In re Adoption of J.F.

[Cite as In re Adoption of J.F., 2020-Ohio-5132.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
HANCOCK COUNTY

IN RE: THE ADOPTION OF:
CASE NO. 5-20-06
J.F.
OPINION
[TRAVIS L. FARSON - APPELLANT]

IN RE: THE ADOPTION OF:
CASE NO. 5-20-07
A.F.
OPINION
[TRAVIS L. FARSON - APPELLANT]

Appeals from Hancock County Common Pleas Court
Probate Division
Trial Court Nos. 20195022 and 20195023

Judgments Affirmed

Date of Decision: November 2, 2020

APPEARANCES:

Linda S. Holmes for Appellant
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

ZIMMERMAN, J.

{¶1} Petitioner-appellant, Travis L. Farson (“Travis”), appeals the January

10, 2020 decision of the Hancock County Court of Common Pleas, Probate

Division, concluding that the consent of respondent-appellee, Joshua Shank

(“Joshua”), to Travis’s petitions to adopt J.F. and A.F. (collectively “the children”)

is required. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

{¶2} J.F. was born in July 2010 and A.F. was born in October 2011 to Joshua

and Shaylynne Elizabeth Myers nka Farson (“Shaylynne”). (Case No. 20195022,

Doc. No. 1); (Case No. 20195023, Doc. No. 1). Joshua was listed as the father on

both J.F.’s and A.F.’s birth certificates.1 (Case No. 20195022, Doc. No. 4); (Case

No. 20195023, Doc. No. 4); (Petitioner’s Exs. 2, 3). Joshua and Shaylynne resided

together, off and on, until they separated in 2016. (Dec. 16, 2019 Tr. at 32, Doc.

No. 23).

{¶3} Shaylynne and Travis were married in 2017. (Case No. 20195022, Doc.

No. 1); (Case No. 20195023, Doc. No. 1). On May 2, 2019, Travis filed petitions

to adopt J.F. and A.F. in the trial court.2 (Id.); (Id.). In his petitions, Travis asserts

that Joshua’s consent to the adoptions is not required because Joshua “failed without

1
Initially, Joshua was not listed as the father on A.F.’s original birth record. (Case No. 20195023, Doc. No.
4). It was not until a request for the establishment of a child-support order in Hancock County Court of
Common Pleas, Juvenile Division (“HCCPC-JD”), that a parent-child relationship was established between
Joshua and A.F. through genetic testing, ultimately, resulting in the issuance of a new birth record under R.C.
3111.18. (Dec. 16, 2019 Tr. at 15). (See Case No. 20195023, Doc. No. 4); (Petitioner’s Ex. 3).
2
At the time of the filing of Travis’s petition, Shaylynne had pending litigation in HCCPC-JD as to custody
and child-support matters involving both J.F. and A.F. in case number 21140228. (Case No. 20195022, Doc.
No. 1); (Case No. 20195023, Doc. No. 1). (See Petitioner’s Ex. 6).

-2-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

justifiable cause to provide more than de minimis contact with [each of] the minor

[children] for a period of at least one year immediately preceding the filing of the

adoption petition[s]”. (Case No. 20195022, Doc. No. 1); (Case No. 20195023, Doc.

No. 1). Shaylynne consented to Travis’s adoption of the children on April 29, 2019.

(Case No. 20195022, Doc. No. 3); (Case No. 20195023, Doc. No. 3). The one-year

“look back” period as to Joshua’s contact with the children at the issue in these

adoptions is May 3, 2018 to May 2, 2019.

{¶4} On May 30, 2019, Joshua filed pro se letters requesting the trial court

stop the adoptions on the basis that he had been denied access to the children for a

two-year period. (Case No. 20195022, Doc. No. 13); (Case No. 20195023, Doc.

No. 12). On July 3, 2019, the trial court vacated the adoption hearing scheduled on

July 9, 2019 and rescheduled the matter for a “consent not required” hearing on

September 16, 2019. (Case No. 20195022, Doc. No. 14); (Case No. 20195023, Doc.

No. 13). After conducting a hearing, the trial court filed its entry on January 10,

2020 concluding that justifiable cause exists for Joshua’s failure to provide more

than de minimus contact with the children and ordered that Joshua’s consent was

required for the adoptions to proceed. (Case No. 20195022, Doc. Nos. 16, 17);

(Case No. 20195023, Doc. Nos. 15, 16).

{¶5} Travis filed his notice of appeal in each case on February 3, 2020. (Case

No. 20195022, Doc. No. 17); (Case No. 20195023, Doc. No. 16). We have

-3-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

consolidated these cases for purposes of our review. (Case No. 5-20-07, JE Feb. 13,

2020). He raises one assignment of error in each appeal.

