MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
Sep 29 2020, 9:06 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Ronald J. Moore Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Richmond, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Megan M. Smith
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Gary Lee Voiles, Jr., September 29, 2020
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
20A-CR-267
v. Appeal from the Wayne Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable David A. Kolger,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
89C01-1805-F2-8
Tavitas, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-267 | September 29, 2020 Page 1 of 14
Case Summary
[1] In this interlocutory appeal, Gary Voiles appeals the trial court’s order denying
his motion to suppress evidence seized as a result of an encounter with law
enforcement. We affirm.
Issue
[2] Voiles raises one issue for our review, which we revise and restate as whether
the trial court erred by denying Voiles’ motion to suppress evidence.
Facts
[3] On April 27, 2018, Captain William Shake with the City of Richmond Police
Department was parked in Richmond and observed two males pass by in a
vehicle. The driver of the passing vehicle was a white male with “dark hair and
a beard” and “tattoos on his right arm.” Tr. Vol. II p. 9. Captain Shake
believed the driver to be Christopher Eliton, whom Captain Shake knew to be a
habitual traffic offender with a suspended driver’s license. Captain Shake had
seen Eliton two weeks earlier, and Eliton also had dark hair, a dark beard, and
tattoos on his right arm. Captain Shake knew that Eliton “had been arrested in
February 2018 . . . for a controlled substance violation.” Id.
[4] Captain Shake began following the vehicle. Captain Shake radioed Officer
Tyler Smith, who was patrolling with Officer Julia Shank, to assist in
identifying Eliton because Captain Shake was unable to identify Eliton on his
own. Captain Shake followed the vehicle for approximately “[a] minute to a
minute and a half.” Id. at 20. The vehicle pulled into a car wash parking lot,
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and Captain Shake pulled in behind the vehicle and activated his emergency
lights. Captain Shake did not run the vehicle’s license plate information to
determine the vehicle’s owner prior to approaching the vehicle. The driver did
not commit any traffic infractions during the time Captain Shake was observing
the vehicle.
[5] At 10:48 p.m., Captain Shake exited his marked police vehicle and approached
Carico’s vehicle. Captain Shake ordered the driver to throw the keys out of the
vehicle to prevent a pursuit. Captain Shake approached the vehicle and asked
the two men for their names. At approximately the same time, Officers Smith
and Shank also arrived on the scene. Officer Smith looked inside the vehicle at
the driver to determine whether Eliton was the driver. The driver identified
himself as John Carico, 1 and the passenger identified himself as Voiles.
[6] The officers asked the men for identification; Carico did not “have any identity
or ID cards with him”, and Voiles produced his prison identification card. Id.
at 26. Captain Shake returned to his vehicle to run both names through
dispatch and to obtain a photograph of Carico to confirm his identity. As
Captain Shake walked back to his vehicle, Officer Smith told Captain Shake
that the driver was not Eliton.
1
The transcript spells Carico’s last name as “Carrico.” Tr. Vol. II p. 11. Captain Shake’s police report,
which was admitted into evidence, spells Carico’s last name as “Carico”; therefore, we will use this spelling
for consistency. Ex. Vol. I p. 3.
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[7] While Captain Shake was running the names, Officer Smith again approached
Captain Shake and reported that Voiles “was fidgeting around a lot with his
hands,” and was “eating . . . hard candies, . . . multiple of them, rapidly.” Id. at
41. Officer Smith also observed Voiles light a cigarette, and Voiles was visibly
shaking. Officer Smith believed that Voiles was lighting a cigarette because he
was nervous and to mask any odors that may be in the air. Captain Shake
called for a canine officer to conduct an open air sniff. Captain Shake learned
from dispatch that Carico had a suspended license, and Captain Shake began
writing a citation for Carico.
[8] The canine officer arrived at 10:57 p.m. and conducted an open air sniff while
Captain Shake was still writing Carico’s citation. Carico and Voiles remained
inside the vehicle during the open air sniff, and the canine officer alerted to the
presence of illegal substances. Officer Smith asked Voiles to step out of the
vehicle and asked Voiles if he had any weapons on his person. Voiles indicated
that he possibly had a pocketknife or a box cutter in his pocket. Officer Smith
conducted a pat down of Voiles’ person and felt an object in the coin pocket of
Voiles’ pants that Officer Smith believed to be illegal substances. Officer Smith
removed a “really tightly packaged plastic baggie of powdered substance,”
which Officer Smith believed to be heroin. Id. at 44. Voiles was then taken into
custody. Officers found multiple empty plastic baggies in the passenger door of
Carico’s vehicle, which officers believed to be associated with drug use, as well
as a digital scale near the passenger seat.
