In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 19‐2002
PATRICK J. GAGE,
Petitioner‐Appellant,
v.
REED A. RICHARDSON,
Respondent‐Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Western District of Wisconsin.
No. 16‐cv‐849 — James D. Peterson, Chief Judge.
____________________
ARGUED SEPTEMBER 18, 2020 — DECIDED OCTOBER 21, 2020
____________________
Before SYKES, Chief Judge, and HAMILTON and ST. EVE, Cir‐
cuit Judges.
ST. EVE, Circuit Judge. A Wisconsin jury found Patrick Gage
guilty of repeatedly sexually assaulting his daughter, H.R.G.,
when she was a child. In state postconviction proceedings,
Gage asserted that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to interview and present testimony from his son and mother,
Josh and Nancy Gage. The state appellate court concluded
that Gage was not prejudiced by his trial counsel’s failure to
2 No. 19‐2002
call these witnesses because their testimony in postconviction
proceedings was consistent with H.R.G.’s trial testimony. The
state court’s decision was not an unreasonable application of
clearly established federal law, so we affirm the district
court’s denial of habeas relief.
I. Background
A. Charges and Trial
The state charged Gage with four counts of sexual assault
of H.R.G.1 These assaults occurred in various locations over
several years, including: (1) at Nancy’s house—where Gage
was living at the time—when H.R.G. was between nine and
twelve years old (counts one and two); (2) in a cabin behind
Nancy’s house when she was twelve (count three); and (3) at
Gage’s residence when she was younger than sixteen (count
four).
At trial, H.R.G. testified that she and her older brother,
Josh, primarily lived with their mother after their parents di‐
vorced. They would visit Gage one day per week, every other
weekend, and sometimes for the entire summer. H.R.G. testi‐
fied that her father sexually assaulted her almost every time
she visited, though not every time. She described two specific
assaults that occurred in the basement of Nancy’s house
where she, Josh, and Gage slept. The first incident happened
when she was nine or ten. She and Gage were sleeping in the
basement bedroom, and Josh was in the living room. When
everyone was asleep, Gage touched her over her clothes and
1 The state also charged Gage with two additional counts that alleged
that he repeatedly sexually assaulted a former girlfriend’s daughter. The
jury found Gage not guilty of those counts.
No. 19‐2002 3
tried to put his penis in her mouth. The second assault oc‐
curred when she and Gage were sleeping on the pullout
couch in the basement living room and Josh was in the bed‐
room.
When H.R.G. was 12, she and Josh stayed with Gage for
the summer in a cabin on Nancy’s property. The cabin had a
bedroom, where Josh slept, and a loft above that bedroom,
where H.R.G. slept. H.R.G. testified that Gage climbed the
ladder to the loft and assaulted her. Later, Gage moved to a
new residence. At one point, when H.R.G. was asleep on the
couch and Josh was asleep in the bedroom, Gage came home
and began to sexually assault H.R.G. over her clothes. She
kicked him, he stopped, and that was the last time he as‐
saulted her.
On cross‐examination, H.R.G. testified that based on the
layout of Nancy’s house, Nancy or Josh could have observed
the sexual assaults if they had entered the room. Nancy could
go up and down stairs without a problem. H.R.G. acknowl‐
edged that she was offered the upstairs bedroom to sleep in
but declined. She also stated that sound traveled in the cabin.
In Gage’s residence, if Josh had walked out of the bedroom,
he would have been able to see the couch. H.R.G. further tes‐
tified that she had not told the details of the first assault to law
enforcement or social workers because she had previously
blocked out the incident.
Gage’s counsel did not call Josh or Nancy to testify at trial.
Gage was the only defense witness. The jury found Gage not
guilty of the first count, and guilty of the second, third, and
fourth counts. The state court sentenced him to 33 years of
imprisonment followed by 21 years of extended supervision.
4 No. 19‐2002
B. Postconviction Proceedings
Gage filed a motion for postconviction relief in the state
trial court, contending that his trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to interview Josh and Nancy before trial and present
their testimony.2 The court held an evidentiary hearing, at
which Josh, Nancy, and Gage’s trial counsel testified.
