DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FOURTH DISTRICT
SHAN FROGEL,
as personal representative of the Estate of Bette J. Cash,
Appellant,
v.
PHILIP MORRIS USA, INC.,
Appellee.
No. 4D19-2781
[October 28, 2020]
Appeal and cross-appeal from the Circuit Court for the Fifteenth
Judicial Circuit, Palm Beach County; Cymonie S. Rowe, Judge; L.T. Case
No. 50-2007-CA-023246-XXXX-MB.
David J. Sales and Daniel R. Hoffman of David J. Sales, P.A., Sarasota,
Randy Rosenblum of Dolan | Dobrinsky | Rosenblum, Miami, and Gary
M. Paige, Robert E. Gordon, and Cassandra Lombard of Gordon &
Partners, Davie, for appellant.
David M. Menichetti and Geoffrey J. Michael of Arnold & Porter Kaye
Scholer, LLP, Washington, D.C., and Geri E. Howell of Shook, Hardy &
Bacon, LLP, Miami, for appellee.
LEVINE, C.J.
In this Engle progeny case, 189 prospective jurors were available at
trial, but the courtroom had a maximum capacity of 100. As part of an
effort to winnow down the jury pool, the trial court granted Philip Morris’s
request to dismiss eight prospective jurors, over appellant’s objection,
based entirely on the written answers in their questionnaires. Philip
Morris argued that the prospective jurors could not be rehabilitated based
on their answers in the written questionnaires.
Appellant appeals the final judgment and claims several errors,
including the fact that the trial court released prospective jurors without
allowing appellant to orally question the released prospective jurors. We
agree that the trial court erred in releasing the jurors without allowing
appellant to question them. This is especially true since the record did not
establish that it was “conclusively clear” that the released prospective
jurors could not be impartial.
Thus, we reverse the final judgment and reaffirm that the “right of the
parties to conduct a reasonable examination of each juror orally must be
preserved.” Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.431(b). Since this case may be subject to
retrial, we also write on other remaining issues for guidance to the trial
court on remand. Finally, we affirm Philip Morris’s cross-appeal without
further comment.
The decedent, a lifelong smoker, died from lung cancer and COPD. Her
son, as personal representative of her estate, sued Philip Morris for
wrongful death. Before trial, the trial court granted Philip Morris’s motion
to use a questionnaire to assist in voir dire. After the trial court dismissed
jurors based on hardship, approximately 189 prospective jurors remained.
The trial court expressed concern because the courtroom had a maximum
capacity of 100. The trial court directed the parties to come to an
agreement on which prospective jurors to release based on their completed
questionnaires. The parties were unable to reach an agreement.
The trial court decided to go through the list of jurors each side sought
to exclude. Philip Morris sought to exclude multiple jurors, including eight
jurors based on their written responses to question 31. Question 31
asked:
Have you heard, or read, or followed any media reports
(including television, radio, magazine, or newspapers),
advertisements, or social media concerning litigation or other
actions taken against the tobacco industry and/or cigarette,
or anything related to tobacco industry conduct?
The eight jurors at issue gave the following written responses:
• Juror 2,1: “I’m a smoker. I think Tobacco Industry is helping to
keep my addiction.”
• Juror 2,3: “Vague statements in media about cigarette companies
and their audience. I feel cigarette companies have been
predatory.”
• Juror 3,9: “They don’t tell the truth, even under oath & CEO’s
too.”
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• Juror 4,6: “Big tobacco knows they are selling products that kill
and as pressure mounts in the US against them they ramp up
selling to the third world.”
• Juror 5,8: “I believe the tobacco companies knew the dangers of
what smoking could do to people and felt money + profit were
more important.”
• Juror 9,9: “I do not like anything related to tobacco due to the
fact that I believe my family/me died or got ill due to tobacco. I
read on social media and newspapers as well as watched news
stories.”
• Juror 10,4: “I remember reading an article on abolishing
smoking. I agree, as the tobacco industry has taken advantage
of the public for profit. Their product is life-threatening and
causes more harm.”
• Juror 13,9: “I personally feel cigarettes should be outlawed.