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[9] The officers did not find contraband on Carico’s person, and Captain Shake
issued Carico a citation for driving with a suspended driver’s license. Voiles
was taken to the jail and strip searched, and officers found multiple bags of
heroin and methamphetamine concealed on Voiles’ person.
[10] On May 1, 2018, the State charged Voiles with Count I, dealing in
methamphetamine, a Level 2 felony; and Count II, dealing in a narcotic drug, a
Level 4 felony. The State separately filed an information alleging Voiles was a
habitual offender.
[11] On November 26, 2018, Voiles filed a motion to suppress evidence, arguing
that his seizure violated the Fourth Amendment to the United States
Constitution and Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution. Voiles
argued that evidence discovered on Voiles’ person should be suppressed
because continuing the investigatory stop after the officers discovered Carico
was not Eliton was unreasonable under Holly v. State, 918 N.E.2d 323 (Ind.
2009). The trial court held a suppression hearing on April 8, 2019. After the
suppression hearing and additional briefing by the parties, the trial court entered
an order on May 13, 2019, denying Voiles’ motion to suppress evidence.
[12] Voiles filed his first motion to certify the trial court’s order for interlocutory
appeal, which the trial court denied on June 3, 2019. Voiles renewed his
motion on December 27, 2019, which the trial court granted. The trial court
certified its order denying Voiles’ motion to suppress evidence for interlocutory
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appeal on January 9, 2020. On February 26, 2020, our Court accepted the
interlocutory appeal.
Analysis
[13] Voiles argues his rights under the Fourth Amendment of the United States
Constitution 2 were violated during the stop; and, therefore, the trial court erred
by denying his motion to suppress evidence discovered on his person during the
stop. “When a trial court denies a motion to suppress evidence, we necessarily
review that decision ‘deferentially, construing conflicting evidence in the light
most favorable to the ruling.’” Marshall v. State, 117 N.E.3d 1254, 1258 (Ind.
2019) (quoting Robinson v. State, 5 N.E.3d 362, 365 (Ind. 2014)), cert. denied, 140
S. Ct. 113 (2019). We, however, consider any substantial and uncontested
evidence favorable to the defendant. Id. We review the trial court’s factual
findings for clear error, and we decline invitations to reweigh evidence or judge
witness credibility. Id. “If the trial court’s decision denying ‘a defendant’s
motion to suppress concerns the constitutionality of a search or seizure,’ then it
presents a legal question that we review de novo.” Id. (quoting Robinson, 5
N.E.3d at 365).
2
In his brief, Voiles references Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution; however, Voiles does not
articulate a separate argument under the Indiana Constitution. Accordingly, his claim under the Indiana
Constitution is waived. See Abel v. State, 773 N.E.2d 276, 278 n.1 (Ind. 2002) (“Because Abel presents no
authority or independent analysis supporting a separate standard under the state constitution, any state
constitutional claim is waived.”).
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[14] The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens
against unreasonable searches and seizures by prohibiting them without a
warrant supported by probable cause. U.S. Const. amend. IV. “The
fundamental purpose of the Fourth Amendment to the United States
Constitution is to protect the legitimate expectations of privacy that citizens
possess in their persons, their homes, and their belongings.” Taylor v. State, 842
N.E.2d 327, 330 (Ind. 2006). This protection has been “extended to the states
through the Fourteenth Amendment.” Bradley v. State, 54 N.E.3d 996, 999
(Ind. 2016). “As a deterrent mechanism, evidence obtained in violation of this
rule is generally not admissible in a prosecution against the victim of the
unlawful search or seizure absent evidence of a recognized exception.” Clark v.
State, 994 N.E.2d 252, 260 (Ind. 2013).
[15] Under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S. Ct. 1868 (1968), an officer may “stop
and briefly detain a person for investigative purposes,” so long as he can “point
to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences
from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Kelly v. State, 997 N.E.2d
1045, 1051 (Ind. 2013) (internal citations omitted). “A Terry stop, thus, is
permissible without a warrant or probable cause if the officer has reasonable
suspicion to justify the stop.” Id.
[16] “Reasonable suspicion to justify an investigative stop must be based on specific
and articulable facts known to the officer at the time of the stop that lead the
officer to believe that criminal activity may be afoot.” Finger v. State, 799
N.E.2d 528, 533 (Ind. 2003) (quotations omitted). “Reasonable suspicion
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requires more than mere hunches or unparticularized suspicions.” Id. “An
officer must be able to point to specific facts giving rise to reasonable suspicion
of criminal activity.” Id. The standard does not, however, “require absolutely
certainty of illegal activity.” Rutledge v. State, 28 N.E.3d 281, 290 (Ind. Ct. App.