Josh testified that when he and H.R.G. stayed at Nancy’s
house, he would usually sleep on the pullout couch or in the
bedroom. Gage would typically sleep in a recliner or in the
bedroom, and H.R.G. would usually sleep on the couch. Josh
did not remember H.R.G. sleeping in the bedroom, but stated
it was possible that she slept there a few times. Gage usually
fell asleep first, followed by H.R.G., and Josh would stay up
the latest—usually falling asleep between one and three in the
morning. Josh also testified that sound traveled in the cabin,
and the ladder leading to the loft was creaky. He never saw
Gage touch his sister in a sexual way.
Nancy testified that she believed H.R.G. and Gage had a
normal father‐daughter relationship, and she did not witness
any changes in their relationship. She had a sewing room in
the basement, which she accessed by walking through the
basement living room. She sometimes used her sewing ma‐
chine in the evenings, as late as 11 at night. She had offered
H.R.G. the upstairs bedroom at her house, but H.R.G. had de‐
clined because she wanted to stay by Josh.
2 Gage also attacked several other aspects of his trial and sentencing,
but those issues are not relevant to this appeal and so we will not discuss
them further.
No. 19‐2002 5
Gage’s trial counsel testified that he did not interview Josh
or Nancy. He ultimately did not think that their testimony
would bolster Gage’s defense.
The trial court determined that defense counsel’s perfor‐
mance was not deficient, and so Gage could not satisfy the
demanding standard of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668
(1984). The Wisconsin Court of Appeals affirmed the denial of
Gage’s postconviction motion. State v. Gage, 365 Wis. 2d 606
(Wis. Ct. App. 2015) (per curiam). It noted that a “claim of in‐
effective assistance of counsel has two parts: (1) deficient per‐
formance by counsel and (2) prejudice resulting from that de‐
ficient performance.” Id. ¶ 10. To prove prejudice, the defend‐
ant must show “that the attorney’s errors rendered the result‐
ing conviction unreliable in light of the other evidence pre‐
sented.” Id.
Without reaching the performance prong, the Wisconsin
Court of Appeals concluded that Gage had not shown that his
trial counsel’s failure to call Josh or Nancy as witnesses prej‐
udiced him. The court noted that Josh’s and Nancy’s testi‐
mony was consistent with H.R.G.’s “about the layout of the
basement and general sleeping arrangements.” Id. ¶ 11. For
example, Josh’s “testimony that he ‘usually’ slept on the
couch and sometimes slept in the bedroom [did] not contra‐
dict the victim’s testimony that each of the siblings sometimes
slept in the bedroom and sometimes slept on the sectional
couch with the pullout bed in the living room area.” Id. Simi‐
larly, Josh’s testimony the he “was generally the last person to
go to bed and that he never witnessed any sexual conduct”
between Gage and H.R.G. “does not undermine the victim’s
account that the incidents would occur after everyone had
gone to sleep.” Id. As for Nancy, her testimony “that she did
6 No. 19‐2002
not generally go into the basement at night was consistent
with the victim’s testimony” and did not show that she
“would have been in position to witness any of the alleged
incidents.” Id. Ultimately, the court concluded that it did “not
view the additional testimony that the victim’s brother or
Gage’s mother could have provided as undermining the vic‐
tim’s account in any significant way.” Id. ¶ 13. Gage appealed,
and the Wisconsin Supreme Court denied his petition for re‐
view.
Proceeding pro se, Gage then filed a petition for a writ of
habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United States Dis‐
trict Court for the Western District of Wisconsin, contending
that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call Josh and
Nancy as witnesses. To succeed on this claim, under Strick‐
land, Gage needed to show both that his counsel’s perfor‐
mance was deficient and that he was prejudiced as a result.
