RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 24, 2020
TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky
2019-SC-0175-DG
MAURICE DEAL APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
V. CASE NO. 2018-CA-0071
JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 15-CR-002748
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY CHIEF JUSTICE MINTON
REVERSING AND REMANDING
A circuit court jury convicted Maurice Deal of second-degree
manslaughter by complicity for which the jury recommended ten years’
imprisonment. On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment. We
accepted discretionary review to address whether the trial court committed
reversible error when it allowed the Commonwealth to present at trial a thirty-
five-minute video of a police interview with Deal—recorded while he was in jail
on the underlying charges some two months post arrest—in which Deal is
shown handcuffed and wearing an inmate’s jumpsuit. We conclude this
evidentiary presentation violated Deal’s constitutional right to a fair trial.
Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of conviction and sentence and remand
the case to the trial court for a new trial.
I. BACKGROUND
Joseph Keith Otis was shot dead while in a fist fight in a nightclub
parking lot, and the man with whom he fought, Maurice Deal, was shot
through the hand and fled the scene. While Deal was at the hospital receiving
treatment for his wound, two police officers separately questioned him and
apparently informed him that Otis, too, had been shot. Two days later, police
arrested Deal for murder and jailed him.1 Deal remained in jail, unable to post
bail pending trial.
The video of Deal came about this way. An Assistant Commonwealth’s
Attorney and the lead homicide detective—one of the two officers who had
interviewed Deal at the hospital—met Deal and his attorney at the jail and
questioned Deal. They recorded the questioning, which lasted about thirty-five-
minutes. Throughout the interview, Deal was handcuffed and wore a jumpsuit
designed so that the wearer can be readily identified as an inmate. During the
interview, Deal admitted that he started the fight with Otis, motivated by
revenge for an earlier fight in which Otis bested him. But Deal denied knowing
who fired the shots that killed Otis and wounded him.
Sometime before trial, the Commonwealth furnished Deal’s attorney an
audio version of the interview. But on the night before trial, Deal’s attorney
1 Deal’s brother, Norman, who was also at the club with Deal the night Otis was
killed, was also indicted in connection with Otis’s death. By agreement, the
indictments were severed for trial, and the record does not disclose the outcome of
Norman’s case.
2
learned of the existence of a video version. Before trial started the following
morning, he moved the trial court to prohibit the Commonwealth from
displaying the video version to the jury. He argued that the video of Deal’s
statement would unduly prejudice Deal before the jury because the jury would
see Deal in custody, handcuffed and dressed as an inmate, two months after
his arrest on the charges on trial. In response, the Commonwealth argued that
the video would not prejudice Deal because it is to be expected that an
individual charged with murder would be in custody pending trial.
Without requiring the Commonwealth to respond as to why the audio
version would not suffice, the trial court denied Deal’s motion. The trial court
agreed with the Commonwealth that because Deal was charged with murder,
no one would be surprised that he was in jail. “[T]hat’s just routinely done,” the
trial court stated. “[A]lmost everybody’s in custody, eventually, especially after
a murder investigation.”
The Commonwealth displayed the video for the jury in its entirety during
its case-in-chief, during Sergeant Wilder’s testimony. Deal’s counsel renewed
his objection right before the Commonwealth played the video. In denying
Deal’s objection to the video display, the trial court granted Deal’s counsel a
standing objection to the playing of the video.
At trial, the Commonwealth offered evidence to prove that on the night
Otis was killed, Deal conspired with his brother to confront Otis at the
nightclub to exact revenge for the earlier beating. The Commonwealth asserted
that Deal’s brother shot and killed Otis using a gun supplied by Deal. At the
3
close of evidence, the trial court instructed the jury on murder, second-degree
manslaughter, and reckless homicide. The jury found Deal guilty of second-
degree manslaughter by complicity and recommended a penalty of ten years’
imprisonment. The trial court accepted the jury’s recommended penalty and
entered final judgment accordingly.
On appeal to the Court of Appeals, Deal argued that the video
presentation compromised his constitutional right to a fair trial and the
presumption of innocence. He also asserted that the trial court should have, at
the very least, acted on its own motion to admonish the jury that Deal’s
appearance in the video was not evidence of his guilt. The Court of Appeals
affirmed the judgment on all issues, concluding that any error in admitting the
video was harmless.
II. ANALYSIS
Before this Court, Deal argues that the principles established by the
United States Supreme Court in Estelle v. Williams2 and Deck v. Missouri3 apply
to his case and compel the conclusion that the trial court abused its discretion
by overruling his objection to this video display. Similarly, he argues that the
Court of Appeals erred by holding that even if the video was erroneously
admitted, it was harmless. The Commonwealth responds by citing this Court’s
decisions in Shegog v. Commonwealth,4 Estep v. Commonwealth,5 and Bryan v.
2 425 U.S. 501.
3 544 U.S. 622.
4 142 S.W.3d 101 (Ky. 2004).
5 663 S.W.2d 213 (Ky. 1983).
4
Commonwealth6 to support its argument that the Court of Appeals correctly
held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing the video into
evidence. The Commonwealth also asserts it even if the trial court erred, the
Court of Appeals correctly deemed it harmless error.
We hold that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing this video.
Showing it to the jury violated Deal’s due process rights based on the rules
enunciated by the Supreme Court in Estelle v. Williams7 and Deck v. Missouri8
and by this Court in Shegog,9 Estep,10 and Bryan v. Commonwealth.11 And we
are not persuaded that the constitutional error was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt.