2015).
[17] Voiles argues that Captain Shake did not have reasonable suspicion to conduct
an investigatory stop and, even if Captain Shake had reasonable suspicion to
conduct the investigatory stop, Captain Shake had no reasonable suspicion to
extend the stop after asking for the driver’s name and discovering that the driver
was not Eliton. Voiles argues, in part, that our Supreme Court’s opinion in
Holly v. State, 918 N.E.2d 323 (Ind. 2009), and this Court’s opinion in Johnson v.
State, 21 N.E.3d 841 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied, require a conclusion
that Captain Shake did not have reasonable suspicion to conduct or extend the
investigatory stop.
[18] In Holly v. State, 918 N.E.2d 323 (Ind. 2009), law enforcement ran a routine
license plate check of a vehicle while the vehicle was traveling on a street in
Indianapolis. The check revealed the vehicle was registered to a woman named
Terry Sumler, who had a suspended driver’s license. Law enforcement
conducted a traffic stop to identify the driver of the vehicle. When the officer
approached the vehicle, officers discovered that the male driver was Holly, and
Sumler was one of the passengers in the vehicle. The officer asked Holly for a
driver’s license, which Holly did not have; however, Holly and the other
passengers provided the officer with identifying information. After running the
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information, the officer discovered that Holly’s driver’s license was also
suspended. The officer ordered Holly and the passengers out of the vehicle and
conducted a search of the vehicle. The search yielded marijuana in the vehicle,
and Holly admitted the marijuana belonged to him.
[19] The State charged Holly with possession of marijuana, a Class A misdemeanor,
and a bench trial was held. At the bench trial, Holly moved to suppress the
evidence arguing that “the officers lacked reasonable suspicion to search the
vehicle after discovering that the driver was not the registered owner.” Holly,
918 N.E.2d at 324. The trial court denied Holly’s motion to suppress evidence.
Our Supreme Court held that the officer had reasonable suspicion under the
Fourth Amendment to initiate the investigatory Terry stop because the officer
was unable to observe the driver before initiating the stop.
[20] Our Supreme Court, however, went on to address the “stubbornly clear” fact
that, before the officer asked Holly to produce his driver’s license, the officer
“knew that Holly was not the owner of the vehicle.” Holly, 918 N.E.2d at 326.
Our Supreme Court went on to conclude that:
It is of no import that Officer Ross had already initiated a lawful
stop before he first observed the driver. Reasonable suspicion to
pull a car over does not confer unconditional authority to request
the driver’s license and registration. . . . In sum there is simply
nothing in this record justifying any further inquiry subsequent to
the valid Terry stop.
Id. at 326.
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[21] Our Court then applied our Supreme Court’s analytical framework in Johnson v.
State, 21 N.E.3d 841 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied. There, law enforcement
was following a vehicle, ran a routine license plate check, and discovered the
vehicle was registered to Ashley Boyd, who had a suspended driver’s license.
After following the vehicle for about two miles and observing no traffic
violations, officers initiated a traffic stop. The officer approached the vehicle
and discovered Johnson, a male, was the driver. Boyd was a passenger in the
vehicle, and she acknowledged that it was her vehicle and that her driver’s
license was suspended. Still, the officer asked Johnson for his identification
“because he wanted to confirm that the driver was not Ashley Boyd.” Johnson,
21 N.E.3d at 843. The officers discovered that Johnson’s driver’s license was
also suspended, and Johnson was charged with driving while suspended, a
Class A misdemeanor. The trial court denied Johnson’s motion to suppress
evidence as violative of Johnson’s Fourth Amendment rights, and our Court
reversed.
[22] Johnson “[did] not challenge the validity of Deputy Wendel’s initial
investigatory stop [in light of Armfield]. Rather, Johnson contend[ed] that, after
passenger Boyd identified herself as the vehicle’s owner, Deputy Wendel
became aware” that Boyd was not the driver. Id. at 844-45. Therefore,
“Deputy Wendel should have ended the traffic stop” in light of Holly. Id. at
845. Our Court found that, “[b]y [the officer’s] own testimony, he had no
reason to disbelieve Boyd’s statement. In other words, he no longer had
reasonable suspicion that Boyd was driving while suspended.” Id. at 845.