466 U.S. at 687. The district court agreed with Gage that his
trial counsel performed deficiently by failing to interview
Josh and Nancy. Gage v. Richardson (“Gage II”), No. 16‐cv‐849,
2019 WL 1900338, at *7–8 (W.D. Wis. Apr. 29, 2019).
The district court, however, denied habeas relief on the
prejudice prong. Applying the deferential standard of review
required by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
of 1996 (AEDPA), it determined that the state appellate court
did not apply Strickland “unreasonably in concluding that
Gage had not shown prejudice.” Id. at *8. It noted that “the
court of appeals failed to discuss some noteworthy statements
in Josh’s and Nancy’s proffered testimony,” such as the fact
that “they never witnessed any sexual touching or unusual
behavior between Gage and H.R.G.” Id. Nonetheless, the dis‐
trict court determined that “the remainder of the state court’s
No. 19‐2002 7
analysis is sufficient to assure [the district court] that the
court’s prejudice analysis is not ‘unreasonable’ and is at least
a ‘plausible outcome.’” Id. (quoting Carter v. Duncan, 819 F.3d
931, 948 (7th Cir. 2016)). Specifically, the state appellate
court’s conclusion that Josh’s and Nancy’s testimony was gen‐
erally consistent with H.R.G.’s testimony and did not under‐
mine her account was reasonable because they “confirmed
H.R.G.’s description of the various residences and of the gen‐
eral sleeping arrangements.” Id. Further, H.R.G. had already
admitted to many aspects of their testimony during cross‐ex‐
amination, like the fact that “Josh could have heard the as‐
saults or walked in the room at any time during the assaults”
and “she had declined her grandmother’s offer of a bedroom
upstairs because she wanted to be near Josh.” Id. at *8. Given
that “the most significant import of Josh’s and Nancy’s testi‐
mony—that neither witness saw or heard anything that
would have indicated to them that Gage was sexually assault‐
ing H.R.G.—had minimal evidentiary value in light of the
state’s theory that Gage was calculating, manipulative, and
assaulted H.R.G. only after Josh and Nancy were asleep in
separate rooms,” the district court concluded that “it was rea‐
sonable for the court of appeals to conclude that the likelihood
of a different result was not substantial.” Id. at *9.
II. Discussion
On appeal, Gage maintains that he received ineffective as‐
sistance of counsel. Under Strickland, he must show both that
his counsel’s performance was deficient and that he was prej‐
udiced as a result. 466 U.S. at 687. Typically, “[i]n considering
habeas corpus petitions challenging state court convictions,
our review is governed (and greatly limited) by AEDPA.”
Dassey v. Dittmann, 877 F.3d 297, 301 (7th Cir. 2017) (en banc)
8 No. 19‐2002
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Gage con‐
tends that we do not owe AEDPA deference here. Even if it
applies, Gage argues the state appellate court unreasonably
applied Strickland’s prejudice prong, entitling him to habeas
relief.
As explained below, Gage’s arguments fail. AEDPA defer‐
ence applies, and the Wisconsin Court of Appeals did not un‐
reasonably apply Strickland’s prejudice prong to the facts of
this case. Given that Gage is only entitled to habeas relief if he
satisfies both of Strickland’s prongs, we decline to analyze
whether his trial counsel’s performance was deficient and in‐
stead focus solely on the prejudice prong. Morales v. Johnson,
659 F.3d 588, 600 (7th Cir. 2011) (“We need not address both
prongs of the Strickland analysis.”).
A. Deference Under AEDPA
Generally, habeas claims arising from state courts are gov‐
erned by AEDPA, under which “a federal court may grant ha‐
beas relief after a state‐court adjudication on the merits only
when that decision (1) ‘was contrary to, or involved an unrea‐
sonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as de‐
termined by the Supreme Court of the United States;’ or (2)
‘was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in
light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.’”
Schmidt v. Foster, 911 F.3d 469, 476–77 (7th Cir. 2018) (en banc)
(quoting 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(d)(1), (2)).
Gage argues that we should not apply AEDPA deference
for two reasons: first, because the state appellate court mis‐
stated and misapplied Strickland’s prejudice standard, and
second, because it based its decision on an unreasonable de‐
termination of the facts.
No. 19‐2002 9
As an initial matter, the state contends that Gage forfeited
these challenges because he did not raise these issues before
the district court. “A party generally forfeits issues and argu‐
ments raised for the first time on appeal.” Scheidler v. Indiana,
914 F.3d 535, 540 (7th Cir. 2019). While “we have discretion to
decide issues of law not argued in the district court … that
discretion should be used sparingly.” In re Sw. Airlines
Voucher Litig., 799 F.3d 701, 714 (7th Cir. 2015). Gage contends
that we should exercise this discretion because he was pro se,
the issues are fully briefed, and it is in the interests of justice.
Nonetheless, even if we considered the merits of Gage’s chal‐
lenges to AEDPA deference, they fail.
First, Gage takes issue with the Wisconsin Court of Ap‐
peals’ formulation of Strickland’s prejudice standard. Under
Strickland, the prejudice prong requires the petitioner to “af‐
firmatively prove prejudice,” such that “there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” 466 U.S.
at 694. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. The Wisconsin
Court of Appeals stated that to prove prejudice, a defendant
must “show that the attorney’s errors rendered the resulting
conviction unreliable in light of the other evidence presented.”