Assignment of Error

The Trial Court’s Finding There Was Justifiable Cause For
Appellee’s Failure To Have More Than De Minimus Contact With
J.F. and A.F. Was Against The Manifest Weight Of The Evidence.

{¶6} In his assignment of error, Travis argues that the trial court erred by

concluding that Joshua’s consent to Travis’s petitions for adoption is required. In

particular, Travis argues that the trial court erred by concluding that Joshua had

justifiable cause for failing to provide more than de minimis contact with his

children for one year immediately preceding the filing of the adoption petitions, and

that such determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

{¶7} Initially, we note that Joshua failed to file a brief in either case. The

Ohio Rules of Appellate Procedure state in pertinent part that:

[i]f an appellee fails to file the appellee’s brief within the time
provided by this rule, or within the time as extended, the appellee will
not be heard at oral argument * * * and in determining the appeal, the
court may accept the appellant’s statement of the facts and issues as
correct and reverse the judgment if appellant’s brief reasonably
appears to sustain such action.

App.R. 18(C); Haldy v. Hoeffel, 3d Dist. Henry No. 7-17-02, 2017-Ohio-8786, ¶ 9,

citing App.R. 18(C) and State v. Young, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-03-52, 2004-Ohio-

540, ¶ 4. However, upon our review of the record, we find that the appellant’s brief

-4-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

does not reasonably appear to sustain a reversal of the trial court. Thus, we will

examine appellant’s assignment of error.

Standard of Review

{¶8} “‘Ordinarily, the written consent of a minor child’s natural parents is

required prior to adoption, but R.C. 3107.07 provides exceptions to this

requirement.’” In re Adoption of H.R., 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-14-15, 2014-Ohio-

5390, ¶ 23, quoting In re Adoption of K.C., 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-14-03, 2014-Ohio-

3985, ¶ 20. Specifically, R.C. 3107.07 states:

{¶9} Consent to adoption is not required of any of the following:

(A) A parent of a minor, when it is alleged in the adoption petition
and the court, after proper service of notice and hearing, finds by clear
and convincing evidence that the parent has failed without justifiable
cause to provide more than de minimis contact with the minor or to
provide for the maintenance and support of the minor as required by
law or judicial decree for a period of at least one year immediately
preceding either the filing of the adoption petition or the placement of
the minor in the home of the petitioner.

R.C. 3107.07(A). “‘R.C. 3107.07(A) is written in the disjunctive.’” In re Adoption

of H.R. at ¶ 23, quoting In re Adoption of K.C. at ¶ 21. “‘Therefore, a failure without

justifiable cause to provide either more than de minimis contact with the minor or

maintenance and support for the one-year time period is sufficient to obviate the

need for a parent’s consent.’” (Emphasis sic.) Id., quoting In re Adoption of K.C. at

¶ 21, citing In re Adoption of A.H., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 12CA010312, 2013-Ohio-

1600, ¶ 9.

-5-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

{¶10} “Because cases such as this one may involve the termination of

fundamental parental rights, the party petitioning for adoption has the burden of

proving, by clear and convincing evidence, that the parent failed to provide more

than de minimis contact with the minor or failed to provide for the maintenance and

support of the minor during the requisite one-year period and that there was no

justifiable cause for the failure.” Id. at ¶ 24, citing In re Adoption of K.C. at ¶ 24,

citing In re R.L.H., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25734, 2013-Ohio-3462, ¶ 9. “‘“Once

the petitioner has established this failure, the burden of going forward shifts to the

parent to show some facially justifiable cause for the failure. * * * The burden of

proof, however, remains with the petitioner.”’” Id., quoting In re R.L.H. at ¶ 9,

quoting In re A.N.B., 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2012-04-006, 2012-Ohio-3880, ¶ 10.

‘Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof
which is more than a mere “preponderance of the evidence,” but not
to the extent of such certainty as is required “beyond a reasonable
doubt” in criminal cases, and which will produce in the mind of the
trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be
established.’

Id., quoting Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469 (1954), paragraph three of the

syllabus, and citing In re Adoption of K.C. at ¶ 24.

