant to arrest and custody.’
Furthermore, such a statement does not evidence a functional equivalent to
interrogation which would require suppression.”96
90 Id.
91 Id.
92 Id.
93 Id.
94 Id.
95 Id. at 302.
96 Id. (internal citation omitted).
36
While the facts of this case are not precisely on point with those in Taylor
and Wells, the principles remain the same. First, there is a strong argument
that, for Jailer Fugate, reading charges to a prisoner she is transporting is a
statement “normally attendant to arrest and custody,” as she testified that it is
her practice to do so with every prisoner she transports. But even if that were
not the case, we can discern no reason why Jailer Fugate knew, or should have
known, that simply telling Daniel what she was charged with would have
elicited such an incriminating response. Therefore, we hold that the statement
was not an interrogation or its functional equivalent, and the trial court did not
err in declining to suppress Daniel’s statement.
II. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we reverse and remand for a new trial consistent
with this opinion.
Minton, C.J.; Hughes, Keller, Lambert, Nickell, VanMeter and Wright,
J.J. sitting. Minton, C.J.; Hughes, Lambert, VanMeter and Wright concur.
KELLER, J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:
Although I agree with much of the majority’s opinion, I concur in result only
regarding the evidence that Daniel shot her gun in the air during an argument
with Joy. I respectfully dissent from its holdings regarding the evidence of the
two-dollar bill and the denial of expert funds. Finally, I believe that the
prosecutor’s comments during closing argument regarding Daniel’s lack of an
expert, although not warranting reversal, merit further discussion.
A. Evidence of the Two dollar Bill
37
The majority finds error in the trial court’s admission of evidence that
Kim used Joy’s two-dollar bill at a convenience store about a week after Joy’s
death. The majority holds that admission of this evidence was an abuse of
discretion “without proof of Daniel’s direct misappropriation” of the money. It is
impossible for this Court to predict what evidence will be admitted and how
that evidence will be admitted in a new trial on remand. For instance, evidence
of the two-dollar bill may be relevant to Kim’s credibility or to Daniel’s
credibility should either choose to testify. As such, I would leave the admission
of this evidence to the sound discretion of the trial court on remand.
B. Denial of Expert Funds
The majority holds that the trial court abused its discretion in denying
Daniel’s motion for expert funding under Kentucky Revised Statutes (“KRS”)
Chapter 31. I disagree. The majority cites to the correct test for determining
when an indigent defendant is entitled to receive funding for expert assistance.
The trial court must consider “1) whether the request has been pleaded with
requisite specificity; and 2) whether funding for the particularized assistance is
‘reasonably necessary’; 3) while weighing relevant due process considerations.”
Benjamin v. Commonwealth, 266 S.W.3d 775, 789 (Ky. 2008).
The majority further notes that appellate review of a trial court’s denial of
expert funds is “limited to the reasons actually presented to the trial court.”
Dillingham v. Commonwealth, 995 S.W.2d 377, 381 (Ky. 1999) (citing Simmons
v. Commonwealth, 746 S.W.2d 393, 395 (Ky. 1988)). Because of this, I feel it is
38
critical to review exactly what information the trial judge had in front of him at
the time he denied Daniel’s requests for expert funds.
Daniel’s initial motion for expert funding was signed by her counsel on
June 11, 2018. Notably, it was not filed until June 20, 2018. However, the trial
court presumably was in possession of it prior to that date because the trial
court’s order denying Daniel’s requested funds was entered on June 18, 2018.
On June 22, 2018, Daniel filed a motion to reconsider and the trial court held
an ex parte hearing on that motion.
Daniel’s initial motion for expert funding requested funding to retain
Shelly Rice, an accident reconstructionist, to assist in reviewing reports and
evidence turned over by the Commonwealth, to conduct additional testing and
analysis, and to assist in cross-examining and impeaching the
Commonwealth’s witnesses. The motion contained no other details about
specific assistance sought, such as reports that needed to be reviewed or
specific tests that could be completed. Further, this motion was not
accompanied by a supporting affidavit by Rice which could have provided
details regarding the anticipated content of her testimony. Although an affidavit
by an expert is not absolutely necessary to receive expert funding, it can often
be valuable guidance in a trial court’s determination.
Based on later conversations between defense counsel and the trial court
that occurred on the record, it seems likely that the trial court had an off-the-
record conversation with defense counsel about this motion. The trial court
then entered an order denying Daniel’s request for expert funds, noting that
39
the jury must make the ultimate decision on guilt and that effective cross-
examination could bring out the evidence the defense sought to be admitted
through its requested expert.
Subsequently, Daniel filed a motion to reconsider the trial court’s denial
of her request for expert funds. In that motion, she made the same general
assertions of necessity that she made in her first motion, but additionally
stated that Rice:
would examine the scene, provide information about what proper
investigation techniques were used and what proper techniques
were not used….[and] provide defense counsel the information that
is needed to conduct a proper cross-examination into what should
have been done to definitely decide whether a homicide or a suicide
took place.
