People v. Geh CA4/1

Filed 9/30/20 P. v. Geh CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, D075858

Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Super. Ct. No. SCD279326)
v.

ARCHIRI FON GEH,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego
County, David M. Gill, Judge. Affirmed.
Robert E. Boyce, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A.
Swenson, and Allison V. Acosta, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
 I.
INTRODUCTION
Archiri Fon Geh, an inmate at the San Diego Central Jail, attacked jail
and courthouse deputies on two separate occasions. A jury convicted him of
eight counts of resisting an executive officer (Pen. Code, § 69, counts 3 to 6, 9
to 12), two counts each of assault with force likely to inflict great bodily
injury on a peace officer (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (c), counts 1 and 7), and
battery on a peace officer with injury (Pen. Code, § 243, subd. (c)(2), counts

2 and 8).1 The court found true that Geh had served two prior prison terms
(§§ 667.5, subd. (b)), and that he had one prior serious felony conviction
(§§ 667, subd. (a)(1), 668, & 1192.7, subd. (c)) and one prior strike conviction
(§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12). The court imposed a total sentence of 25
years and eight months.
Geh appeals, contending that the trial court erred by (1) not reading
the instructions to the jury immediately before deliberations, (2) never orally
instructing the jury with CALCRIM No. 337, which admonished the jury not
to consider the fact that he was visibly shackled at trial during their
deliberations, and (3) not accurately defining “great bodily injury.” He also
asserts that the prosecutor erroneously stated the legal standard for great
bodily injury. We reject his arguments and affirm the judgment.
II.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
San Diego Sheriff’s Deputy Joel B. escorted Geh from his cell at the San
Diego Central Jail to an interview room for a scheduled appointment. As
Deputy Joel removed Geh’s handcuffs, Geh spun around, punched him in the
face, and pushed him toward a doorway. On a scale of one to ten, Deputy

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

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Joel described the punch as a ten, “very forceful or painful.” As Geh
continued to throw punches, Deputy Joel fell to the floor. When other
deputies arrived, Geh was on top of Deputy Joel punching him. Deputy Joel
is five feet, five inches tall and Geh is six feet, three inches tall and weighs
260 pounds.
Immediately after the attack, Deputy Joel felt dazed and had pain “all
over” his head, as well as in his elbows, knees and right “pinky” finger. He
later suffered from blurred vision and headaches, and felt pain in his neck
and shoulder area. He described experiencing “massive, throbbing pain on
the right side of [his] head, and [his] vision turn[ing] white.” His face was
swollen for a week, and he experienced neck pain and stiffness for a few
weeks. Deputy Joel’s treating physician testified that individuals who are
punched in the face can suffer from a concussion, brain bleeding and bone
fractures.
A few days later, San Diego Sheriff’s Deputy Lily L. went with another
deputy to take Geh to court. After Deputy Lily told Geh to step outside of his
cell and face the wall so that she could place a waist chain on him, Geh
punched her on the side of her chin and throat. Deputy Lily briefly lost
consciousness. When she regained consciousness, she was on the floor and
saw her partner struggling with Geh. She immediately got up to help her
partner. Deputy Lily L. is five feet, six inches tall and weighed 165 pounds,
her partner is five feet, five inches tall and weighed 125 pounds. At least two
other deputies responded as Geh continued to resist.
The next day, Deputy Lily’s neck hurt and she had trouble turning her
head and sleeping. Deputy Lily’s treating physician testified that individuals
who are punched in the face can suffer facial fractures, cervical spine
fractures and brain bleeding.

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 During closing argument, defense counsel argued that Geh was not
guilty of assault with force likely to cause great bodily injury, contending that
the amount of force used in the assaults was not likely to cause great bodily
injury. Defense counsel conceded Geh’s guilt to all other charges.
III.
DISCUSSION
A. The Trial Court Did Not Prejudicially Err in Instructing the Jury
1. Additional Background
Before jury selection, the trial court orally instructed jurors about the
presumption of innocence and the beyond a reasonable doubt burden of proof.
The court informed the jurors that they would receive a complete set of
written instructions for their deliberations. The court then reviewed the
charges against Geh, again informing the jurors that they would receive a set
of written jury instructions for their deliberations. After swearing in the
jury, the court orally instructed them on evaluating the evidence, including a
defendant’s right to not testify, and reviewed the elements of all charged
offenses.
At the close of evidence, the trial court told the jury that it would
“receive a complete set of the instructions in writing from the court when you
adjourn to the jury room to undertake your deliberations” and that the court
would further instruct on certain aspects of the law. After excusing the jury,
the court and counsel spent the remainder of the day finalizing the jury
instructions. Trial resumed the following morning at 9:42 a.m. The court
minutes indicate that the court “instruct[ed] the jury in the law applicable to
[the] case” and, six minutes later, at “9:48 a.m. [the] People present[ed]
closing argument.” The reporter’s transcript, however, reflects only the court