Children are getting addicted. I was personally affected from my
stepdad’s smoke.”
Appellant objected to the dismissal of the eight jurors based solely on
their written responses, arguing that he was entitled to orally question
them under Irimi v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 234 So. 3d 789 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2018). The trial court agreed with Philip Morris that dismissal was
warranted as to those jurors because their written responses
demonstrated that they could not be rehabilitated. Before the jury was
sworn, appellant renewed his objection and moved to strike the panel.
The jury returned a verdict finding the decedent 80% at fault and Philip
Morris 20% at fault. The jury awarded $50,000 to appellant. Based on
the parties’ joint pre-trial stipulation which capped any comparative fault
finding against the decedent at 50%, the trial court entered a judgment in
the amount of $25,000.
Appellant moved for a new trial, arguing, inter alia, that the trial court
erred in denying him the right to question prospective jurors. The trial
court denied the motion. This appeal and cross-appeal follow.
Normally the standard of review for excusing a juror for cause is subject
to the abuse of discretion standard of review, since the trial court has the
ability to observe and evaluate the prospective jurors’ demeanor and
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credibility. Castro v. State, 644 So. 2d 987, 990 (Fla. 1994). However, in
the present case, the trial court does not have a superior vantage point
from the appellate court. “Where a trial court’s ruling is based entirely on
written evidence, the appellate court is in the same position as the trial
court in weighing the evidence.” Holmes v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc.,
891 So. 2d 1188, 1191 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005). We find that we are in the
same position as the trial judge. Walton v. Estate of Walton, 601 So. 2d
1266, 1268 (Fla. 3d DCA 1992) (“The rule has long been established that
where a trial judge bases his final order on the transcribed testimony of
witnesses, the appellate court is in the same position in examining the
testimony as is the trial judge.”).
Thus, we can use the de novo standard of review as to the review of the
juror questionnaires. Further, the “failure to allow counsel to inquire into
a prospective juror’s potential biases amounts to an abuse of discretion
warranting reversal unless it becomes ‘conclusively clear to the court after
questioning, that there was no reasonable basis to anticipate that the juror
could return a verdict against the defendant.’” Irimi, 234 So. 3d at 796
(quoting Melendez v. State, 700 So. 2d 791, 792 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997)).
The Florida Constitution guarantees civil litigants the right of trial by
an impartial jury. See Art. I, § 22, Fla. Const. (“The right of trial by jury
shall be secure to all and remain inviolate.”). “The purpose of voir dire is
to obtain a fair and impartial jury, whose minds are free of all interest,
bias, or prejudice.” Hoskins v. State, 965 So. 2d 1, 13 (Fla. 2007) (citation
and quotation marks omitted). “A reasonable voir dire examination assists
the parties in determining whether a particular juror should be the subject
of either a challenge for cause or a peremptory challenge.” Sisto v. Aetna
Cas. & Sur. Co., 689 So. 2d 438, 440 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997).
In analyzing a jury selection issue, the principles set forth in criminal
cases are equally applicable to civil cases. See Carver v. Niedermayer, 920
So. 2d 123, 124 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006). “Florida law allows the rehabilitation
of jurors whose responses in voir dire raise concerns about their
impartiality.” Juede v. State, 837 So. 2d 1114, 1115 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003).
“A juror who initially expresses bias may be rehabilitated during the course
of questioning.” Disla v. Blanco, 129 So. 3d 398, 401 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013)
(citation omitted). A court looks at the entirety of a juror’s voir dire to
determine if a juror has dispelled all reasonable doubts about impartiality.
Id. “When a trial court is deciding whether to excuse a juror for bias, ‘[t]he
test is whether the juror possesses the state of mind necessary to render
a verdict in accordance with the evidence and not based upon
preconceived opinions.’” Irimi, 234 So. 3d at 795 (quoting Matarranz v.
State, 133 So. 3d 473, 489 (Fla. 2013)). “A trial court must excuse a juror
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where there is reasonable doubt whether the juror is impartial.” Id.
(quoting Jackson v. State, 213 So. 3d 754, 770 (Fla. 2017)).
