Monk v. Wilkie

Case: 19-1094 Document: 92 Page: 1 Filed: 10/20/2020

United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________

CONLEY F. MONK, JR., JAMES BRIGGS, TOM
COYNE, WILLIAM DOLPHIN, JIMMIE HUDSON,
LYLE OBIE, STANLEY STOKES, WILLIAM
JEROME WOOD, II,
Petitioners-Appellants

v.

ROBERT WILKIE, SECRETARY OF VETERANS
AFFAIRS,
Respondent-Appellee
______________________

2019-1094
______________________

Appeal from the United States Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims in No. 15-1280, Chief Judge Margaret C.
Bartley, Judge Coral Wong Pietsch, Judge William S.
Greenberg, Judge Michael P. Allen, Judge Amanda L. Mer-
edith, Judge Joseph L. Toth, Senior Judge Robert N. Davis,
Senior Judge Mary J. Schoelen.
______________________

Decided: October 20, 2020
______________________

LYNN K. NEUNER, Simpson Thacher & Bartlett, LLP,
New York, NY, argued for petitioners-appellants. Also ar-
gued by ARJUN MODY, Jerome N. Frank Legal Services Or-
ganization, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT. Also
represented by MICHAEL JOEL WISHNIE, JADE FORD, RENEE
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2 MONK v. WILKIE

A. BURBANK.

MARTIN F. HOCKEY, JR., Commercial Litigation Branch,
Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Wash-
ington, DC, argued for respondent-appellee. Also repre-
sented by JEFFREY B. CLARK, ROBERT EDWARD KIRSCHMAN,
JR.; BRIAN D. GRIFFIN, JONATHAN KRISCH, Office of General
Counsel, United States Department of Veterans Affairs,
Washington, DC.

BENJAMIN C. BLOCK, Covington & Burling LLP, Wash-
ington, DC, for amicus curiae National Veterans Legal Ser-
vices Program. Also represented by ISAAC CHAIM BELFER,
POOJA SHAH KOTHARI, ROBERT TYLER SANBORN; JORDAN
JOACHIM, New York, NY; BARTON F. STICHMAN, National
Veterans Legal Services Program, Washington, DC.

JONATHAN FREIMAN, Wiggin and Dana LLP, New Ha-
ven, CT, for amici curiae Will A. Gunn, Mary Lou Keener.

JASON L. LICHTMAN, Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bern-
stein, LLP, New York, NY, for amici curiae Pamela Book-
man, Maureen Carroll, Sergio J. Campos, Brooke Coleman,
Robin Effron, Deborah Hensler, Helen Hershkoff, Alexan-
dra D. Lahav, David Marcus, Jerry L. Mashaw, Elizabeth
G. Porter, Briana Rosenbaum, Judith Resnik, Michael D.
Sant'Ambrogio, Elizabeth M. Schneider, Joanna C.
Schwartz, Shirin Sinnar, Adam Zimmerman.

ANGELA K. DRAKE, Veterans Clinic, University of Mis-
souri School of Law, Columbia, MO, for amicus curiae Na-
tional Law School Veterans Clinic Consortium. Also
represented by STACEY-RAE SIMCOX, Faculty Office, Stet-
son University College of Law, Gulfport, FL.
______________________

Before NEWMAN, LOURIE, and REYNA, Circuit Judges.
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MONK v. WILKIE 3

Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge NEWMAN.
Additional views filed by Circuit Judge REYNA.
NEWMAN, Circuit Judge.
Petitioners Conley F. Monk, Jr. and seven other veter-
ans petitioned the United States Court of Appeals for Vet-
erans Claims (“Veterans Court”), requesting class action
certification for the class of veterans whose disability
claims had not been resolved by the Board of Veterans Ap-
peals (“BVA” or “Board”) within one year of the filing of a
Notice of Disagreement (“NOD”). Petitioners define the
proposed class as:
[I]ndividuals who . . . applied for and [were] denied
VA [Veterans Affairs] disability benefits, in whole
or in part; [and] timely filed an NOD upon denial
of an original, reopened, or remanded claim; [and]
the VA has failed to render a decision on the pend-
ing appeal within twelve (12) months of the date of
the NOD.
Amended Petition at 7 (Dec. 20, 2017) (ECF No. 57). Peti-
tioners request judicial action to compel the Secretary of
Veterans Affairs to decide all pending appeals within one
year of receipt of a timely NOD. Petitioners stated that the
proposed class constituted at least 470,000 claimants, and
was increasing.
The Veterans Court took the matter en banc, and re-
quested Petitioners to separate or limit the requested class
action into issues that meet the “commonality” standard of
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(2):
A class action may be maintained if . . . the party
opposing the class has acted or refused to act on
grounds that apply generally to the class, so that
final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory
relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole.
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4 MONK v. WILKIE