A. Standard of Review
We review objections to a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of
discretion.12 “The test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial judge's
decision was arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal
principles.”13 Erroneous evidentiary rulings are ordinarily subject to harmless-
6 2015–SC–000467–MR, 2017 WL 1102825 (Ky. Mar. 26, 2017).
7 425 U.S. 501.
8 544 U.S. 622.
9 142 S.W.3d 101.
10 663 S.W.2d 213.
11 2017 WL 1102825.
12 Matthews v. Commonwealth, 163 S.W.3d 11, 19 (Ky. 2005).
13 Commonwealth. v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999) (“The test for
abuse of discretion is whether the trial judge's decision was arbitrary, unreasonable,
unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.”).
5
error review under RCr14 9.24 and therefore may only be used as a basis to
reverse or vacate a judgment if we cannot “say with fair assurance that the
judgment was not substantially swayed by the error.”15 But when the
evidentiary ruling is found to be erroneous because it violated a defendant’s
constitutional rights, the error is still subject to harmless error review but the
error may be used as basis to reverse or vacate a judgment if we cannot say the
error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.16
Because Deal claims that the trial court violated his constitutional rights
to a fair trial and the presumption of innocence, Deal is entitled to a new trial if
we find that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the video and the
error cannot be said to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
B. The Relevant Law
That a criminal defendant should not be required to appear before the
jury in shackles is a time-honored tenet of our jurisprudence.17 Eventually, the
14 Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure
15 Ordway v. Commonwealth, 391 S.W.3d 762, 774 (Ky. 2013); RCr 9.24 (“No
error in either the admission or the exclusion of evidence and no error or defect in any
ruling or order, or in anything done or omitted by the court or by any of the parties, is
ground for granting a new trial or for setting aside a verdict or for vacating, modifying
or otherwise disturbing a judgment or order unless it appears to the court that the
denial of such relief would be inconsistent with substantial justice.”).
16Ordway, 391 S.W.3d at 774 (citing Winstead v. Commonwealth, 283 S.W.3d
678, 689 (Ky. 2009)).
17 See, e.g., Tunget v. Commonwealth, 198 S.W.2d 785, 786 (Ky. 1946) (“Was it
reversible error to keep appellant in handcuffs during the trial? As a rule, we would
condemn such a practice. A court would hardly be justified in permitting this to be
done in one murder case out of an average hundred coming to trial; Marion v.
Commonwealth, 108 S.W.2d 721, 723 (Ky. 1937)) (“It is a common-law right of a
person being tried for the commission of a crime to be free from all manner of shackles
or bonds, whether of hands or feet, when in court in the presence of the jury, unless
6
United States Supreme Court recognized that the generally accepted
prohibition against shackling among the states was grounded in the right to a
fair trial, a fundamental liberty secured by the Fourteenth Amendment, as a
practice that “undermines the fairness of the fact-finding process.”18
In Estelle v. Williams, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a trial
court that compels a criminal defendant to appear before the jury in prison
clothing threatens the defendant’s fundamental right to a fair trial.19 In an
effort to protect the presumption of innocence during the course of a criminal
trial, a basic component of the right to a fair trial guaranteed by the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Court directed trial courts to
“be alert to factors that may undermine the fairness of the fact-finding
process.”20 The Court further directed that, in analyzing the impact of a
particular trial event on the judgment of the jury, courts are to apply “close
judicial scrutiny” and “must do the best they can to evaluate the likely effects
of a particular procedure, based on reason, principle, and common human
experience.”21 The Court reiterated, however, that not all federal constitutional
errors require automatic reversal of the challenged conviction.22 For example,
in exceptional cases where there is evident danger of his escape or in order to protect
others from an attack by the prisoner.”).
18 Estelle, 425 U.S. at 503.
19 Id. at 504–05.
20 Id. at 502 (citing Coffin v. United States, 156 U.S. 432, 453, 15 S.Ct. 394,
403, 39 L.Ed. 481, 491 (1895)).
21 Id. at 504.
22 Id. at 507 (explaining that not all constitutional violations require reversal
because there could be some errors that are so “‘unimportant and insignificant’”
considering the setting of a particular case) (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S.
7
the Estelle Court indicated that even in circumstances where a particular
practice poses an inherent threat to a defendant’s right to a fair trial, the
practice may still be constitutional where it serves some “essential state
interest.”23
Following Estelle, the Supreme Court in Holbrook v. Flynn relied on the
principles in Estelle to determine whether the defendant’s right to a fair trial
was violated when the trial court, citing security concerns, permitted several
uniformed officers to be present during trial.24 The Court explained that certain
practices require “‘close judicial scrutiny[,]’” because the practice had been
found “to pose such a threat to the ‘fairness of the factfinding process,’”25 but
“this close scrutiny of inherently prejudicial practices” is not always fatal:26
Central to the right to a fair trial, guaranteed by the Sixth and
Fourteenth Amendments, is the principle that “one accused of a
crime is entitled to have his guilt or innocence determined solely
on the basis of the evidence introduced at trial, and not on
grounds of official suspicion, indictment, continued custody, or
other circumstances not adduced as proof at trial.”27 This does not
mean, however, that every practice tending to single out the
18, 21–22, 87 S.Ct. 824, 827, 17 L.Ed.2d 705, 709 (1967)). For example, the Estelle
Court discussed a case that upheld a conviction where the defendant was tried in jail
clothes for crimes he committed while in prison because it found that “‘no prejudice
can result from seeing that which is already known.’” Id. (quoting United States ex rel.