A questionnaire may be used “[t]o assist in voir dire examination.” Fla.
R. Civ. P. 1.431(a)(2). Still, a juror questionnaire is to assist in the voir
dire, not be a substitute for oral examination. “The right to ask potential
jurors questions during voir dire about bias remains one of the most
important, and often overlooked, protections against jury discrimination.”
Irimi, 234 So. 3d at 790 (citation omitted). See also Ritter v. Jimenez, 343
So. 2d 659, 661 (Fla. 3d DCA 1977) (“[T]he law grants to the respective
parties the right, either personally or through their attorneys, to orally
examine jurors on voir dire.”).
The trial court excused eight prospective jurors without allowing
appellant the opportunity to conduct voir dire examination. The trial court
relied exclusively on the questionnaires filled out by the prospective jurors
to determine if it was “conclusively clear” that the jurors could not serve
as impartial jurors in this trial. In an attempt to lower the number of
prospective jurors from 189 to the 100 seats in the courtroom, the parties
agreed to see if there were any jurors they could both agree to excuse. In
fact, both parties agreed to excuse some jurors from the trial. However,
there were eight jurors that appellant objected to excusing without giving
appellant the opportunity to question each prospective juror.
Philip Morris claimed that what each of the eight prospective jurors had
written in the questionnaires demonstrated that their bias required
excusal for cause. Philip Morris specifically relied on Matarranz, 133 So.
3d at 484, claiming that nothing the prospective jurors could say in voir
dire would overcome the bias evidenced in the answers of the
questionnaire. But Matarranz is inapplicable to the present case. In this
case, the trial court dismissed the prospective jurors without allowing any
oral examination of the jurors. Matarranz stood for the proposition that
after oral examination by both sides, there are circumstances and
situations in which these statements would require excusal for that case,
no matter the attempted rehabilitation by the other party. That did not
occur in this case, since there was no oral examination of the jurors by
either party.
In Irimi, during voir dire by plaintiff’s counsel, several jurors expressed
a belief that the family of a person who dies after smoking cigarettes for a
long period of time should not be allowed to bring a lawsuit against tobacco
companies. 234 So. 3d at 791. Upon further questioning by plaintiff’s
counsel, each juror reaffirmed that their belief was strongly held and that
they had reasonable doubt whether they could set that feeling aside. Id.
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at 791, 797. Without allowing questioning by the defense, and over the
defense’s objection, the trial court dismissed thirty-one jurors, finding they
could not be rehabilitated. Id. at 791, 794. The trial court later granted a
new trial based on its dismissal of those jurors without allowing the
defense to question them. Id. at 794.
In affirming, this court stated that “failure to allow counsel to inquire
into a prospective juror’s potential biases amounts to an abuse of
discretion warranting reversal unless it becomes ‘conclusively clear to the
court after questioning, that there was no reasonable basis to anticipate
that the juror could return a verdict against the defendant.’” Id. at 796
(quoting Melendez, 700 So. 2d at 792). The trial court did not find it was
“conclusively clear” that the thirty-one jurors could not be impartial. Id.
at 796. Additionally, the trial court had the “unique perspective to reflect
upon its own decision” and “great deference [is given] to trial courts in
making such decisions.” Id.
Other cases have also resulted in reversal where the trial court did not
permit questioning by counsel during voir dire. See O’Connell v. State, 480
So. 2d 1284, 1286-87 (Fla. 1985) (finding error in excluding prospective
jurors after questioning by only the prosecutor and not the defense); Green
v. State, 575 So. 2d 796, 797 (Fla. 4th DCA 1991) (holding the trial court
erred in striking two venire members, who doubted their ability to be
impartial, without first giving the defendant an opportunity to question
them).
Further, in another line of cases, courts have utilized the conclusively
clear standard where one party was not given the opportunity to orally
question prospective jurors. See Melendez, 700 So. 2d at 793 (finding the
trial court abused its discretion by not affording defense counsel an
opportunity to question or rehabilitate prospective jurors); Howard v.