Petitioners declined to limit the requested class action,
stating that “systemic delay” exists in the VA claims sys-
tem, and broad judicial remedy is required. The Veterans
Court then denied the requested class certification, 1 stat-
ing that “[t]he relief the petitioners seek does not satisfy
Rule 23(b)(2)’s standard as there is no single injunction
that provides relief to the class as a whole.” Vet. Ct. Op. at
181. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
While this case was pending in the Veterans Court,
congressional hearings were held in 2016 and 2017 con-
cerning the delays in VA claim processing. Legislation was
enacted on August 23, 2017, called the Veterans Appeals
Improvement and Modernization Act of 2017, Pub. L. No.
115-55, § 2(x), 131 Stat. 1105 (2017) (“AMA” or “VAIMA”).
In their appeal to this court, Petitioners acknowledged this
legislation but did not discuss its impact on their concerns.
We requested further briefing, and Petitioners, the govern-
ment, and amicus curiae National Law School Veterans
Clinic Consortium filed additional briefs. Petitioners and
the amicus state that important problems remain; the gov-
ernment reports progress and optimism.
A. The AMA Enactment in 2017
Before the AMA, the system for processing veterans’
disability claims required multiple steps, each of which
was subject to delays, starting with the procedures in the
Regional Office, then the filing of the NOD, then the issu-
ance of a Statement of the Case (“SOC”), then the filing of
VA Form 9, then the appeal certification and transfer to
the BVA, then the submission of evidence, then a hearing,
often warranting remand and additional evidence and

1 Monk v. Wilkie, 30 Vet. App. 167 (2018) (“Vet. Ct.
Op.”).
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MONK v. WILKIE 5

another hearing, and eventually the decision of the BVA
and a possible reconsideration decision. The average com-
pletion time is “nearly five years” according to the govern-
ment, and seven years according to Petitioners. Petitioners
state that delay of ten years is not unusual.
The AMA made several changes in VA procedures, and
eliminated or simplified the steps after filing of the NOD.
As described by the government:
Rather than forcing all claimants through one long
queue, the AMA allows claimants to choose an ap-
pellate path—(1) higher-level review, (2) supple-
mental claim, (3) board review with a hearing and
opportunity to submit additional evidence,
(4) board review without a hearing, but with an op-
portunity to submit additional evidence, or
(5) board review without a hearing or additional
evidence—in accord with their priorities for their
particular appeal. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 5104C(a)(1),
7105(b)(3).
Gov’t Supp. Br. 2–3. The government states that the AMA
is structured to avoid the major sources of delay that were
inherent in the legacy system: 2
For instance, instead of the legacy system’s contin-
ual open record and continual duty to assist—
which cause the board to reintroduce thousands of
cases reaching the end of the appeals process back
into the appellate queue for additional develop-
ment every year—the AMA provides discrete

2 The pre-AMA appeals process is called the “legacy
system.” The AMA applies to claims that receive an initial
decision after February 19, 2019. 38 C.F.R. § 19.2. Veter-
ans within the legacy system are authorized to “opt in” to
the AMA system.
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6 MONK v. WILKIE

periods for assistance and evidence submission,
with effective date protections for the claimant.
Compare 38 U.S.C. §§ 5103A, 7105(e) (2016), with
38 U.S.C. §§ 5103A(e), 5104B(d), 5110(a)(2), 7113
(2020).
Gov’t Supp. Br. 3 (internal citation omitted). The govern-
ment also explains that instead of waiting for preparation
and issuance of the SOC and then having to file an appeal
that must be certified and transferred to the BVA, claim-
ants can file their NOD directly with the BVA. Id. at 3–4.
The amicus reports that “the average length of time be-
tween the filing of an appeal at the Regional Office and the
Board’s disposition of the appeal was more than three
years—1,273 days—for legacy claims.” Amicus Supp. Br. 2
(citing Dep’t of Veterans Aff. Board of Veterans Appeals,
Annual Report Fiscal Year (FY) 2019 25) (“Annual Report
FY 2019”) (emphasis omitted). The government summa-
rizes: “Given that the SOC, certification, and board docket-
ing stages for legacy appeals take 1,077 days on average to
complete, the AMA’s authorization for direct NOD filings
with the board has the potential to remove up to 1,077 days
of processing time for the average claimant.” Gov’t Supp.
Br. 4 (citing Annual Report FY 2019 at 25). The govern-
ment states:
This careful structuring of the AMA system has, at
least so far, vastly improved appeal processing
times. As of May 31, 2020, AMA claimants who ap-
peal to the board are receiving decisions, on aver-
age, in 229 days. See Appeals Modernization Act
Reporting, May 2020 Monthly Report, Part 1 –
AMA (E, G, J), row 7, column C.
Gov’t Supp. Br. 4.
B. The Proposed Class Action
Petitioners continue to urge that judicial intervention
is required, for the AMA does not apply to legacy appeals,
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MONK v. WILKIE 7