Stahl v. Henderson, 472 F.2d 556 (5th Cir. 1973)).
23 Id. at 505.
24 475 U.S 560, 562–67, 106 S.Ct. 1340, 1342–45, 89 L.Ed.2d 525 (1986).
25 Id. at 568 (quoting Estelle, 425 U.S. at 503–505).
26Id. (discussing Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 90 S.Ct. 1057, 25 L.Ed.2d
353 (1970), wherein “the Court emphasized that a defendant may be prejudiced
if he appears before the jury bound and gagged[,]” but nonetheless held that
the practice may be reasonable in certain situations)).
27 Id. at 567 (quoting Taylor v. Kentucky, 436 U.S. 478, 485, 98 S.Ct. 1930,
1934, 56 L.Ed.2d 468 (1978)).
8
accused from everyone else in the courtroom must be struck down.
. . . When defense counsel vigorously represents his client's
interests and the trial judge assiduously works to impress jurors
with the need to presume the defendant's innocence, we have
trusted that a fair result can be obtained.28
The Court ultimately ruled that having uniformed officers present during
trial does not always pose a threat to the fairness of the factfinding process
because, unlike in cases where a defendant is shackled while appearing before
the jury, there are a variety of ways in which officers can be deployed that do
not prejudice the defendant, and a jury could draw a wider range of inferences
from having officers present that do not involve speculations regarding any
danger posed by the defendant.29 Accordingly, the Court opted to adopt a case-
by-case approach where it considers whether the officers present in a specific
case were so inherently prejudicial that the defendant was denied his
constitutional rights.30
Finally, in Deck v. Missouri, the Supreme Court considered whether the
defendant’s due process rights were violated when the defendant was visibly
shackled during the penalty phase of a trial.31 The Court explained that the
rule prohibiting a trial court from shackling a defendant during the guilt phase
of a jury trial serves to protect three fundamental legal principles:32 (1) “[t]he
criminal process presumes that the defendant is innocent until proved
28 Id.
29 Id.
30 Id.
31 Deck, 544 U.S. at 624.
32 Id. at 631–32.
9
guilty;”33 (2) the Constitution provides an accused with a right to counsel in
order to help him secure a meaningful defense;34 and (3) the trial judge “must
seek to maintain a judicial process that is a dignified process[,] . . . which
includes the respectful treatment of defendants [and] reflects the importance of
the matter at issue[.]”35
The Court explained that the first principle is similarly undermined by
the shackling practice during the penalty phase because it still suggests to the
jury “that court authorities consider the offender a danger to the community,”
which is “often a statutory aggravator and nearly always a relevant factor” to be
considered by the jury.36 Even though the presumption no longer applies
during the penalty phase, the Court explained that this suggestion could still
influence the jury while it was making the equally important decision between
life and death by undermining the jury’s ability to weigh accurately all relevant
considerations.37 The second principle is diminished by the shackling practice
during the penalty phase because it equally interferes with the defendant’s
“ability to communicate’ with his lawyer” and “participate in his own
Id. 630 (citing Coffin v. United States, 156 U.S. 432, 453, 15 S.Ct. 394, 39
33
L.Ed. 481 (1895)).
34Id. 631 (citing CONST. AMEND. XI; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 340–
41, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799 (1963)).
35 Id. (quoting Allen, 397 U.S. at 344, for the proposition that the use of
shackles at trial “‘affront[s]’” the “‘dignity and decorum of judicial proceedings that the
judge is seeking to uphold[]’”).
36Id. 632–33.
37 Id.
10
defense.”38 Finally, the third fundamental principle is undermined by the
shackling practice in the penalty phase because it “‘affront[s] . . . [the] dignity
and decorum of judicial proceedings that the judge is seeking to uphold.’”39
Based on these findings, the Deck Court ruled that “the Fifth and
Fourteenth Amendments prohibit the use of visible physical restraints [during
either the guilt or penalty phase] visible to the jury absent a trial court
determination, in the exercise of its discretion, that they are justified by a state
interest specific to a particular trial.”40 Furthermore, the court reaffirmed that
where such violation is found, the defendant is entitled a reversal unless the
state satisfies its burden to prove “beyond a reasonable doubt” that the
erroneous shackling did not influence the verdict.41 The Court reversed Deck’s
sentence, holding that the trial court abused its discretion because it failed to
indicate any “special circumstances” were present that suggested a need to
shackle Deck during the sentencing phase, and to explain why it chose not to
shackle Deck in a way that the jury could not see.42
In line with its own precedent, Kentucky formally adopted and
implemented the fundamental principles established in Estelle, Holbrook and
38 Id. at 631–32 (citing Allen, 397 U.S. at 344).
39 Id. (quoting Allen, 397 U.S. at 344).
40 Id. at 629–30. The Deck Court explained that its prior decisions in Estelle and
Allen “gave voice to a principle deeply embedded in the law” that it is inherently
prejudicial to compel a defendant during the guilt phase of his trial to appear before
the jury wearing shackles. 544 U.S. at 629.
