UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-4809
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
LUCAS KENNETH SABATINO,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina, at
Charlotte. Max O. Cogburn, Jr., District Judge. (3:19-cr-00009-MOC-DCK-1)
Submitted: October 20, 2020 Decided: October 23, 2020
Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, DIAZ, Circuit Judge, and SHEDD, Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Charles Robinson Brewer, Asheville, North Carolina, for Appellant. Amy Elizabeth Ray,
Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
Asheville, North Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
Lucas Kenneth Sabatino appeals his conviction and the 15-year sentence imposed
after Sabatino pled guilty pursuant to a plea agreement to sexual exploitation of children,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a), (e). Sabatino’s sole argument on appeal is that his
counsel rendered ineffective assistance because she failed to raise issues relating to
Sabatino’s mental capacity when he committed his crime and at the time he entered his
guilty plea. The Government has filed a motion to dismiss Sabatino’s appeal, invoking the
appellate waiver in Sabatino’s plea agreement and asserting that ineffective assistance does
not conclusively appear on the record. Although we deny the Government’s motion to
dismiss, we affirm the criminal judgment.
It is well established that a defendant may waive the right to appeal if that waiver is
knowing and intelligent. See United States v. Blick, 408 F.3d 162, 169 (4th Cir. 2005).
Even a valid waiver does not waive all appellate claims, however. Specifically, a valid
appeal waiver does not preclude a challenge to a sentence on the ground that it exceeds the
statutory maximum or is based on a constitutionally impermissible factor such as race,
arises from the denial of a motion to withdraw a guilty plea based on ineffective assistance
of counsel, or relates to claims concerning a violation of the Sixth Amendment right to
counsel in proceedings following the guilty plea. See United States v. Johnson, 410 F.3d
137, 151 (4th Cir. 2005); United States v. Craig, 985 F.2d 175, 178 (4th Cir. 1993).
Notably, the appellate waiver in Sabatino’s plea agreement expressly excepted ineffective
assistance of counsel claims from its coverage. As ineffective assistance of counsel is the
sole claim raised on appeal, we deny the Government’s motion to dismiss.
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Turning to the merits, we have reviewed the record in conjunction with Sabatino’s
arguments on appeal and affirm the criminal judgment. Unless an attorney’s
ineffectiveness conclusively appears on the face of the record, ineffective assistance claims
are not generally addressed on direct appeal. United States v. Faulls, 821 F.3d 502, 507-
08 (4th Cir. 2016). Instead, such claims should be raised in a motion brought pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 2255 in order to permit sufficient development of the record. United States v.
Baptiste, 596 F.3d 214, 216 n.1 (4th Cir. 2010). We find that ineffectiveness of counsel
does not conclusively appear on the face of the record before us. Therefore, Sabatino
should raise this claim, if at all, in a § 2255 motion. Faulls, 821 F.3d at 508.
Based on the foregoing, we deny the Government’s motion to dismiss and affirm
the district court’s judgment. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal
contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court and argument would
not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
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