and over 200,000 legacy appeals remain pending. The gov-
ernment states that the AMA provides that legacy claim-
ants may “opt in” to the AMA system. The government
states that “virtually every single putative class member
has had an opportunity to leave the broken legacy appeals
system and enter an AMA system that ‘expedite[s] VA’s ap-
peals process’ while also ‘protecting veterans’ due process
rights.’ H.R. Rep. 115-135, at 2. Some have declined that
opportunity, and that is their right.” Gov’t Supp. Br. 6
(alteration in original). The government states that the VA
sent a letter to almost every legacy claimant to inform them
of the legislative change and to provide instructions con-
cerning procedures, id., and Petitioners report that only
19.2% of the legacy claimants opted in to the AMA in the
first and second quarters of FY 2019. Pet’r Supp. Br. 11.
The government states that “the AMA has been fully
operational for 17 months; and, between RAMP [Rapid Ap-
peals Modernization Program] and the AMA’s opt-in, vir-
tually every putative class member has had an opportunity
to take advantage of Congress’s chosen remedy.” Gov’t
Supp. Br. 7. The government reports the hiring of 605 ad-
ditional appeal adjudicators in FY 2019, and states that:
“While the original briefs in this case referred to 470,000
pending appeals, the latest available data reflects that
217,918 legacy appeals remain pending: 141,783 appeals
that have not yet received a board decision and 76,135 ap-
peals remanded by the board,” and “[b]ased on current pro-
jections, all legacy appeals will receive a board decision by
December 2022.” Id. at 12 n.10 (citing U.S. Dep’t of Veter-
ans Aff., Periodic Progress Report on Appeals 4–5, 29 (Feb.
2020 Update) and Dep’t of Veterans Aff., Appeals Modern-
ization Act Reporting: May 2020 Monthly Report). 3

3 The AMA requires the VA to provide regular up-
dates on appeal processing, including resource and staffing
levels, productivity and timeline projections, and
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8 MONK v. WILKIE

However, Petitioners continue to press for a class ac-
tion for the purpose of setting a deadline for legacy appeals,
arguing that the AMA’s provision to opt-in is inadequate,
and judicial intervention is essential. Pet’r Supp. Br. 10–
12 (“For veterans already suffering lengthy delays, opting
in to the AMA, an untested and unfamiliar system, risked
even further costs and uncertainties.”).
The government states that the concept of a fixed pe-
riod was considered at the legislative hearings, and that
the consensus was that a deadline system was not a pref-
erable solution, in view of the variety of veterans’ disability
claims and individual needs and procedures.
On review of the information provided by both sides,
we share the view stated in Sugrue v. Derwinski, 26 F.3d
8, 12–13 (2d Cir. 1994), that when Congress has “carefully
crafted” a “comprehensive remedial structure,” that struc-
ture warrants evaluation in practice, before judicial inter-
vention should be contemplated.
C. The Question of “Commonality”
The Veterans Court observed that the rule of “common-
ality” requires that a proposed class action presents a com-
mon question that is capable of a common legal answer.
See Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 350–52
(2011). See also Martin v. O’Rourke, 891 F.3d 1338, 1345–
47 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“unreasonable delay” inquiry must ex-
amine, inter alia, the context of the delay, the particular
agency action at issue, and the effect of delay on a particu-
lar veteran).

information on opt-ins. Data are publicly reported, e.g.,
U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Aff., Periodic Progress Report on Ap-
peals (Feb. 2020 Update), https://benefits.va.gov/bene-
fits/docs/appeals-report-202002.pdf.
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MONK v. WILKIE 9