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generally telling the jury about closing argument but not orally instructing
the jury.
During closing argument, defense counsel conceded Geh’s guilt to all
charges except counts 1 and 7 pertaining to assault on a peace officer with
force likely to cause great bodily injury. Based on defense counsel’s closing
argument, the court determined that it had a sua sponte duty to instruct on
simple assault as a lesser included offense. After the prosecutor’s rebuttal
argument, the trial court orally instructed the jury on simple assault and
noted that this instruction would be included with the other written
instructions that the jury would receive.
2. Analysis
Geh asserts that the trial court committed structural error requiring
automatic reversal when it failed to orally instruct the jury after the close of
evidence and before deliberations, and never orally instructing with
CALCRIM No. 337, which informed jurors to not consider Geh’s physical
restraints for any purpose. Alternatively, assuming for purposes of argument
that the failure to so instruct is not per se reversible error, he claims that his
convictions for assault likely to inflict great bodily injury on a peace officer
(counts 1 and 7) must be reversed because the court never orally instructed
the jury immediately prior to its deliberations and thus failed to define “great
bodily injury” for the jury at this time. Geh argues that the error is not
forfeited by defense counsel’s failure to raise it in the trial court, claiming
that the court had a sua sponte duty to orally instruct the jury and that the
error violated his substantial rights.
Because Geh contends that the alleged error affected his substantial
rights, we assume that he has not forfeited his claim of error and review it on
the merits. (People v. Ramos (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1082, 1087 (Ramos).)

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 Geh concedes that, at some point after jury selection and before the
jury began its deliberations, the trial court read most of the instructions to
the jury, including the elements of assault on a peace officer likely to produce
great bodily injury, as defined by CALCRIM No. 860, which the court read
after jury selection and before the presentation of evidence.2 The trial court
explained that these instructions would “help [the jury] better assess the
evidence.” After the People rested and again after closing arguments, the
trial court informed the jury that it would receive a set of written
instructions.

2 The trial court did not read the written instructions verbatim, but
instead paraphrased the written instructions in a more conversational
manner. Geh does not complain about any variance between the court's oral
instructions and the written instructions. We find the variance in the oral
instructions from the standard written instructions immaterial and also
nonprejudicial. We presume the jury followed the written instructions; the
trial court instructed the jurors that they were to “[o]nly consider the final
version of the instructions in [their] deliberations,” whether they be “printed,
typed, or written by hand.” (People v. Rodriguez (2000) 77 Cal.App.4th 1101,
1113 [“as long as the court provides accurate written instructions to the jury
to use during deliberations, no prejudicial error occurs from deviations in the
oral instructions”].)

6
 Section 1093 delineates the order in which a criminal case is to be
tried.3 Section 1094 grants the trial court broad discretion to depart from the
order specified in section 1093.4
Two rules may be gleaned from sections 1093 and 1094: “First, when to
instruct a jury is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial judge; he
[or she] may instruct at any time during the trial. Second, even when a party
requests instructions at the close of argument, if the court has already
instructed on the subject it may in its sound discretion refuse to reinstruct.
This necessarily follows from the broad discretion vested in the trial court by

3 In relevant part, section 1093 provides:
“The jury having been impaneled and sworn, unless waived, the trial
shall proceed in the following order, unless otherwise directed by the
court: . . . [¶] (e) When the evidence is concluded, unless the case is
submitted on either side, or on both sides, without argument, the district
attorney, or other counsel for the people, and counsel for the defendant, may
argue the case to the court and jury; the district attorney, or other counsel for
the people, opening the argument and having the right to close.
“(f) The judge may then charge the jury, and shall do so on any points of
law pertinent to the issue, if requested by either party; and the judge may
state the testimony, and he or she may make such comment on the evidence
and the testimony and credibility of any witness as in his or her opinion is
necessary for the proper determination of the case and he or she may declare
the law. At the beginning of the trial or from time to time during the trial,
and without any request from either party, the trial judge may give the jury
such instructions on the law applicable to the case as the judge may deem
necessary for their guidance on hearing the case. Upon the jury retiring for
deliberation, the court shall advise the jury of the availability of a written
copy of the jury instructions. The court may, at its discretion, provide the
jury with a copy of the written instructions given. However, if the jury
requests the court to supply a copy of the written instructions, the court shall
supply the jury with a copy.” (Italics Added.)