Analysis

{¶11} “‘The Supreme Court of Ohio has articulated a two-step analysis for

probate courts to employ when applying R.C. 3107.07(A).’” Id. at ¶ 25, quoting In

re Adoption of K.C. at ¶ 23, citing In re Adoption of M.B., 131 Ohio St.3d 186, 2012-

-6-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

Ohio-236, ¶ 23. “The first step involves deciding a factual question—in this case,

whether the parent failed to provide more than de minimis contact with the minor

or failed to provide for the maintenance and support of the minor for a period of at

least one year immediately preceding the filing of the adoption petition.” Id., citing

In re Adoption of K.C. at ¶ 23, citing In re R.L.H. at ¶ 12, citing In re Adoption of

M.B. at ¶ 23. See also In re Adoption of S.J.M.H., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130683,

2014-Ohio-3565, ¶ 29. “‘“A trial court has discretion to make these determinations,

and in connection with the first step of the analysis, an appellate court applies an

abuse-of-discretion standard when reviewing a probate court decision * * *.”’” Id.,

quoting In re Adoption of K.C. at ¶ 23, quoting In re Adoption of M.B. at ¶ 25. See

also In re Adoption of S.J.M.H. at ¶ 29. “In the second step of the analysis, if a

probate court finds the parent failed to provide more than de minimis contact or

failed to provide for the maintenance and support of the minor, the court then

determines ‘whether justifiable cause for the failure has been proved by clear and

convincing evidence.’” Id., quoting In re Adoption of M.B. at ¶ 23. See also In re

Adoption of K.C. at ¶ 23. “‘A probate court’s decision on whether justifiable cause

exists will not be disturbed on appeal unless the determination is against the

manifest weight of the evidence.’” Id., quoting In re Adoption of K.C. at ¶ 23, citing

In re Adoption of M.B. at ¶ 24 and In re Adoption of Masa, 23 Ohio St.3d 163 (1986),

paragraph two of the syllabus.

-7-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

‘In determining whether a judgment is against the manifest weight of
the evidence, we must review the entire record, weigh the evidence
and all reasonable inferences, consider witness credibility and
determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of
fact “clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of
justice” that there must be a reversal of the judgment and an order for
a new trial.’

In re Adoption of N.T.R., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 16AP-589, 2017-Ohio-265, ¶ 11,

quoting In re Adoption of E.E.R.K., 2d Dist. Miami No. 2013 CA 35, 2014-Ohio-

1276, ¶ 18, quoting Steagall v. Crossman, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20306, 2004-

Ohio-4671, ¶ 29.

{¶12} We begin by addressing the first step of the analysis applying the

appropriate standard of review—that is, whether the trial court abused its discretion

by finding that Travis proved that Joshua failed to provide more than de minimis

contact with J.F. and A.F for the one year period in question. Our review of the

record reveals that Joshua stipulated that he has had no contact with the children

since March 2017. (Dec. 16, 2019 Tr. at 23, Doc. No. 23). Moreover, the trial court

determined, “[a]ll parties in this case agree that [Joshua] has not had contact with

the children for the one year time period prior to the filing of the petition.” (Case

No. 20195022, Doc. No. 16); (Case No. 20195023, Doc. No. 15). As such, we

cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that Travis proved

that Joshua failed to have more than de minimis contact with the children for one

year immediately preceding the filing of the adoption petitions.

-8-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

{¶13} Next, we turn to the second step of the analysis, that being the trial

court’s conclusion that justifiable cause existed for Joshua’s failure to have de

minimus contact with the children. “‘“Ohio courts have held that justification of a

parent’s failure to communicate with his or her child is shown when there has been

‘significant interference’ with a parent’s communication with a child or ‘significant

discouragement’ of such communication.”’” In re J.P.E., 11th Dist. Trumbull No.

2016-T-0113 and 2016-T-0114, 2017-Ohio-1108, ¶ 17, quoting In re M.E.M., 11th

Lake No. 2010-L-020, 2010-Ohio-4430, ¶ 29, quoting In re Kr.E., K.E., & A.E., 9th

Dist. Lorain No. 06CA008891, 2006-Ohio-4815, ¶ 21, citing In re Adoption of

Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361 (1985), paragraph three of the syllabus. “In

determining whether a natural parent’s failure to have more than de minimis contact

was justified, the central question is whether there was a significant interference

with visitation and communication and not whether it was possible for the natural

parent to have done more to overcome the interference with visitation and

communication.” Id. at ¶ 26, citing In re S.B.D., 2d Dist. Miami No. 2006-CA-25,

2006-Ohio-5133, ¶ 37.

{¶14} As to our review of the trial court’s finding that justifiable cause exits

for Joshua’s failure to provide more than de minimus contact, we need to decide

whether such finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence adduced at trial.

Thus, we start with a review of the testimony of the witnesses.