Again, Rice’s affidavit did not accompany that motion.
The trial court held an ex parte hearing on the same date the motion to
reconsider was filed. At that hearing, defense counsel explained that the
medical examiner, the only forensic expert to testify for the Commonwealth,
was unable to determine whether Joy’s manner of death was homicide or
suicide. She further expressed her view that the police conducted an
inadequate investigation. Regarding the use of the requested expert, defense
counsel stated she hoped an expert would opine that “with the position of the
body and blood splatter, our theory [of suicide] is plausible and correct.” The
trial court asked defense counsel a direct question about whether the
requested expert would attempt to testify that it was a suicide based on the
scene. Counsel did not directly answer the trial court’s question but
acknowledged that she had not yet given the expert any evidence and did not
40
know what conclusions the expert would reach after reviewing the evidence. At
the end of the hearing, the trial judge told Daniel’s counsel that he would let
her know if he “changed his mind,” effectively denying Daniel’s motion to
reconsider his prior denial of her request for expert funds.
It was not until August 17, 2016, approximately two months after the
trial court denied Daniel’s request for funding and her request for it to
reconsider that decision, and a mere ten days before trial, that Shelly Rice’s
affidavit was filed in the trial court record. The affidavit was accompanied by a
proposed order but not by a renewed motion for expert funds or any other
motion. The affidavit was not addressed on the video record until the morning
of trial and then only a vague reference was made to “things in the record” that
would show the value of an expert.
We have previously held that
the appropriate test for determining when an indigent defendant is
entitled to receive funding for expert witnesses under KRS
31.110(1)(b), will consider 1) whether the request has been pleaded
with requisite specificity; and 2) whether funding for the
particularized assistance is “reasonably necessary”; 3) while
weighing relevant due process considerations.
Benjamin, 266 S.W.3d at 789. This Court’s review of a trial court’s denial of
expert funds, however, is limited to abuse of discretion. McKinney v.
Commonwealth, 60 S.W.3d 499, 500 (Ky. 2001). This is a deferential standard
that only allows for a finding of error if the trial court’s decision is “arbitrary,
unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.” Goodyear Tire
& Rubber Co. v. Thompson, 11 S.W.3d 575, 581 (Ky. 2000). Given the
information before the trial court at the time it denied Daniel’s requests for
41
expert funds, I cannot hold that the trial court abused its discretion in denying
the funds, as Daniel failed to show that her requested expert assistance was
reasonably necessary.
I acknowledge that, ideally, indigent defendants should have greater
access to funding to obtain expert assistance than the Commonwealth’s
current process provides. However, granting funds to indigent defendants costs
the citizens of the Commonwealth, and the money used for this funding is a
finite resource. Trial judges have been placed in the position to act as a
gatekeeper to those funds. Thus, this Court, over years of reviewing this issue,
has established a test that meets the defendant’s due process rights without
depleting the Commonwealth’s finite resources. As previously explained, this
test requires a showing of reasonable necessity. Under the facts of this case,
with the reasons presented to him, the trial judge did not abuse his discretion
in finding the funds were not reasonably necessary and therefore denying
Daniel’s request for expert funds.
We need look no further than this Court’s opinion just last year in
Commonwealth v. Ferguson, 581 S.W.3d 1 (Ky. 2019). Before this Court in
Ferguson was the issue of whether the trial court erred in denying Ferguson’s
Rule of Criminal Procedure (“RCr”) 11.42 motion for ineffective assistance of
counsel. Ferguson argued, among other things, that his trial counsel’s
performance was deficient because he failed to consult with experts in his
preparation for trial and failed to call any expert witnesses at trial. Id. at 6. At
his RCr 11.42 hearing, Shelly Rice testified on Ferguson’s behalf. She opined
42
that, based on her review of the evidence, if she had been able to testify at trial,
she would have testified that it was more likely than not that the victim had
shot himself, as opposed to Ferguson having shot him. Id. This Court, however,
found Rice’s theories to be “largely fantastical” and held there was not a
reasonable likelihood the result at trial would have been any different if
Ferguson’s trial counsel had received expert assistance. Id. at 8.
I acknowledge that the standards by which we review a trial court’s
denial of expert funds and a trial court’s denial of an RCr 11.42 motion are
different. However, even when these differences are taken into account, I
respectfully assert that an inconsistency exists in these two decisions by this
Court. In both cases, the sole question the jury had to decide was whether the
victim died by suicide or homicide. In the Ferguson case, we held that expert
assistance likely would not have changed the result at trial, but in this case the
majority has held that the very same expert on that very same issue was
reasonably necessary for the defense. Obviously, the facts of the two cases are
not exactly the same and the questions before this Court are not exactly the
same, but our outcomes should be consistent. I do not believe they are. It is
inconsistent for the majority of this Court to believe that very similar expert
assistance would not have changed the result in Ferguson’s trial but was
reasonably necessary for Daniel’s defense.