4 Section 1094 states: “When the state of the pleadings requires it, or in
any other case, for good reasons, and in the sound discretion of the court, the
order prescribed in Section 1093 may be departed from.”

7
virtue of section 1094.” (People v. Valenzuela (1977) 76 Cal.App.3d 218, 221;
see also, People v. Smith (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 7, 14 [“trial courts are vested
with wide discretion as to when to instruct the jury. (§§ 1093, subd. (f),
1094 . . . .”].) Where pertinent instructions have been given at the beginning
of the case, the trial court is not obligated to repeat those instructions at the
end of the case prior to jury deliberations, absent intervening circumstances
that might lead to juror confusion. (People v. Chung (1997) 57 Cal.App.4th
755, 757-760 (Chung).) For example, a trial court has discretion to instruct
on circumstantial evidence at the beginning rather than at the end of the
trial. (People v. Webb (1967) 66 Cal.2d 107, 128.)
The trial court did not err when it failed to reinstruct the jury with
CALCRIM No. 860 after the close of evidence and before deliberations.
Defense counsel did not object to the earlier instructions and, when it became
apparent that the court was not going to orally instruct the jury before
sending the jury to deliberate, defense counsel did not request that the court
do so or raise an objection. On appeal, Geh has not cited any evidence of
juror confusion during trial. “In the absence of such evidence, the
presumption that the jurors regularly performed their duties prevails (Evid.
Code, § 664), and the trial judge did not abuse his discretion when he gave a
portion of the instructions after opening [statements] and a portion of the
instructions after closing arguments.” (Chung, supra, 57 Cal.App.4th at
p. 760.)
Moreover, during closing arguments, the prosecutor and defense
counsel focused on counts 1 and 7 pertaining to assault on a peace officer
with force likely to cause great bodily injury. Both attorneys correctly
explained the law regarding this crime. Defense counsel displayed
CALCRIM No. 860 on a screen and asked the jurors to read the elements of

8
the crime to themselves. The jury began deliberating less than two days
after receiving the court’s pre-instructions on the elements of this crime,
immediately after hearing closing arguments, and they received a written
copy of CALCRIM No. 860.5 On this record, even assuming that the trial
court erred when it failed to reinstruct the jury with CALCRIM No. 860
before jury deliberations, the assumed error was harmless.
Geh also argues that the trial court never orally instructed the jury
with CALCRIM No. 337, which admonished the jury not to consider the fact
that he was visibly shackled at trial during their deliberations.6 Citing
Murillo, supra, 47 Cal.App.4th 1104 and People of the Territory of Guam v.
Marquez (9th Cir. 1992) 963 F.2d 1311 (Marquez), Geh claims that the court
erred when it failed to orally instruct with CALCRIM No. 337 because it is
impossible to determine whether the jurors actually read the written copy of
this instruction. Citing section 1127, the People contend that the trial court
did not err when it failed to orally instruct with CALCRIM No. 337 because it

5 Geh cites People v. Merritt (2017) 2 Cal.5th 819 (Merritt) and People v.
Murillo (1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 1104 (Murillo) for the proposition that the trial
court’s failure to orally instruct on the elements of a charged crime amounts
to constitutional error. However, the trial court did orally instruct on the
elements of the charged crime—Geh’s real complaint is that the court did so
too early in the proceedings.

6 For the first time in his reply brief, Geh complains that the trial court
neglected to read CALCRIM No. 224, regarding the sufficiency of
circumstantial evidence, to the jury. Geh forfeited this issue by raising it for
the first time in his reply brief. (People v. Smithey (1999) 20 Cal.4th 936,
1017, fn. 26 [point raised in reply brief untimely].) Nonetheless, we note that
the trial court explained the difference between direct and circumstantial
evidence during its pre-instructions to the jury and that the jury received a
written copy of this instruction.

9
is within the trial court’s discretion whether to orally instruct the jury in
addition to providing written instructions.
We agree with Geh that the court erred in failing to orally instruct with
CALCRIM No. 337. A trial court must orally instruct even if it provides the
jury with written instructions. Section 1127, on which the People rely,
provides, in relevant part: “All instructions given shall be in writing, unless
there is a phonographic reporter present and he [or she] takes them down, in
which case they may be given orally. . . .” Section 1127 ensures the existence
of an accurate record necessary for appellate review. (See People v. DeFrance
(2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 486, 494.) It does not authorize the trial court to
instruct the jury with only written instructions. The People cite no case
holding that a trial court may forego oral instructions if it provides the jury
with written instructions.7 Rather, as section 1128 makes clear, jury
instructions are to be delivered orally; that section provides in part: “After
hearing the charge, the jury may either decide in court or may retire for
deliberation.” (Italics added.) This language “contemplates the instructions
are to be delivered orally. . . .” (People v. Gloria (1975) 47 Cal.App.3d 1, 6.)
Although the trial court erred in failing to orally instruct with
CALCRIM No. 337, we conclude that on this record, the error is harmless.
(Merritt, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 821-822 [court’s failure to read instruction on
elements of charged crime or provide a written copy of instruction to jury is
not structural, but rather is reviewed for prejudicial error]; Murillo, supra, 47