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Therefore, our Court concluded that, “[o]nce Boyd identified herself and
Deputy Wendel had no reason to disbelieve her, the deputy had no reasonable
suspicion to ask Johnson for his license or otherwise extend the stop.” Id. at
846. Our Court also stated that: “To the extent that Deputy Wendel may have
felt he needed to confirm Boyd’s truthful statement as to her identity, we fail to
see how his request to see Johnson’s driver’s license could possibly confirm it.”
Id.
[23] Here, Captain Shake conducted the investigatory stop because he believed
Carico to be Eliton, whom Captain Shake knew to be a habitual traffic offender
with a suspended driver’s license. Carico and Eliton both were white males
with dark hair, a beard, and tattoos on their right arms. Captain Shake did not
run the license plate information prior to approaching the vehicle to determine
the vehicle’s owner. Captain Shake, however, contacted Officer Smith to help
identify Eliton. Although Captain Shake was not completely certain of the
driver’s identity when he initiated the investigatory stop, reasonable suspicion
under the Fourth Amendment does not require complete certainty. See
Rutledge, 28 N.E.3d at 290; see also Jones v. State, 101 N.E.3d 249, 255 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2018) (finding sufficient evidence of reasonable suspicion when law
enforcement stopped the defendant who was travelling with a passenger who
matched the physical description of a wanted felon with multiple warrants),
trans. denied.
[24] The State properly notes that “[i]t is of no consequence that the driver was not,
in fact, Eliton” because, “[e]ven if a court ultimately finds that no violation of a
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traffic law occurred, an officer does not violate the Fourth Amendment so long
as reasonable suspicion existed at the time of the stop.” Appellee’s Br. p. 11
(citing Sanders v. State, 989 N.E.2d 332, 335-36 (Ind. 2013)). Accordingly, we
conclude that, based on Captain Shake’s belief that the driver was Eliton, who
was a habitual traffic violator with a suspended driver’s license, Captain Shake
had knowledge of specific and articulable facts that led Captain Shake “to
believe that criminal activity may be afoot.” Finger, 799 N.E.2d at 533. Thus,
Captain Shake had reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop of
Carico’s vehicle.
[25] Next, Voiles contends that, even if Captain Shake had reasonable suspicion to
conduct the investigatory stop, Captain Shake no longer had reasonable
suspicion, pursuant to Holly and Johnson, after the driver identified himself as
Carico. In both Holly and Johnson, it was readily apparent when the officers
approached the vehicles that the male drivers of the vehicles were not the
female owners of the vehicles with suspended driver’s licenses. Here, when
Captain Shake approached Carico’s vehicle, it was not immediately apparent to
Captain Shake that Carico was not Eliton, and Captain Shake asked for the
driver’s identification. Accordingly, we do not find Holly and Johnson
controlling here.
[26] Although Carico identified himself, Carico did not have his driver’s license in
his possession. Indiana Code Section 9-24-13-39(a) requires a driver to have his
driver’s license in his “immediate possession when driving or operating a motor
vehicle.” Under Indiana Code Section 9-24-13-5, a person who violates
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Indiana Code Section 9-24-13-3 commits a Class C infraction. Accordingly,
once Carico failed to present his driver’s license, Captain Shake had probable
cause to believe that Carico committed an infraction. It is well settled that an
officer may detain a person that has committed an infraction. See Ind. Code §
34-28-5-3(a). 3 Although Captain Shake soon discovered that Carico was not
Eliton, Captain Shake already was aware of an infraction at that point and
could detain Carico.
[27] Captain Shake then ran Carico’s information and learned that Carico’s driver’s
license was suspended. As Captain Shake was writing the citation, the canine
officer arrived and conducted an open air sniff of the vehicle. The canine
officer alerted to the presence of illegal substances, resulting in Voiles’ arrest.
Voiles makes no argument with respect to the canine sniff. 4 The trial court
properly denied Voiles’ motion to suppress evidence discovered as a result of
the investigatory stop.
3
Indiana Code Section 34-28-5-3(a) provides:
Whenever a law enforcement officer believes in good faith that a person has committed an
infraction or ordinance violation, the law enforcement officer may detain that person for a time
sufficient to:
(1) inform the person of the allegation;
(2) obtain the person’s:
(A) name, address, and date of birth; or
(B) driver’s license, if in the person’s possession; and
(3) allow the person to execute a notice to appear.
4
Voiles also makes no argument regarding the search of his person after the canine sniff. Accordingly, we do
not address the search of his person.
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Conclusion
[28] Based on the foregoing, we find that the trial court properly denied Voiles’
motion to suppress evidence. Accordingly, we affirm.
[29] Affirmed.
Kirsch, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
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