Petitioners did not respond to the Veterans Court’s re-
quest for further definition in search of commonality. And
Petitioners do not elaborate on the remedy they seek for
legacy claimants, other than a one-year deadline. The ami-
cus states that “it is too early to tell if the AMA provides
veterans with accurate and timely decisions,” Amicus
Supp. Br. 1, and therefore the courts must intervene in the
legacy system for veterans who have not opted into the
AMA. The amicus mentions the government’s projection
that all legacy appeals will be resolved by the end of 2022,
and is skeptical concerning whether this goal can be
achieved. Thus the amicus urges that judicial intervention
by class action is needed. Id. at 2, 10. The amicus, like
Petitioners, suggests no remedy other than imposition of a
judicially imposed one-year deadline.
The amicus presented the experience of a veteran’s
clinic in attempting to proceed under an opt-in election,
showing repeated VA errors in administration of the pur-
portedly more efficient AMA procedures. This distressing
case history does not provide reassurance, whether it is an
isolated example, or widespread. However, neither does
this information enlighten the commonality concern that
troubled the Veterans Court.
The Veterans Court held that there was inadequate
specificity of issues on which the court could reasonably
proceed by class action. Petitioners ask this court to hold
that the proposed class of all legacy claimants “satisfies
commonality under Rule 23(a)(2),” Pet’r Supp. Br. 12. Pe-
titioners fault the Veterans Court for not allowing them to
amend their petition after the en banc argument, in order
to “move for certification of subclasses as necessary.” Pet’r.
Supp. Br. 6 n.3. However, we are not advised as to further
analysis of what legal remedy is sought for any subclass.
We agree with the Veterans Court that Petitioners
have not met the commonality requirement, or suggested a
path to meeting this requirement. Petitioners have not
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10 MONK v. WILKIE

demonstrated Veterans Court error or shown a reasonable
basis for remand.
AFFIRMED
Each party shall bear its costs.
Case: 19-1094 Document: 92 Page: 11 Filed: 10/20/2020

United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________

CONLEY F. MONK, JR., JAMES BRIGGS, TOM
COYNE, WILLIAM DOLPHIN, JIMMIE HUDSON,
LYLE OBIE, STANLEY STOKES, WILLIAM
JEROME WOOD, II,
Petitioners-Appellants

v.

ROBERT WILKIE, SECRETARY OF VETERANS
AFFAIRS,
Respondent-Appellee
______________________

2019-1094
______________________

Appeal from the United States Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims in No. 15-1280, Chief Judge Margaret C.
Bartley, Judge Coral Wong Pietsch, Judge William S.
Greenberg, Judge Michael P. Allen, Judge Amanda L. Mer-
edith, Judge Joseph L. Toth, Senior Judge Robert N. Davis,
Senior Judge Mary J. Schoelen.
______________________

REYNA, Circuit Judge, additional views.
I am pleased to join my colleagues in the views ex-
pressed by Judge Newman in our majority opinion. I write
separately to emphasize that while the proposed class does
not meet the commonality requirement, class certification
is available and should be afforded to veterans upon a
showing of commonality.
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2 MONK v. WILKIE

The VA concedes that veterans, “[w]hen they [ap-
peal]—whether they know it or not—will enter into a pro-
cess that takes years, sometimes decades, to complete . . .
jump[ing] through hoops, absorb[ing] dozens of letters,
fill[ing] out confusing paperwork, and learn[ing] to live
with waiting.” J.A. 466. This delay is unacceptable. In
addition to learning to live with waiting, the nation’s vet-
erans must carry the burden of compounding health and
financial implications. While we note the recent attempts
to reform the broken VA claims system, J.A. 467, the new
process does not provide a remedy for the 200,000 veterans
that have claims pending under the legacy system. The
government asserts that “virtually every putative class
member has had an opportunity to take advantage of Con-
gress’s chosen remedy.” Gov’t Supp. Br. 7. But the AMA
opt-in was optional, and veterans with claims pending un-
der the legacy system were not required to switch to the
new system in order to receive swift adjudication. In fact,
Congress explicitly prohibited the AMA from taking effect
until the VA could guarantee that legacy claims would be
“timely addressed.” Gov’t Supp. Br. 9 n.9. The fact re-
mains that veterans should not have to switch to the new
system to expect and receive timely resolution of their
claims. It remains to be seen whether the new AMA sys-
tem will resolve these deeply troubling delays. But in the
meantime, the availability of class certification to address
such delays remains available and important as ever.