7 The People’s reliance on People v. Lucas (2014) 60 Cal.4th 153
(disapproved of on other grounds by People v. Romero and Self (2015) 62
Cal.4th 1, 53, fn. 19) is misplaced. In Lucas, our high court addressed a
written supplemental instruction given by the trial court in response to the
jury’s inquiries during deliberations. In such a situation, section 1138 gives a
trial court the discretion to orally instruct the jury in addition to providing a
written clarification. (Lucas, at p. 318, fn. 63.)

10
Cal.App.4th at pp. 1107-1108 [trial court’s failure to read instruction to jury
over defense counsel objection harmless].)8 Geh never objected to the trial
court’s failure to orally instruct the jury with CALCRIM No. 337, or any other
instruction the court may not have read. The fact that the jury returned its
verdicts after deliberating for only approximately 90 minutes is of little
significance because Geh conceded his guilt on all counts other than counts
1 and 7 (assault on a peace officer with force likely to cause great bodily
harm). Thus, the jury necessarily focused on this crime and the general
instructions.

8 Geh’s reliance on Marquez, supra, 963 F.2d 1311 for the proposition
that the failure to orally read the complete instructions to the jury is
structural error requiring automatic reversal is misplaced. In Marquez, the
trial court read some of the instructions and provided many of them in
written form, including those on the elements of the crimes and their
definitions, but, over the defendant's objection, did not read all of the
instructions to the jury. (Id. at pp. 1312-1313.) The appellate court held that
“all jury instructions must be read aloud to the jury in the presence of counsel
and the defendant.” (Id. at pp. 1314-1315.) The court concluded that the
trial court’s failure to orally instruct on any of the alleged offenses
constituted structural error that required reversal. (Id. at pp. 1315-1316.)
Specifically, the court found that “the failure of a trial court to instruct the
jury orally makes it impossible for an appellate court to determine from the
record whether each juror was aware of the elements of each crime before the
verdict was rendered.” (Id. at p. 1312.)
Marquez is a federal circuit court decision that may be persuasive, but
is not binding on state courts. (See, e.g., People v. Camacho (2000) 23 Cal.4th
824, 830, fn. 1.) Rather, we must follow the decisions of our Supreme Court
(Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455), which
has consistently held that we must assume that the jury read the written
instructions. (See, e.g., People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 687 [trial
court orally misstated instruction, but we presume jury followed written
instruction]; People v. Crittenden (1994) 9 Cal.4th 83, 138-139 [same]; People
v. McLain (1988) 46 Cal.3d 97, 111, fn. 2 [same].)

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 The elements of assault on a peace officer with force likely to cause
great bodily harm are the willful application of force likely to produce great
bodily injury on a peace officer. (CALCRIM No. 860.) Geh never argued that
the deputies were not peace officers, nor did he claim self-defense or that he
had not acted willfully. The only element at issue was whether the force that
Geh used was likely to produce great bodily injury. The fact that Geh was
shackled during trial, which reflected his volatility, was not determinative to
this particular question. Moreover, the evidence convincingly demonstrated
that Geh was dangerous. Without warning or provocation, he brutally
pummeled two peace officers in the face. There was no contrary evidence.
On this record it is not reasonably probable that Geh would have obtained a
more favorable result if the trial court had orally instructed the jury with
CALCRIM No. 337.
B. CALCRIM No. 860 Is Not Ambiguous
1. General Legal Principles
We review a claim of instructional error de novo. (People v. Posey
(2004) 32 Cal.4th 193, 218.) “In considering a claim of instructional error we
must first ascertain what the relevant law provides, and then determine
what meaning the instruction given conveys. The test is whether there is a
reasonable likelihood that the jury understood the instruction in a manner
that violated the defendant’s rights.” (People v. Andrade (2000) 85
Cal.App.4th 579, 585.) Where the “determination of error depends on the
meaning communicated by an instruction, we must ascertain how a
hypothetical ‘reasonable juror’ would have, or at least could have, understood
the words in question.” (People v. Mickey (1991) 54 Cal.3d 612, 670.) “ ‘[T]he
correctness of jury instructions is to be determined from the entire charge of
the court, not from a consideration of parts of an instruction or from a