Gage I, 365 Wis. 2d at ¶ 10 (emphasis added). The parties agree
that this misstates Strickland but disagree about whether the
state appellate court’s analysis nonetheless reflects a correct
application of the prejudice standard.
When a state court misstates Strickland’s prejudice prong,
AEDPA deference may still apply if its analysis “focused on
whether the proffered testimony could have affected the out‐
come, which is the correct inquiry under Strickland.” Carter,
10 No. 19‐2002
819 F.3d at 944; Sussman v. Jenkins, 636 F.3d 329, 360 (7th Cir.
2011). This is true even when the incorrect recitation seem‐
ingly places an additional burden on the petitioner. Carter, 819
F.3d at 944. In Carter, for example, the state court incorrectly
recited the prejudice standard as requiring the defendant to
show the result of the proceeding was unreliable or funda‐
mentally unfair. Id. We nonetheless applied AEDPA deference
to the state court’s determination that prejudice was lacking
because “its analysis focused on the probable impact of the
proffered testimony on the outcome.” Id. at 945; see also Floyd
v. Hanks, 364 F.3d 847, 852–53 (7th Cir. 2004) (state court’s rec‐
itation that “when errors do not make the result of the trial
unreliable, they do not cause prejudice” did not render the
decision of the state court contrary to Strickland where the “ac‐
tual analysis of Floyd’s counsel’s conduct properly consid‐
ered whether the counsel’s actions affected the outcome of the
trial”).
Here, the state court’s analysis focused on the consistency
between Josh’s and Nancy’s testimony at the postconviction
hearing and H.R.G.’s testimony at trial, which can reasonably
be interpreted as “whether the proffered testimony could
have affected the outcome,” or its likely impact on the verdict.
See Carter, 819 F.3d at 944. The state court noted that Josh’s
and Nancy’s testimony did not undermine H.R.G.’s testi‐
mony in any significant way. Thus, despite the incorrect reci‐
tation of the prejudice standard, the state court’s decision is
not “contrary to” Strickland.
Second, Gage contends that the Wisconsin Court of Ap‐
peals based its decision on an unreasonable determination of
the facts. See § 2254(d)(2). A state court’s decision involves an
unreasonable determination of the facts if it “rests upon fact‐
No. 19‐2002 11
finding that ignores the clear and convincing weight of the
evidence.” Corcoran v. Neal, 783 F.3d 676, 683 (7th Cir. 2015)
(quoting McManus v. Neal, 779 F.3d 634, 649 (7th Cir. 2015)).
In particular, Gage criticizes how the state appellate court
characterized Josh’s testimony about the sleeping arrange‐
ments in the basement when it stated that “the brother’s testi‐
mony that he ‘usually’ slept on the couch and sometimes slept
in the bedroom does not contradict the victim’s testimony that
each of the siblings sometimes slept in the bedroom and
sometimes slept on the sectional couch with the pullout bed
in the living room area.” Gage I, 365 Wis. 2d at ¶ 11. Gage
claims this summary misstates Josh’s testimony because he
testified that H.R.G. usually slept on the couch—and while it
was possible she slept in the bedroom a few times, he did not
specifically remember her doing so.
While the state court’s finding that Josh and H.R.G. both
testified that they “usually slept on the couch and sometimes
in the bedroom” may not have been correct, it was not an un‐
reasonable interpretation of the testimony. See Collins v. Gaetz,
612 F.3d 574, 586 (7th Cir. 2010) (under the “unreasonable de‐
termination of the facts” standard, “a state court’s factual
finding is never unreasonable ‘merely because the federal ha‐
beas court would have reached a different conclusion in the
first instance’”). Gage disagrees with the state court’s charac‐
terization of how consistent Josh’s testimony about the sleep‐
ing arrangements was with H.R.G.’s. But the state court’s de‐
scription of the testimony was not unreasonable because both
Josh and H.R.G. testified that they slept either on the bed or
on the couch, and Josh acknowledged it was possible that
H.R.G. slept in the bedroom a few times. Thus, the state
court’s determination that Josh’s testimony did not contradict
12 No. 19‐2002
H.R.G.’s does not ignore the clear and convincing weight of
the evidence.