41 Id. at 635 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
42 Id. at 634–35
11
Deck. RCr 8.28(5) codifies the rules announced in those cases, providing that
“[d]uring his or her appearance in court before a jury the defendant shall not
be required to wear the distinctive clothing of a prisoner. Except for good cause
shown the judge shall not permit the defendant to be seen by the jury in
shackles or other devices for physical restraint.” This Court has also applied
these principles in several cases.43
In Estep v. Commonwealth, this Court rejected the defendant’s challenge
to the trial court’s decision to admit a photograph that showed the defendant
wearing handcuffs at the time of his arrest.44 Because Estep came before this
Court in 1983, the Court did not have the benefit of the Supreme Court’s 1986
and 2005 decisions in Holbrook and Deck to aid in deciding this case. Instead,
the Estep court was guided only by the Supreme Court’s directives in Estelle
43 This Court in Scrivener v. Commonwealth applied the rule articulated in
Estelle to hold that the defendant’s conviction must be reversed, despite
“overwhelming evidence of appellant's guilt,” because the trial court failed to grant the
defendant’s motion for a continuance so that he could be tried in street clothing rather
than prison clothing. 539 S.W.2d 291, 292 (Ky. 1976). In Commonwealth v. Conley,
this court also emphasized the responsibility of the trial court in these cases to not
restrain the defendant by handcuffs or shackles unless and until it determines that
restraint of the defendant is necessary to serve the state’s essential interests in
preventing the defendant’s escape and protecting the safety of those in the courtroom.
959 S.W.2d 77–78. The Conley court held that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in ruling that the defendant be kept in shackles during trial because the
defendant had a demonstrated history of fleeing state custody, the trial court only so
ruled after considering relevant case law and available alternatives for courtroom
security, and the trial court examined and issued several admonition to prospective
jurors regarding the presumption of innocence and its relationship to the shackles
placed on the defendant. Id. at 78–79. Furthermore, in Stacy v. Commonwealth, this
Court affirmed a defendant’s conviction even though the trial court engaged in an
“intrinsically prejudicial” practice by requiring the defendant’s witnesses to testify
before the jury while handcuffed and dressed in prison clothing. 396 S.W.3d 787, 800–
03 (Ky. 2013).
44 663 S.W.2d at 216.
12
that courts must “be alert to factors that may undermine the fairness of the
fact-finding process,”45 and must draw on their own reason, principle, and
common human experience” to determine the “likely effects of a particular
procedure.”46
In Estep, the Court did not provide a detailed discussion of defendant’s
challenge to the trial court’s decision, nor did it discuss or cite to the Supreme
Court’s decision in Estelle in considering the challenged practice. But the Court
clearly followed the holding in Estelle when it explained that it could not find
that the trial court’s decision prejudiced Estep because “[t]he trial court noted
that the pictures were being offered for the purpose of showing how Estep
looked the night of his arrest[,] . . . that testimony had been previously given
that Estep was handcuffed as he was arrested, [and the trial court]
admonished the jury that the handcuffs had no significance . . . .”47
Similarly, in Shegog v. Commonwealth, this Court held that the
defendant was not entitled to reversal of his conviction based on the allegation
that several potential jurors watched as he was transported from the jail to the
courthouse in handcuffs.48 We reaffirmed that “the inadvertent viewing of the
45 425 U.S. at 502.
46 Id. at 504.
47 663 S.W.2d at 216. The Court did not, however, follow the Supreme Court’s
lead in Estelle by considering, for example, the approaches taken by other courts that
had considered the constitutionality of the practice that was challenged in Estep, or
whether the challenged practice usually operated only against those who cannot afford
to make bail to be released pending trial. See Estelle, 425 U.S. at 503–06.
48 142 S.W.3d at 108.
13
defendant in handcuffs for the sole purpose of being taken to or from the
courtroom is not automatically reversible error.”49
Like the Estep court, the Shegog court did not provide a detailed
discussion of the applicable principles under Estelle, Holbrook, and Deck. It is
clear, however, that the court did engage in the required analysis before
concluding that Shegog was not entitled to a reversal of his conviction. The
Shegog court noted that the trial court fulfilled its responsibility to consider
whether the practice was inherently prejudicial when it indicated that “the
inadvertent viewing of the defendant in handcuffs” may constitute an
“inherently prejudicial” trial error in some circumstances, but that it could not
find that the inadvertent viewing in this case prejudiced Shegog since defense
counsel did not question the potential jurors about it in voir dire.50 In support
of this finding, this Court also observed that when the trial court denied the
request for a continuance it relied on the sentiments expressed in Davis v.
Commonwealth that “‘it would be impossible as a practical matter to conduct a
trial without the jury seeing some sign that the defendant [is] not entirely free
to come and go as [he] please[s].’”51
49 Id. at 108–09 (citing Moss v. Commonwealth, 949 S.W.2d 579, 582–83 (Ky.
1997)).
50 Id. at 109.
51 Id. (quoting Davis v. Commonwealth, 899 S.W.2d 487, 491 (Ky. 1995),
overruled on other grounds in Merriweather v. Commonwealth, 99 S.W.3d 448 (Ky.
2003)).
14
Finally, in Bryan v. Commonwealth, an unpublished opinion from 2017,
we rejected the defendant’s challenge to the trial court’s decision to admit a
video of the defendant’s police interview, which depicted Bryan wearing a
prison jumpsuit and handcuffs.52 Like in Estep, the Bryan court did not engage
in the type of analysis that was seen in Holbrook and Deck. Instead, in Bryan
we simply stated, citing only to our decision in Estep, that we could not find
that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the video because “[w]e
have previously affirmed convictions where the jury witnessed the defendant in
either shackles or handcuffs[, and] [t]he error, if any, was harmless.”53
Unlike in Shegog and Estep, it is unclear whether the Court in Bryan
relied on the directives provided by the Supreme Court to hold that the trial
court did not err in admitting the video of the defendant’s police interview and
any error that did occur was harmless. But there is also no indication in the
opinion that the defendant objected at trial to allowing the jury to view the
video of his interview with police. As such, the Bryan court did not err in
summarily concluding that trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting
the video based on this Court’s decision in Estep.