12
particular instruction.’ ” (People v. Castillo (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1009,
1016.) Additionally, we interpret the instructions “ ‘so as to support the
judgment rather than defeat it if they are reasonably susceptible to such
interpretation.’ ” (Ramos, supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 1088.)
The written version of CALCRIM No. 860 provided:

“The defendant is charged in Counts One ([Deputy Joel])
and Seven ([Deputy Lily]) with assault with force likely to
produce great bodily injury on a peace officer in violation of
Penal Code section 245(c).
“To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the
People must prove that: [¶] 1A. The defendant did an act
that by its nature would directly and probably result in the
application of force to a person, and [¶] 1B. The force used
was likely to produce great bodily injury; [¶] 2. The
defendant did that act willfully; [¶] 3. When the defendant
acted, he was aware of facts that would lead a reasonable
person to realize that his act by its nature would directly
and probably result in the application of force to someone;
[¶] 4. When the defendant acted, he had the present ability
to apply force likely to produce great bodily injury to a
person; [¶] 5. When the defendant acted, the person
assaulted was lawfully performing his or her duties as a
peace officer; AND [¶] 6. When the defendant acted, he
knew, or reasonably should have known, that the person
assaulted was a peace officer who was performing his
duties.
“Someone commits an act willfully when he or she does
it willingly or on purpose. It is not required that he or she
intend to break the law, hurt someone else, or gain any
advantage.
“The terms application of force and apply force mean to
touch in a harmful or offensive manner. The slightest
touching can be enough if it is done in a rude or angry way.
Making contact with another person, including through his
or her clothing, is enough. The touching does not have to
cause pain or injury of any kind.
“The touching can be done indirectly by causing an
object or someone else to touch the other person.

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 “The People are not required to prove that the defendant
actually touched someone.
“The People are not required to prove that the defendant
actually intended to use force against someone when he
acted.
“No one needs to actually have been injured by
defendant’s act. But if someone was injured, you may
consider that fact, along with all the other evidence, in
deciding whether the defendant committed an assault, and
if so, what kind of assault it was.
“Great bodily injury means significant or substantial
physical injury. It is an injury that is greater than minor
or moderate harm.
“A person who is employed as a Deputy Sheriff for the
San Diego Sheriff’s Department is a peace officer.
“The duties of a deputy sheriff include, but are not
limited to: maintaining the operations of county custodial
facilities, including the custody, care, supervision, security,
movement, and transportation of inmates; providing
security and cover to fellow deputies; investigating crimes,
detaining suspects, and making lawful arrests.
“An officer’s lawful conduct must be established as an
objective fact. The defendant's belief about whether the
officer was or was not acting lawfully is not relevant.”

2. Analysis
Relying on People v. Medellin (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 519 (Medellin),
Geh asserts that the instructions and the prosecutor’s argument misled
the jury into finding him guilty of counts 1 and 7 if his assault was likely to
inflict injuries that were greater than minor harm. Specifically, he contends
that CALCRIM No. 860 creates an invalid legal theory as to what constitutes
great bodily injury—i.e., greater than minor harm, which is invalid, or
greater than both minor and moderate harms, which is valid. Although
defense counsel did not object to this instruction, Geh claims that the issue is
not forfeited because the trial court had a sua sponte duty to correct the error
and the instruction violated his substantial rights. Alternatively, he asserts

14
that defense counsel was prejudicially ineffective for failing to object to the
instruction and request modification of the instruction. The People argue
that Geh forfeited his claim by failing to object to the instruction. Assuming
that we reach the merits, the People contend that CALCRIM No. 860
correctly states the law.
Generally, a defendant who believes that an instruction is erroneous or
requires clarification must request correction or clarification of the
instruction to avoid forfeiting the issue on appeal. (People v. Carrington
(2009) 47 Cal.4th 145, 189.) Where a defendant did not object to the
instructions, the contention is forfeited unless the instruction affected the
defendant’s substantial rights. (§ 1259; People v. Christopher (2006) 137
Cal.App.4th 418, 426-427.) Substantial rights are equated with a
miscarriage of justice, which results if it is reasonably probable that the
defendant would have obtained a more favorable result if the correct
instruction had been given. (People v. Christopher, at pp. 426-427.)
We consider Geh’s argument on its merits because “[a]scertaining
whether claimed instructional error affected the substantial rights of the
defendant necessarily requires an examination of the merits of the claim.”
(People v. Andersen (1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 1241, 1249.) Additionally, to
resolve Geh’s claim that defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance by
failing to object or request modification of the instruction, we must address
the merits of the issue.
In Medellin, supra, 45 Cal.App.5th 519, the trial court instructed the
jury with CALCRIM Nos. 875 and 3160 which, like CALCRIM No. 860,
defined great bodily injury as “significant or substantial physical injury. It is
an injury that is greater than minor or moderate harm.” (Medellin, at
p. 531.) The prosecutor, however, misstated the law by arguing that he was