-9-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

{¶15} Travis called Joshua as his first witness (as if on cross-examination)

in his case in chief. (Dec. 16, 2019 Tr. at 8). Joshua testified that he and Shaylynne

were the parents of J.F. and A.F., and they had a supervised-parenting-time order,

but that they did not follow the order because they lived together after the order was

established. (Id. at 13-14, 28-29). According to Joshua, they lived together as a

couple from 2013 through September 2016 when he moved out to reside with his

mother. (Id. at 32). Nevertheless, Joshua testified that he and Shaylynne maintained

a sexual relationship after he moved out, and that he would routinely come over to

eat dinner with Shaylynne (and the children) until their final break up in March

2017. (Id.). Joshua testified that after Shaylynne broke off the relationship, he was

homeless for approximately a year. (Id. at 11).

{¶16} Joshua further testified that he had no way to receive mail (due to

being homeless) and that Shaylynne had changed her address, phone number, and

blocked him on Facebook.3 (Id.). According to Joshua, when he attempted to

contact Shaylynne through mutual friends, Shaylynne would block those friends.

(Id. at 17). Joshua testified he was unable to send letters or birthday cards to the

3
“Blocking” is a Facebook term used to designate a Facebook member’s limitation of access to their
Facebook profile by obstructing another member from being able to “tag” (or create a link to the blocking
member’s profile) for status updates, to say who the member is with, or for content uploaded to Facebook by
that member. Facebook Help Center, What is blocking on Facebook and how do I block someone?,
https://www.facebook.com/help/168009843260943 (accessed Sept. 15, 2020). Moreover, blocking
precludes the blocked member from seeing posts on the blocking-member’s-profile timeline or their posts on
the timeline of other Facebook members, inviting the blocking member to events or groups, starting a
conversation with the blocking member, or adding the blocking member as a “friend”. Id. A Facebook
member may block another member regardless of whether they are identified as “friends” on Facebook;
however, if they are friends prior to blocking, they will be “unfriended” as a result of being blocked by that
member. Id.

-10-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

children because he did not know where Shaylynne lived. (Id. at 21-23). Moreover,

even if he did, he testified there was a power imbalance in their relationship, and

Shaylynne would frequently use it to her advantage by threatening to call law

enforcement on Joshua. (Id. at 21-23, 27, 30-33).

{¶17} Next, Travis testified in support of his adoption petitions. (Id. at 36).

Travis testified that he started dating Shaylynne in April 2017, and they were

married on October 14, 2017. (Id. at 36). Travis testified that while he blocked

Joshua on his Facebook account he did not block him on his cell phone. (Id. at 42).

Nevertheless, Travis testified that Joshua possessed Shaylynne’s cell-phone

number. (Id. at 42-43). Travis denied blocking Joshua’s family members from his

Facebook account or phone. (Id. at 43-44).

{¶18} Shaylynne also testified on behalf of Travis’s petitions for adoption.

(Id. at 46-47). Shaylynne testified that the last time that Joshua saw their children

was in March 2017. (Id. at 51). Shaylynne testified that she and Travis blocked

Joshua in April 2017 “for trying to interfere with [her] relationship.” (Id. at 53).

According to Shaylynne, she did not block Joshua’s family members from her cell

phone. (Id. at 54). Shaylynne further testified that she was contacted by Joshua’s

sister, Latosha Shank (“Latosha”), in 2018 requesting her to permit the children

attend a family-birthday party. (Id. at 55). Shaylynne testified she was not

comfortable with that request and did not permit the children to attend the party.

-11-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

(Id.). Importantly, Latosha sent Shaylynne a friend request on Facebook that she

did not accept. (Id.).

{¶19} Shaylynne further testified that she changed her cell-phone number

sometime around October 2017. (Id. at 58). According to Shaylynne, even if Joshua

had asked to see the children she would have refused his request because she

claimed he was physically abusive. (Id. at 62). She testified that the only way she

would have allowed him visitation was under the supervision of Joshua’s mother—

the children’s paternal grandmother. (Id.).

{¶20} Travis’s next witness was Bruce Arlen Myers (“Bruce”). (Id. at 65).

Bruce testified that he is Shaylynne’s father, and that he has resided at his current

address for 32 years. (Id. at 66). According to Bruce, Travis and Shaylynne moved

into their current residence in the spring or summer of 2019. (Id. at 67). He testified

that he does have a social-media account, but has never blocked Joshua or any of

Joshua’s family members from his account. (Id. at 67-68).

{¶21} Travis’s last witness was Andrea Deuble (“Andrea”), Shaylynne’s

sister. (Id. at 69). She testified that she has a social-media account and that she

(Andrea) has never blocked Joshua or any of his family members from her account

or from her cell phone. (Id. at 71-72).