C. The Applicable Standard
It is fair to say that the cases discussed above establish that trial courts
must conduct a certain analysis in cases where a defendant challenges a trial
event claiming the event undermines the jury’s ability to decide the case fairly.
52 2017 WL 1102825, at *6.
53 Id.
15
But it is also fair to say that this Court has never articulated the required
analysis since the Supreme Court decided Estelle, Holbrook, and Deck. We take
the opportunity now.
First, when a defendant objects to a specific trial event, the trial court, in
the exercise of its discretion, has a responsibility under the Fourteenth
Amendment to consider whether the practice is “inherently prejudicial.”54 As
the Court explained in Holbrook, a practice is generally found to be “inherently
prejudicial” when it threatens the fairness of the factfinding process by
undermining the defendant’s right “‘to have his guilt or innocence determined
solely on the basis of the evidence introduced at trial, and not on grounds of
official suspicion, indictment, continued custody, or other circumstances not
adduced as proof at trial.’”55
In carrying out this responsibility, the trial court must engage in a
thorough analysis and “closely” consider any factors relevant in the specific
54 See Deck, 544 U.S. at 630 (discussing the Court’s prior decision to determine
whether shackling the defendant during the penalty phase of the trial posed a similar
risk to the defendant’s constitutional right as the practice does when employed during
the guilt phase of the trial); Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 567 (holding that the uniformed
officers present during the defendant’s trial were not “inherently prejudicial” based on
the finding that the officers in the case did not pose the same risk to the defendant’s
constitutional rights as routinely shackling the defendant when he appears before the
jury); Estelle , 425 U.S. at 504 (justifying its holding that compelling a criminal
defendant to appear before the jury in prison clothing by citing to several other courts’
decisions that have prohibited the practice based on the threat the practice poses to
the presumption of innocence entitled to all criminal defendants); Stacy, 396 S.W.3d
at 800–01 (stating that to determine whether the defendant’s fair trial rights were
violated by the trial court allowing the defendant’s incarcerated witnesses to testify
while wearing shackles and prison attire, the Court must determine first whether the
practice is “intrinsically prejudicial . . . , and if so whether sufficient state interests
exist to justify its existence[]”).
55 Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 567 (quoting Taylor, 436 U.S. at 485).
16
case,56 including: the likelihood that the challenged event could be interpreted
by the jury as indicating that the defendant has already been adjudged to be
particularly dangerous or culpable;57 the reasoning behind other courts’
decisions when faced with similar cases;58 and the likelihood that the event
would normally operate to the disadvantage only to those defendants who are
unable to post bond to be released pending trial.59 If the trial court finds that
the challenged event is “inherently prejudicial,” or prejudicial based on the
circumstances of a particular case, the trial court may only exercise its
56 See Estelle, 425 U.S. at 502–04 (directing trial courts to “be alert to factors
that may undermine the fairness of the fact-finding process[,]” and explaining that
courts are to apply “close judicial scrutiny” when analyzing the impact of a particular
trial event on the judgment of the jury and “do the best they can to evaluate the likely
effects of a particular procedure, based on reason, principle, and common human
experience”)(citing Coffin, 156 U.S. at 453).
57 See Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 569 (finding that the jury could have drawn a wider
range of inferences from having the uniformed officers present during Holbrook’s trial
that many of which do not all involve speculations regarding any danger posed by
Holbrook).
58 See Deck, 544 U.S. at 630 (explaining that the Court’s prior decisions in
Estelle and Holbrook indicated that the primary motivation behind the guilt-phase
constitutional rule is to protect “three fundamental legal principles” that are
undermined or threatened by practices such as shackling the defendant when he
appears before the jury); Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 567 (discussing the Court’s prior
decisions in Estelle, 425 U.S. 501, and Allen, 397 U.S. 337, to illustrate how the
practice challenged in this case differed from the practices deemed to be
constitutionally prohibited absent a showing that the practice is necessary to serve an
essential state interest); Estelle , 425 U.S. at 504 (discussing several lower federal
court cases already confronted the practice at issue in this case and prohibited or
criticized it).
59 See Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 567; Estelle, 425 U.S. at 504–05. Recall that the
Estelle Court established that “[t]o impose [a] condition on one category of defendants,
over objection, would be repugnant to the concept of equal justice embodied in the
Fourteenth Amendment.” Estelle, 425 U.S. at 504–05.
17
discretion to allow the proposed event if it finds that the event is nonetheless
justified by some identifiable and essential state interest.60
In determining whether the challenged event is justified by an essential
state interest, the trial court is directed to engage in a thorough analysis of any
factors that are relevant in the particular case. For example, the Supreme
Court and this Court have considered factors such as: (1) the merits of the
asserted state interest;61 (2) the potential threat posed by the challenged event
to the defendant’s constitutional rights;62 and (3) the availability of alternatives
60 See Deck, 544 U.S. at 634–35 (holding that the trial court erred in shackling
the defendant during the penalty phase of the trial because the trial court failed to
indicate that it considered any “special circumstances” that suggested a need to
shackle Deck); Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 571–72 (explaining that even if the court’s
decision allow the four uniformed police officers to be present during Holbrook’s trial
did prejudice the defendant, “the State's need to maintain custody over defendants
who had been denied bail after an individualized determination that their presence at
trial could not otherwise be ensured” justified the trial court’s decision); Estelle , 425
U.S. at 505 (finding that no state interest was served by requiring a defendant to
appear at trial in jail clothing);
61 See, e.g., Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 571–72 (explaining that even if the court’s
decision to allow the four uniformed police officers to be present during Holbrook’s
trial did prejudice the defendant, “the State's need to maintain custody over
defendants who had been denied bail after an individualized determination that their
presence at trial could not otherwise be ensured” justified the trial court’s decision);
Conley, 959 S.W.2d at 78–79 (holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in ruling that the defendant be kept in shackles during trial given that the defendant
had a demonstrated history of fleeing state custody).