15
required to prove only that “ ‘[a]n injury is greater than minor.’ ” (Id. at
pp. 531, 533.)
A panel of the Fifth District Court of Appeal concluded that a
reasonable likelihood existed that the jury understood or applied the
prosecutor’s argument in an improper or erroneous manner, stating: “The
arguments left the jury with two separate definitions for great bodily injury—
greater than minor harm, or, greater than both minor and moderate harms.
After these competing arguments, the court’s actual instructions informed
the jury great bodily injury means ‘greater than minor or moderate harm.’ ”
(Medellin, supra, 45 Cal.App.5th at p. 533.) The majority in Medellin found
the prosecutor’s misstatement, standing alone, insufficient to reverse
defendant’s convictions, but concluded that the ambiguity in the instruction,
together with the prosecutor’s prejudicially misstating the law by arguing the
ambiguity, required reversal. (Id. at pp. 533, 535.)
The Medellin court explained that “ ‘Under the plain language of the
instruction, the jury could have convicted’ [defendant] if they believed either
greater than minor harm or greater than moderate harm was sufficient.
[Citation.] ‘The instruction’s “use of the word ‘or’ . . . indicates an intention to
use it disjunctively so as to designate alternative or separate categories.” ’ ”
(Medellin, supra, 45 Cal.App.5th at p. 534.) The dissenting justice agreed
that the prosecutor had misstated the law, but found that the instruction at
issue correctly stated the law without ambiguity. (Id. at p. 538 [conc. & dis.
opn. of Detjen, J.].)
The Fifth District recently revisited this issue in People v. Sandoval
(2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 357 (Sandoval). In Sandoval, the majority concluded
that the definition of great bodily injury in CALCRIM Nos. 875 and 3160 is

16
not ambiguous.9 We agree with the majority opinion in Sandoval, supra, 50
Cal.App.5th 357, that the definition of great bodily injury in CALCRIM Nos.
875 and 3160 is not ambiguous. Because the definition of great bodily injury
in CALCRIM No. 860 mirrors the definition used in the instructions at issue
in Sandoval, the Sandoval court’s reasoning applies here: “ ‘[A] jury
instruction cannot be judged on the basis of one or two phrases plucked out of
context . . . .’ [Citations.] Thus, it is improper to assess the correctness of the
instructional definitions of great bodily injury by focusing exclusively on the
use of ‘or’ in the phrase ‘minor or moderate harm.’ Rather, that phrase
cannot be divorced from the one that immediately precedes it: ‘injury that is
greater than’ (italics added). ‘[I]njury that is greater than minor or moderate
harm’ cannot reasonably be read to mean injury that is more than minor but
less than moderate. Such an interpretation simply does not make sense,
legally or grammatically, particularly when the phrase is preceded by the
explanation that great bodily injury means physical injury that is ‘significant
or substantial.’ ” (Sandoval, at p. 361.)
“When read as a whole, the definitions of great bodily injury in [these
instructions] informed jurors that great bodily injury meant significant or

9 It is important to note that this case differs from Medellin, supra, 45
Cal.App.5th 519. In Medellin, the jury was tasked with deciding whether
defendant had committed assault with force likely to cause great bodily
injury and an accompanying enhancement for inflicting great bodily injury
under section 12022.7. (Medellin, at p. 523; accord, Sandoval, supra, 50
Cal.App.5th at p. 359 [same]; People v. Quinonez (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 457,
460, 461 [same].) The Medellin majority concluded that the prosecutor’s
misstatement of the law regarding the nature of the injury, combined with
the perceived ambiguity in CALCRIM No. 860 constituted reversible error.
(Medellin, at pp. 535-536.) In contrast here, there was no great bodily injury
enhancement allegation and, as discussed post at part III.C., the prosecutor
did not misstate the law.