State, 869 So. 2d 725, 726-27 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) (reversing the dismissal
of a juror for cause without permitting questioning by the defense where
the record did not “conclusively establish” the juror could not fulfill her
role as a juror); Fleckinger v. State, 642 So. 2d 35, 37 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994)
(finding no abuse of discretion in excusing a juror after questioning by the
court, but without allowing defense counsel to examine the juror, “[o]nce
it became conclusively clear . . . that there was no reasonable basis to
anticipate that the juror could return a verdict against the defendant”).
Ultimately, since we review the questionnaires de novo, we must
determine whether it was “conclusively clear” that the prospective jurors
could not be impartial. We cannot say that. It is not “conclusively clear”
in this case that any, or all, of the eight jurors could not be impartial based
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entirely on the written answers in the questionnaire and without the
benefit of oral examination by both parties. Thus, we must reverse.
We are also persuaded by the plain language of rule 1.431(b) which
states the following:
The parties have the right to examine jurors orally on their
voir dire. The order in which the parties may examine each
juror must be determined by the court. The court may ask
such questions of the jurors as it deems necessary, but the
right of the parties to conduct a reasonable examination of each
juror orally must be preserved.
(emphasis added).
A reasonable examination of jurors by the parties often serves a useful
function in the jury trial system. Jurors can on occasion have views that
are not amenable to rehabilitation. As Judge Learned Hand noted nearly
100 years ago, “Juries are not leaves swayed by every breath.” United
States v. Garsson, 291 F. 646, 649 (S.D.N.Y. 1923). However, more often
than not, jurors can be rehabilitated by oral examination by the parties.
“Most human beings possess the capacity to overcome bad experiences
and the ability to cast aside opinions and attitudes that—upon reflection—
are shown to be irrational or unwarranted.” Matarranz, 133 So. 3d at 493
(Canady, J., dissenting). Jurors, through rehabilitation, can reconsider
their preliminary views.
The rule is clear and unequivocal that the “right of the parties to
conduct a reasonable examination of each juror orally must be preserved.”
See Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.431(b). Where it is not “conclusively clear” that a
prospective juror is partial, then the failure to allow oral examination will
be reversible error. See Irimi, 234 So. 3d at 796.
Further, we address several evidentiary issues raised on appeal, which
may or may not have been properly preserved. Nevertheless, we address
these issues to provide guidance on remand. Initially, we consider the
admission of an excerpt from a Seinfeld episode over appellant’s objection
that it allegedly disparaged attorneys and appellant’s counsel. Philip
Morris offered the video purportedly to show that the ability to sue tobacco
companies was common knowledge in 1996, the year the decedent was
diagnosed with lung cancer. We find that the video was not relevant
because there was no showing that the decedent watched Seinfeld, no less
this particular episode. See § 90.401, Fla. Stat. (“Relevant evidence is
evidence tending to prove or disprove a material fact.”). Philip Morris cites
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no case where a court has ascribed knowledge to a person without that
person ever having viewed that show or media.
We next consider the admission of a photograph depicting the decedent
dining at the Celebrity Room in Palm Beach as well as testimony that the
decedent could go into hotels owned by her family “and sign for things
without paying.” The trial court admitted this evidence over objections
based on both relevancy and violation of an order in limine prohibiting
evidence of the decedent’s family’s wealth. Philip Morris introduced the
photograph purportedly to refute evidence that the decedent smoked ten
hours a day. We find that this evidence was not relevant to any material
issue. An individual photograph depicting the decedent not smoking is
not probative of how much the decedent did or did not smoke. Testimony
that the decedent could go into the hotels and “sign for things without
paying” was also not relevant to any material issue.
In summary, the trial court committed reversible error by dismissing
eight prospective jurors for cause without first allowing appellant’s counsel
to question them as permitted under rule 1.431(b). While trial courts are
vested with discretion to place limitations on the scope and extent of
counsel’s right to voir dire, it is not within the trial court’s discretion to
take away that right where it is not conclusively clear that the jurors
cannot be impartial. Thus, we reverse and remand for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.
CONNER and KLINGENSMITH, JJ., concur.
* * *
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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