Given the deferential standard of review by which we review a trial
court’s finding that an expert was not reasonably necessary, I cannot find error
by the trial court. Daniel had more than enough fodder for effective cross-
43
examination of the Commonwealth’s witnesses without the assistance of an
expert. Although the medical examiner initially ruled Joy’s manner of death to
be homicide, she testified that after further review she could not rule out
suicide. This fact alone is ripe for cross-examination. The trial court knew of
this change of heart at the time it denied Daniel’s request for funding. Daniel
could have questioned the medical examiner about any additional information
she would have needed from the scene to make a more definite determination.
Further, Daniel could, and did, cross-examine the Kentucky State Police
detectives about all of the things they failed to do in their investigation. The
Kentucky State Police detectives, Detective Stamper and Detective Browning,
admitted in their testimony that they did not collect various items from the
scene including Daniel’s clothing, pillows from the floor, clothing found on the
bed and on the floor including an item with suspected blood on it, and sheets
and blankets. Also during cross-examination, the detectives admitted that
gunshot residue testing was not done on Daniel or Joy and that no blood
spatter analysis was completed. Finally, although Daniel makes much of
Detective Browning’s testimony that he did not know what Luminol was,
Detective Stamper, who testified before Detective Browning, admitted during
his cross-examination that he knew what Luminol was and that it was not
used in this case. Daniel did not recall Detective Stamper to the stand to
explain Luminol to the jury.
This Court has the benefit of hindsight in reviewing everything that
occurred during the trial and the effect a trial court’s pretrial ruling had on
44
that trial. The trial court does not have that advantage, and in determining
whether a trial court abused its discretion, we must look at the evidence it had
in front of it at the time it made its decision. Additionally, we must be mindful
that Daniel was not required to prove that Joy committed suicide in order to be
successful at trial; she merely had to create reasonable doubt in the jurors’
minds that it was she who murdered Joy. Given all of the circumstances in this
case and the information the trial court had in front of it when it made its
ruling, I cannot hold the trial court abused its discretion in denying Daniel’s
request for expert funding, and therefore I dissent from the majority’s holding
otherwise.
C. Commonwealth’s closing argument
Finally, I would like to address the Commonwealth’s comment during
closing argument about Daniel’s lack of an expert on blood enhancement tests,
as it is very troubling to me. Daniel argues to this Court that the
Commonwealth’s remark was a misstatement that prejudiced Daniel, denying
her right to a fair trial under the United States and Kentucky constitutions.
The majority mentions this issue within its discussion of whether the trial
court erred in denying Daniel expert funds but does not address this issue on
its own. I feel it merits more discussion.
“Great leeway is allowed to both counsel in a closing argument. It is just
that—an argument.” Slaughter v. Commonwealth, 744 S.W.2d 407, 412 (Ky.
1987). However, “the fundamental issue is whether the statement is reasonably
supported by the evidence.” Murphy v. Commonwealth, 509 S.W.3d 34, 54 (Ky.
45
2017) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). In this case, the
Commonwealth’s comment about Daniel’s lack of an expert on blood
enhancement tests was improper. Although the request for expert funding was
mentioned at least once during the trial in front of the prosecutor, most of the
arguments about this issue were, appropriately and pursuant to statute, ex
parte. Further, although the Commonwealth may not have completely
understood what expert funding Daniel had requested, its comment during
closing argument was still improper. Daniel objected to the comment but did
not request any relief. Despite this, it would have been better practice for the
trial court to admonish the jury in some way so that it did not hold the lack of
an expert against Daniel.
In general, any allegation of prosecutorial misconduct must be viewed in
the context of the overall fairness of the trial. Commonwealth v. McGorman, 489
S.W.3d 731, 742 (Ky. 2016). To justify reversal, the Commonwealth’s
misconduct must be “so serious as to render the entire trial fundamentally
unfair.” Soto v. Commonwealth, 139 S.W.3d 827, 873 (Ky. 2004) (quoting
Stopher v. Commonwealth, 57 S.W.3d 787, 805 (Ky. 2001)). In this case,
especially because Daniel did not request any relief from the trial court, I
cannot hold that the misstatement by the Commonwealth affected the overall
fairness of Daniel’s trial to the extent outlined in Soto. As such, I would not
reverse Daniel’s conviction on this issue; however, I discuss it to give some
guidance for future trial courts and counsel should a similar situation arise in
the future.
46
In conclusion, although I agree with much of the majority’s opinion, I
dissent from its holdings regarding the admission of evidence of the shooting in
the air incident and the two-dollar bill, as well as its holding regarding the
denial of expert funds. Accordingly, I would affirm the judgment of the
Breathitt Circuit Court.
Nickell, J., joins.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
Julia Karol Pearson
Department of Public Advocacy
Assistant Public Advocate
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Daniel Jay Cameron
Attorney General of Kentucky
Kenneth Wayne Riggs
Assistant Attorney General
Jesse Robbins
Assistant Attorney General
47
Imojean Daniel v. Commonwealth of Kentucky
Combined Opinion