17
substantial physical injury, i.e., injury that was greater than moderate harm.
There is no reasonable likelihood that the instructions led jurors to believe
they could find great bodily injury based on injury that was more than minor
but less than moderate, or that they could choose which level of harm to use.”
(Sandoval, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at p. 362.)10
C. The Prosecutor Did Not Misstate the Law
1. Additional Background
Counts 1 and 7 charged Geh with assault by means of force likely to
produce great bodily injury upon two peace officers, while engaged in the
performance of their duties. (§ 245, subd. (c).) The court’s oral pre-
instruction to the jury listed the elements of this crime and defined great
bodily injury as “significant or substantial physical injury, something more
than minor or even moderate.” The court also provided the jury with a
written copy of CALCRIM No. 860, which also stated the elements of the
offense and defined great bodily injury as “significant or substantial physical
injury. It is an injury that is greater than minor or moderate harm.”
During closing argument, the prosecutor argued that great bodily
injury meant “significant or substantial, meaning it is more than just a
scratch, right, or more than just some redness. But it does not, under the
law, require that somebody is permanently impaired, disfigured, was in a
coma, anything like that.” Defense counsel referenced CALCRIM No. 860
during closing argument, stating, “Great bodily injury is defined in the

10 The dissenting justice in Medellin, supra, 45 Cal.App.5th 519 wrote the
majority opinion in Sandoval, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th 357, with the lead
justice in Medellin dissenting. The dissent concluded that although
[CALCRIM No. 860] was ambiguous, the ambiguity was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt when considered in the context of the entire record because
neither party suggested that an injury less than moderate injury would
suffice. (Sandoval, at p. 364 [conc. & dis. opn. of Snauffer, J.].)

18
second page right here. It means, significant or substantial injury. It is an
injury that is greater than minor or moderate harm. Okay? [¶] And that is
the only definition that you can use for great bodily injury.” Defense counsel
later stated, “So you have to follow that definition of great bodily injury.
That’s what it means, significant or substantial injury. Okay?”
During rebuttal argument, the prosecutor asserted that Geh had not
committed simple assault, and gave the jury examples of simple assault as
“waving my hands and being really annoying” and “it looks like I am going to
swing at them”, slapping the hat off your boyfriend, or a teenager slapping
the butt of a girl. The prosecutor continued:
“Simple assault versus great bodily injury. [¶] If it is a
schoolyard fight, and a 70-pound, eight-year-old girl is
fighting with another -- or no -- fighting with an 80-pound
boy, and she punches him in the stomach, is that force
likely to cause great bodily injury? Probably not.
“If a son is really mad at [his] dad, and [he] swing[s] a
ruler, and there is some redness on his [dad’s] shoulder, is
that likely to cause great bodily injury? Of course not. [¶]
Is that simple assault? Yes.
“Is an over 6-foot-tall man, who has hands the size of
probably a coffee mug, who makes contact with somebody
so forcefully that they fall to the ground and are knocked to
the ground, is that assault likely to cause great bodily
injury? Absolutely.
“He is a linebacker, not a schoolyard girl who weighs 70
pounds. And that is why this case is absolutely not a case
of simple assault, and this is a case of force likely to cause
great bodily injury.
“Do not benefit the defendant for not causing great
bodily injury to these victims.
“If he had caused great bodily injury, we would have had
different charges that we would be discussing.
“It is conduct, not the result.”

19
2. General Legal Principles
“Advocates are given significant leeway in discussing the legal and
factual merits of a case during argument. [Citation.] However, ‘it is
improper for the prosecutor to misstate the law . . . .’ ” (People v. Centeno
(2014) 60 Cal.4th 659, 666 (Centeno).) “A prosecutor’s conduct violates the
Fourteenth Amendment of the federal Constitution when it infects the trial
with such unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of due process.
Conduct by a prosecutor that does not render a criminal trial fundamentally
unfair is prosecutorial [error] under state law only if it involves the use of
deceptive or reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either the trial
court or the jury.” (People v. Morales (2001) 25 Cal.4th 34, 44.)
To establish prosecutorial error during comments made to the jury,
appellant must show that “ ‘[i]n the context of the whole argument and the
instructions’ [citation], there was ‘a reasonable likelihood the jury understood
or applied the complained-of comments in an improper or erroneous manner.
[Citations.] In conducting this inquiry, we “do not lightly infer” that the jury
drew the most damaging rather than the least damaging meaning from the
prosecutor's statements.’ ” (Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 667.) The
defendant has the burden of showing that the jury construed the prosecutor’s
remarks in an improper or erroneous manner. (People v. Frye (1998) 18
Cal.4th 894, 970, disapproved on another ground in People v. Doolin (2009)
45 Cal.4th 390, 421, fn. 22.)
3. Analysis
Geh contends that the prosecutor misstated the law by arguing that
any harm more than minor harm constituted great bodily injury. He claims
that the examples of simple assault that the prosecutor gave to the jury
during rebuttal argument left the jury with the misimpression that any