62 See, e.g., Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 567 (ruling that having uniformed officers
present during trial does not always pose a threat to the fairness of the factfinding
process because, unlike in cases where a defendant is shackled while appearing before
the jury, there are a variety of ways in which officers can be deployed by trial courts
that do not prejudice the defendant and a jury could draw a wider range of inferences
from having officers present that do not all involve speculations regarding any danger
posed by the defendant); Estelle, 425 U.S. at 502 (explaining that the presumption of
innocence is a basic component of the right to a fair trial guaranteed by the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and to protect this fundamental right,
the Court directed trial courts to “be alert to factors that may undermine the fairness
of the fact-finding process[]”) (internal citations omitted).
18
that could minimize the risk posed to the defendant’s rights while still acting to
serve the asserted state interest.63 As to the last factor, this Court has made
clear that a trial court will usually be able to minimize any risk posed to the
defendant’s right by admonishing the jury that the trial practice is not to be
considered in determining guilt.64
Finally, in cases where an “inherently prejudicial” trial event that does
not serve an essential state interest is implemented, prejudice is presumed on
appellate review of the trial court’s decision,65 and the defendant is entitled to
reversal of his conviction unless the defendant did not challenge the event
63 See, e.g., Deck, 544 U.S. at 634–35 (holding that the trial court erred in
shackling the defendant during the penalty phase of the trial in part because the trial
court failed to explain why it chose not to shackle Deck in a way that the jury could
not see); Conley, 959 S.W.2d at 78–79 (holding that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in ruling that the defendant be kept in shackles during trial given that the
defendant had a demonstrated history of fleeing state custody, the trial court only so
ruled after considering relevant case law and available alternatives for courtroom
security, and the trial court examined and issued several admonitions to prospective
jurors regarding the presumption of innocence and its relationship to the shackles
placed on the defendant).
64 See, e.g., Estep v. Commonwealth, 663 S.W.2d 213, 215 (Ky. 1983)
(explaining that it could not find that the trial court’s decision to admit a photograph
even though it depicted the defendant, at the time of his arrest, wearing handcuffs
prejudiced Estep because, among other things, the trial court “admonished the jury
that the handcuffs had no significance” in determining Estep’s guilt).
65 See, e.g., Deck, 544 U.S. at 635 (concluding that where a court, without
adequate justification, orders the defendant to wear shackles that will be seen by the
jury, the defendant need not demonstrate actual prejudice to make out a due process
violation[,]” as it becomes the burden of the State in those circumstances to prove
“beyond a reasonable doubt” that the erroneous shackling of the defendant did not
impact the ultimate verdict).
19
before the trial court,66 or unless the state can affirmatively show beyond a
reasonable doubt that the event did not prejudice the defendant.67
D. The Standard as Applied in Similar Cases
A standard like the one articulated above has been applied in cases
where a jury viewed a criminal defendant in handcuffs or jail garb in-person or
in a photograph. While neither this Court nor the United States Supreme Court
has had the opportunity to analyze a videotaped presentation like the one in
the present case,68 other state appellate courts have considered cases that
presented similar facts.
In State v. Taylor, for example, the Tennessee Supreme Court considered
whether the trial court erred in allowing the jury to view a videotape in which
the defendant appeared in custody and dressed in jail attire.69 The challenged
video in Taylor was recorded while the State was working with a jail informant
66 See, e.g., Estelle, 425 U.S. at 510–13 (concluding that Williams was not
entitled to reversal of his conviction because it was undisputed that Williams did not
object before the trial court to being tried in jail clothing, the Court could not conclude
that Williams was compelled to stand trial in jail clothing in violation of the Fourteenth
Amendment).
67See, e.g., Deck, 544 U.S. at 635 (concluding that where a court, without
adequate justification, orders the defendant to wear visible shackles before the jury,
prejudice is presumed, and reversal is required unless the State proves “beyond a
reasonable doubt” that the erroneous shackling of the defendant did not impact the
ultimate verdict).
68This Court in Bryant was presented with similar facts, and it indicated that it
would be reluctant to find any error in admitting the video based on this Court’s
decision in Estep. 2015–SC–000467–MR, at *6. The case at bar is different because
Deal did preserve his objection to admitting the challenged video depicting him in jail
garb and shackles.
69 240 S.W.3d 789 (Tn. 2007).