{¶22} After Travis rested his case, Joshua called his sister, Latosha Shank

(“Latosha”) as his first witness. (Id. at 74-75). She testified that Joshua has never

been abusive to his children. (Id. at 76-77). Latosha testified that Shaylynne has

-12-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

blocked her from her social-media account. (Id. at 78). Nonetheless, Latosha

reached out to Shaylynne several times attempting to get Shaylynne to permit the

children to attend their cousins’ birthday parties or playdates. (Id.). Latosha further

testified that she has told Shaylynne several times that she and Joshua need to be

able to co-parent the children, and that Shaylynne could have moved on with her

life without alienating the children from Joshua. (Id.).

{¶23} On cross-examination, Latosha testified that Shaylynne routinely

broke up with Joshua (when they were together) frequently by kicking him out of

their residence, but would permit him to return when she needed help with the

children. (Id. at 80). Latosha testified that prior to the break-up (of Joshua and

Shaylynne) she was able to reach out to Shaylynne on her social-media account, but

after the break-up in 2017, she was blocked. (Id.).

{¶24} Joshua called Diane Nottingham (“Diane”) as his next witness. (Id. at

82). Diane testified that she saw Shaylynne and the children sometime in 2017 at

the mall. (Id. at 84). Shaylynne began whispering and walked away. (Id.). Diane

testified that Shaylynne’s used Joshua as her personal babysitter when they were a

couple and when they broke up she denied him access to the children. (Id. at 85).

Diane testified that she was blocked on Shaylynne’s social-media account until

recently, and that she was unable to contact Shaylynne because she did not have her

current cell-phone number. (Id.).

-13-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

{¶25} On cross-examination, Diane testified that she has been blocked on

Facebook since 2017 or 2018, and that, she regularly checks to see if she can access

Shaylynne’s social-media profile. (Id. at 86). She also testified that Shaylynne

blocked her husband (on Facebook) as well even though they did not converse or

have a relationship. (Id.). However, according to Diane, her husband is no longer

blocked from Shaylynne’s social-media account at the present time. (Id.).

{¶26} Joshua called Phillip Nottingham (“Phillip”) as his next witness. (Id.

at 87-88). Phillip testified that he has never seen Joshua be abusive with his

children. (Id. at 88).

{¶27} Joshua called Nicole Stewart as his final witness. (Id. at 90-91).

Nicole testified that she has witnessed Joshua attempting to access Shaylynne’s and

Travis’s social-media profiles of which he is blocked. (Id. at 91).

{¶28} With no further evidence being introduced, the trial court determined

that while “[i]t is concerning that [Joshua] never filed a motion in court to address

visitation” * * * what is “more concerning are the extreme efforts that [Shaylynne]

has gone to keep [Joshua] from having any contact with the children.” (Case No.

20195022, Doc. No. 16); (Case No. 20195023, Doc. No. 15).

{¶29} Based upon our review of the record, we conclude that the trial court’s

determination that justifiable cause exits for Joshua’s failure to provide more than

de minimis contact with his children is not against the manifest weight of the

-14-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

evidence. Specifically, we cannot say that the trial court lost its way and created

such a manifest miscarriage of justice.

{¶30} In our review, it is clear that the trial court determined the issue of

justifiable cause based on the credibility of the witnesses. Indeed, Shaylynne’s

explanation of Joshua’s lack of contact with the children is ultimately a credibility

determination, which is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. “‘A trial court

is “free to believe all, part, or none of the testimony of any witness who appears

before it.”’” In re Adoption of K.C., 2014-Ohio-3985, at ¶ 26, quoting In re

Adoption of M.C., 4th Dist. Jackson No. 11CA5, 2011-Ohio-6527, ¶ 19, quoting

Rogers v. Hill, 124 Ohio App.3d 468, 470 (4th Dist.1998). See also In re J.P.E.,

2017-Ohio-1108, at ¶ 39 (“The trial judge was in the best position to determine the

credibility of the witnesses and was entitled to believe the testimony of appellee and

Mr. Grifa over Brent Erb.”). As such, we conclude that the evidence supporting that

Shaylynne significantly interfered with Joshua’s communication and visitation with

the children is weightier than the evidence that she did not.

{¶31} Accordingly, the trial court’s determination that the failure of Joshua

to provide more than de minimis contact with the children was justified is not against

the manifest weight of the evidence.

{¶32} For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the trial court did not err in

concluding that Joshua’s consent to Travis’s adoption of J.F. and A.F. is required

under R.C. 3107.07(A).

-15-
Case Nos. 5-20-06, 5-20-07

{¶33} Travis’s assignment of error is overruled.

{¶34} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

Judgments Affirmed

SHAW, P.J. and PRESTON, J., concur.

/jlr

-16-