Because Gage’s challenges fail, we analyze the state appel‐
late court’s decision under the deferential standard set forth
in AEDPA.
B. Strickland’s Prejudice Standard
“The standard for legal errors under § 2254(d)(1) was
meant to be difficult to satisfy.” Dassey, 877 F.3d at 302. The
issue is not whether we “agree with the state court decision or
even whether the state court decision was correct,” it is
“whether the decision was unreasonably wrong under an ob‐
jective standard.” Id. When the state court “‘explains its deci‐
sion on the merits in a reasoned opinion,’ this presents a
‘straightforward inquiry’ for the federal habeas court.” Lentz
v. Kennedy, 967 F.3d 675, 688 (7th Cir. 2020) (quoting Wilson v.
Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018)). Here, the Wisconsin Court
of Appeals was the last reasoned decision on the merits, and
“thus we focus on that decision and ‘simply review[] the spe‐
cific reasons given by the state court and defer[] to those rea‐
sons if they are reasonable.” Id. (quoting Wilson, 138 S. Ct. at
1192). Habeas relief is only warranted if the petitioner shows
that the state court’s determination “was so lacking in justifi‐
cation that there was an error well understood and compre‐
hended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded
disagreement.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011).
Given this narrow and exacting standard of review, we con‐
clude that the Wisconsin Court of Appeals did not unreason‐
ably apply Strickland’s prejudice prong.
The state appellate court determined that Gage had not
shown prejudice from his trial counsel’s failure to call Josh
No. 19‐2002 13
and Nancy as witnesses because their testimony was largely
consistent with H.R.G.’s—meaning it did not significantly un‐
dermine her account of the sexual assaults. Thus, there was
not a reasonable probability of a different outcome had they
testified. As the district court noted, the state appellate court’s
analysis of the issue was brief and failed to discuss some of
Josh’s and Nancy’s statements in their proffered testimony.
Their testimony that “they never witnessed any sexual touch‐
ing or unusual behavior between Gage and H.R.G.,” for ex‐
ample, “would have made H.R.G.’s testimony at trial that
Gage sexually assaulted her ‘almost every time [she] visited’
at least somewhat doubtful,” given Josh’s proximity to her in
all three locations. Gage II, 2019 WL 1900338, at *8.
Nonetheless, the state appellate court “provided a terse
but sufficient explanation” for why Josh’s and Nancy’s testi‐
mony did not significantly undermine H.R.G.’s. See Dassey,
877 F.3d at 312–14 (noting that the “relative brevity” of the
state appellate court opinion was “not a reason for granting
habeas relief”). Much of their testimony corroborated
H.R.G.’s version of events: nearly all the points Nancy and
Josh conveyed in the postconviction hearing came out during
H.R.G.’s cross‐examination. H.R.G., for example, testified that
Josh was always nearby when the assaults occurred, Nancy
could easily access the basement sewing room, she had de‐
clined Nancy’s offer to sleep in the upstairs bedroom, and
sound traveled in the cabin. And while Josh and Nancy testi‐
fied that they did not witness any of the assaults, this fact
alone does not suggest a reasonable probability that the jury
would have disbelieved H.R.G. given that she testified the as‐
saults occurred after everyone went to sleep. Thus, Josh’s and
Nancy’s testimony not only failed to undermine much of
H.R.G.’s testimony, it—in many cases—corroborated it.
14 No. 19‐2002
Further, while Josh’s testimony that he could not remember
H.R.G. sleeping in the basement bedroom potentially under‐
mined her account of the first assault—which she testified
happened when she was sleeping in the bedroom—Gage was
ultimately acquitted of that charge.
There is of course a chance the additional testimony could
have changed the jury’s mind. Given this case rested on the
jury’s determination of the credibility of the witnesses, fair‐
minded jurists may well disagree over the extent to which
Josh’s and Nancy’s testimony was consistent with H.R.G.’s.
But without any directly contradictory testimony, it was rea‐
sonable for the Wisconsin appellate court to conclude there
was not a reasonable probability of a different outcome had
they testified.
III. Conclusion
The Wisconsin Court of Appeals did not unreasonably ap‐
ply Strickland when it concluded there was not a reasonable
probability of a different outcome had Josh and Nancy testi‐
fied, so the district court’s denial of habeas relief is
AFFIRMED.