20
who claimed that the defendant had previously confessed to the crimes.70 The
Tennessee Supreme Court held that the trial court did not err in admitting the
video because it did not result in a violation of the defendant’s constitutional
rights.71
In its discussion of the defendant’s claim that the video violated his
constitutional rights, the Tennessee Supreme Court explained that the facts
relied on by the Supreme Court in Estelle are distinguishable from Taylor’s
case because: the defendant was not tried while dressed in jail attire; the jury
only saw a brief videotape of defendant wearing jail attire; the video was not the
cause of the potential prejudice arising from discovering that the defendant
was jailed because the jury already knew before viewing the videotape that the
defendant was in jail based on the informant’s testimony; and because the trial
took place over 3 days, and the video was only seven-minutes long.72 While it
“caution[ed] trial courts that unnecessary displays of a criminal defendant
bearing the badges of custody should be avoided,” the court ultimately held
70 Id. at 793.
71 Id. at 794–97. The defendant in Taylor also argued that the video violated his
constitutional rights because the State had an audio version of his conversation with
the informant, but the court declined to consider this factor in its analysis because it
agreed with the State’s argument that the defendant had waived this argument by
failing to include the audiotape in the appellate record. Id. at 795 (citing State v.
Ballard, 855 S.W.2d 557, 560–61 (Tenn. 1993)).
72 Id. at 795–96. The Tennessee Supreme Court explained that the Supreme
Court in Estelle “recognized that ‘the constant reminder of the accused's condition
implicit in such distinctive, identifiable attire may affect a juror's judgment. The
defendant's clothing is so likely to be a continuing influence throughout the trial that .
. . an unacceptable risk is presented of impermissible factors coming into play.’” Id.
(quoting Estelle, 425 U.S. at 504–05, 512).
21
that “[u]nder these circumstances, . . . the brief videotape . . . did not serve as
a ‘constant reminder’ to the jury that the Defendant had been previously jailed
and it did not corrupt the presumption of innocence on which the jury was
properly instructed.”73
The Tennessee Supreme Court in Taylor also explained that its holding
was supported by several similar cases that were decided by courts in other
states.74 In sum, like the Supreme Court in Holbrook, the Tennessee Supreme
Court, as well as the state court decisions that it cited, concluded in the first
instance that admitting video evidence depicting a defendant in jail custody is
not “inherently prejudicial” under all circumstances. And we do not disagree
with that point.
Common sense suggests that the impact of allowing a brief videotaped
presentation to the jury depicting the defendant in jail attire or shackles is not
as damaging as requiring a defendant to appear that way in person before the
jury. But we remain convinced that videos of the defendant “bearing badges of
73 Id. at 796–97.
74 Id. at 797 (discussing State v. Schaller, 199 Wis.2d 23, 544 N.W.2d 247
(App.1995)), State v. Atwood, 171 Ariz. 576, 832 P.2d 593, 645 (1992), overruled on
other grounds by State v. Nordstrom, 200 Ariz. 229, 25 P.3d 717, 729 (2001), and
Anderson v. State, 574 So.2d 87 (Fla. 1991)). For example, the Tennessee Supreme
Court explained that the Supreme Court of Florida “rejected [a] defendant's contention
that he had been denied a fair trial because the jury was shown a one and one-half
minute long videotaped news report that briefly depicted the defendant in jail clothes.”
Id. (citing Anderson, 574 So.2d at 93–94 (Fla. 1991)). The Supreme Court of Florida
concluded that “‘[u]nder the circumstances, there was no “constant reminder of the
accused's condition” to support the conclusion that [the defendant] was denied a fair
trial.’” Id. (quoting Anderson, 574 So.2d at 93-94 (quoting Estelle, 425 U.S. at 504, 96
S.Ct. 1691))).
22
custody” pose a threat to the defendant’s right to a fair trial because it tends to
suggest to the jury that some official determination has already been made that
the defendant needs to be restrained and separated from society. This is
especially true when, as in Deal’s case, the jury was able to see and hear
testimony to the effect that the jail interview was recorded months after the
defendant was arrested on the underlying charges.
E. The Standard as Applied to Deal’s Case
Applying to Deal’s case the standards discussed above, we conclude that
Deal is entitled to reversal of his conviction because the video was prejudicial
based on specific circumstances of Deal’s case, the trial court abused its
discretion in admitting the video without engaging in the required analysis, and
the Commonwealth failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that this error
did not influence the jury’s verdict.
With respect to the first step of the analysis, the trial court here failed to
consider on the record whether playing this video was inherently prejudicial. In
a conclusory way, it dismissed Deal’s requests to require the Commonwealth to
present the audio version of his interview, or, at a minimum, offer some
explanation for using the video instead of the audio. The trial court stated that
it was expected—presumably saying unexpected by the average juror—that
Deal would be in custody because he was accused of murder. The trial court’s
statement, “that’s just routinely done, almost everybody’s in custody,
eventually, especially after a murder investigation,” suggests that the trial court
was echoing words from Davis that “it would be impossible as a practical
23
matter to conduct a trial without the jury seeing some sign that the defendant
[is] not entirely free to come and go as [he] please[s].”75 But the facts of the
present case are that the challenged video was a production by the principal
investigating officer in testimony during the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief. The
present facts are fundamentally different from Davis, a case in which jurors’
inadvertently viewed the defendant in handcuffs as he entered the courtroom
at the commencement of trial.76
As indicated above, we believe that Deal’s video, as it was presented to
the jury below, was prejudicial. Unlike the defendant in Taylor, Deal was
depicted in the video wearing both jail clothing and shackles,77 and the video
was 35 minutes, not merely 7. Also, the video of Deal was recorded two months
after Deal was arrested on the present charge, and this fact was apparent to
the jury because the date stamp appears prominently at the bottom of the
video.