20
assault causing more than a “minor” injury constituted an assault likely to
produce great bodily injury. Relying on Medellin, supra, 45 Cal.App.5th 519,
he asserts that the prosecutor’s argument, combined with the ambiguous jury
instruction, lessened the burden of proof and undermined the presumption of
innocence.
Geh concedes that defense counsel did not object to the prosecutor’s
argument, but claims that the trial court had a sua sponte duty to correct the
error and that his defense counsel had no tactical reason to fail to object to an
incorrect argument on the law. In the event that we deem the issue forfeited,
Geh asserts that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to
object.
To preserve a claim of prosecutorial misconduct or error, a defendant
must timely object and request a curative admonition unless an admonition
would not have cured the harm caused by the misconduct or error. (People v.
Hinton (2006) 37 Cal.4th 839, 863.) The failure to raise the issue of
prosecutorial error at trial generally forfeits the right to appellate review of
that issue. (People v. Thomas (2011) 51 Cal.4th 449, 491-492.) Recognizing
that defense counsel failed to object to the comments that he challenges on
appeal, Geh raises a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. We do not
reach the issue of forfeiture or ineffective assistance of counsel because we
conclude that no prosecutorial error occurred.
During closing argument, the prosecutor correctly stated that great
bodily injury means “significant or substantial, meaning it is more than just
a scratch, right, or more than just some redness. But it does not, under the
law, require that somebody is permanently impaired, disfigured, was in a
coma, anything like that.” Defense counsel displayed a copy of CALCRIM
No. 860 on a screen during his closing argument and asked the jury to read

21
the instruction to themselves. Referencing CALCRIM No. 860, defense
counsel stated that, “Great bodily injury is defined in the second page right
here. It means, significant or substantial injury. It is an injury that is
greater than minor or moderate harm. Okay? [¶] And that is the only
definition that you can use for great bodily injury.” (Italics added.) Defense
counsel later stated, “So you have to follow that definition of great bodily
injury. That's what it means, significant or substantial injury. Okay?”
During rebuttal argument, the prosecutor focused on simple assault on
a custodial officer, the lesser included offense to assault on a peace officer
with force likely to cause great bodily harm. (CALCRIM No. 900.) The
prosecutor provided examples to demonstrate the difference in the force
necessary for assault on a peace officer with force likely to cause great bodily
harm and its lesser included offense. (Ante, pt. III.B.1.)
“Whether a fist used in striking a person would be likely to cause great
bodily injury is to be determined by the force of the impact, the manner in
which it was used and the circumstances under which the force was applied.”
(People v. McDaniel (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 736, 748-749.) The force must be
likely to produce a great bodily injury and it is immaterial whether the victim
in fact suffers any harm. (People v. Aguilar (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1023, 1028.) If
there is a question as to the character of the force used, i.e., whether the force
used was likely to produce great bodily injury, the defendant is entitled to an
instruction on the lesser included offense of simple assault and the court is
required to give such instruction sua sponte. (People v. Rupert (1971) 20
Cal.App.3d 961, 968.)
In this case, counsel and the jury necessarily focused on the amount of
force that Geh used to decide whether he had committed the greater or
instead, the lesser offense. Whether the two deputies actually suffered great

22
bodily injury was not determinative because CALCRIM No. 860 informed the
jury that “No one needs to actually have been injured by defendant’s act. But
if someone was injured, you may consider that fact, along with all the other
evidence, in deciding whether the defendant committed an assault, and if so,
what kind of assault it was.” Geh failed to demonstrate that the prosecutor
committed error during closing argument; contrary to Geh’s assertion, the
prosecutor did not argue that any harm more than minor harm constituted
great bodily injury.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.

AARON, J.

I CONCUR:

DATO, J.

23
BENKE, J., Concurring.
I part company with my colleagues’ interpretation of section 1127. I do
not start with the proposition that all instructions must be given orally. I
read that section as requiring all instructions be given to the jury in writing.
The court may instruct orally if a reporter is present and the reporter takes
the instructions down as they are given to the jury. The imperative under
either choice is not necessarily to carve out a manner of instruction. Rather,
the written nature of the instructions is to prepare and retain a record for
appellate review. (People v. DeFrance (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 486, 494.) I
recognize this interpretation would allow the court, without any oral
instruction whatever, to hand the jury members a copy of the instructions as
they retire out the door to the jury room, to deliberate.
Although I part company with my colleagues on the foundational
question as to whether instructions must be orally presented to the jury, I do,
however, believe that if the court decides, as it did here, to give any
instruction orally, it must give all the instructions orally. That is, it may not
split the process and give part of the instructions in writing and part orally.
Such a “split” procedure would not seem to wholly comport with creating a
consistent record for review. For this reason, and my agreement that any
error was harmless, I concur.

BENKE, Acting P. J.