With respect to the second step of the analysis, despite the
circumstances present in Deal’s case, the trial court further failed to consider
whether Deal’s video would nonetheless be prejudicial. There certainly could
have been ways to minimize this risk, such as admitting the audio version of
75 Davis, 899 S.W.2d at 491.
76 Id. at 490.
Recall that the Supreme Court in Deck explained that its prior decisions in
77
Estelle and Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 343–44, 90 S.Ct. 1057, 25 L.Ed.2d 353
(1970) “gave voice to a principle deeply rooted in the law” that it is inherently
prejudicial to compel a defendant during the guilt phase of his trial to appear before
the jury wearing shackles.” 544 U.S. at 629.
24
the same interview or admonishing the jury that Deal’s appearance in the video
should not be considered in determining guilt.78 But there appears no
indication of the trial court’s consideration of such alternatives or safeguards.
And even if it had, the trial court should have then required the
Commonwealth to explain how the video serves an essential state interest,
which could have been accomplished by simply requiring the Commonwealth
to explain how the audio version would not effectively present the intended
evidence and why the evidence in video format was crucial for proving the
Commonwealth’s case.
Finally, as we consider the arguments before us, we conclude that the
Commonwealth failed to argue the existence of proof beyond a reasonable
doubt that the trial court’s decision to allow the video did not prejudice Deal.
The Commonwealth argues that any error committed by the trial court in
admitting the video or failing to give an admonition was harmless because
78 See, e.g., Estep, 663 S.W.2d at 215 (explaining that it could not find that the
trial court’s decision to admit a photograph even though it depicted the defendant, at
the time of his arrest, wearing handcuffs prejudiced Estep because, among other
things, the trial court “admonished the jury that the handcuffs had no significance” in
determining Estep’s guilt). We agree with the Commonwealth and the Court of Appeals
in this case that this Court has generally held that “a defendant who wants the court
to admonish the jury must ask for such relief; otherwise, his failure to request it will
be treated as a waiver or as an element of trial strategy.” Hall v. Commonwealth., 817
S.W.2d 228, 229 (Ky. 1991), overruled on other grounds in Commonwealth. v. Ramsey,
920 S.W.2d 526 (Ky. 1996). However, we do not agree with the insinuation that by
failing to request a jury admonition regarding what purpose the video is to serve in
determining guilt Deal waived any argument relating to the trial court’s failure to issue
such an admonition. Deal’s failure to request an appropriate admonition when it
objected to admitting the video of his police interview has no bearing on the trial
court’s initial failure to properly analyze whether Deal’s constitutional rights were
threatened by admitting the video.
25
there is “no substantial possibility that the result would have been different if
the Commonwealth had played the audio recording of the interview.”
In support of this argument, the Commonwealth makes the following
assertions: (1) the investigating detective had already testified about Deal’s
arrest, so the jury already knew that Deal had been taken into custody; (2) the
video of Deal’s police interview was consistent with Deal’s defense; (3) and the
video was only a “short portion of a multi-day trial” in which Deal was
personally present in street clothes and maintaining a tidy appearance. In
response, Deal argues that the Commonwealth could not prove that the
challenged video did not impact the verdict because the evidence against Deal
was not overwhelming.
While we concede that the assertions made by the Commonwealth in
support of its argument that the video did not prejudice Deal are relevant,79 the
Commonwealth has not explained how these assertions prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that the video did not prejudice Deal by influencing the jury’s
verdict. Furthermore, the Commonwealth fails to discuss any relevant case
79 The Tennessee Supreme Court made similar assertions in support of its
holding in Taylor. 240 S.W.3d at 795–97 (explaining that, because the defendant was
not tried while dressed in jail attire; the jury only saw a brief videotape of defendant
wearing jail attire; the video was not the cause of the potential prejudice arising from
discovering that the defendant was jailed because the jury already knew before viewing
the videotape that the defendant was in jail based on the informant’s testimony; and
because the trial took place over 3 days, and the video was only seven-minutes long,
the facts relied on by the Supreme Court in Estelle are distinguishable from Taylor’s
case, and holding that “[u]nder these circumstances, . . . the brief videotape . . . did
not serve as a ‘constant reminder’ to the jury that the Defendant had been previously
jailed and it did not corrupt the presumption of innocence on which the jury was
properly instructed”).
26
that supports its assertion that Deal was not prejudiced. Accordingly, we
cannot conclude that the Commonwealth satisfied its burden of demonstrating
beyond a reasonable doubt that the practice did not impact the verdict.
In sum, we conclude that while not “inherently prejudicial,” the video
prejudiced Deal and the trial court failed to take any of the required steps to
determine if the prejudicial nature of the video was justified by an essential
state interest, or whether the risk posed to Deal’s constitutional rights could
otherwise be minimized by some available alternative.
On remand, if the Commonwealth again moves to allow the jury to view
the videotape of Deal’s interview in the same format, the trial court should
require the Commonwealth to prove that the video is necessary to serve an
essential state interest. If, in the exercise of its discretion, the trial court
believes the video is necessary to serve the asserted state interest and that
interest could not be served by any available alternatives, it is within the trial
court’s discretion to admit the video. But the trial court must still consider
whether any additional steps should be taken to minimize the risk posed to
Deal’s constitutional rights, which could include issuing an appropriate
admonition to the jury.
III. CONCLUSION
The judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded to the trial court for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
All sitting. All concur.
27
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
Euva D. May
Leo Gerard Smith
Department of Public Advocacy
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Daniel Jay Cameron
Attorney General of Kentucky
Emily Bedelle Lucas
Office of the Attorney General
28