Filed 11/4/20 P. v. Buckner CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for
publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E073208
v. (Super.Ct.No. FWV19000196)
TONY JOE BUCKNER, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Michael A.
Camber, Judge. Affirmed.
Kristen Owen, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, A. Natasha Cortina, Christine
Levingston Bergman, and Lynne G. McGinnis, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff
and Respondent.
1
A jury found defendant and appellant Tony Joe Buckner guilty of six counts of
being a felon in possession of a firearm (Pen. Code, § 29800, subd. (a)(1))1 and one
count of being a felon in possession of ammunition (§ 30305, subd. (a)(1)). The trial
court sentenced defendant to prison for a term of four years.
Defendant raises five issues on appeal. First, defendant contends the trial court
erred under Evidence Code section 352 by excluding evidence of third-party culpability.
Second, defendant contends the exclusion of third-party culpability evidence violated
his constitutional rights. Third, defendant contends the trial court misstated the law in
the jury instruction for firearm possession (CALCRIM No. 2510). Fourth, defendant
contends the trial court erred by not giving the jury a unanimity instruction.
Alternatively, defendant asserts that if his trial counsel forfeited the instructional errors
for appellate review, then defendant was denied effective assistance of counsel. Fifth,
defendant contends the cumulative effect of the trial court’s errors was a denial of due
process. We affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. THE PEOPLE’S CASE
In 1994, in Los Angeles County, defendant pled guilty to a felony charge of
possessing cocaine. (Health & Saf. Code, § 11350.)
On January 9, 2019, City of Pomona police officers had a search warrant for an
apartment in Upland. Prior to entering the apartment, the police officers surveilled the
1 All subsequent statutory references will be to the Penal Code unless otherwise
indicated.
2
apartment for “two and a half to three hours.” Police officers observed defendant arrive
at the apartment’s parking lot in an SUV. The officers decided to detain defendant and
the three passengers in the SUV.
Upland police officers and Pomona police officers then went to the apartment “in
an attempt to begin to clear[] the location to execute the search warrant.” Defendant’s
son (Son), who was 26 years old at the time, stepped outside the apartment, but then
reentered the apartment and barricaded himself inside. Son “wasn’t communicating a
whole lot” with the officers. City of Pomona Police Officer Frank Sacca brought
defendant to the front of the apartment to speak with Son. Defendant said to Son, “ ‘Get
out here,’ or ‘Come out here,’ or something along those lines. The son kind of looked at
him and kind of nodded in affirmation to him [through a window] and [defendant] told
[Son], ‘And lock my door,’ something along those lines to lock my door.” Son exited
the apartment after being barricaded inside for approximately 15 minutes.
After police entered the apartment, they discovered the door to the master
bedroom was locked. Police took the keys that were in the ignition of the SUV that
defendant had been driving. A key on that key ring unlocked the master bedroom door.
Police entered the master bedroom.
Inside the room, there were “numerous medication bottles that bear the name of
[defendant].” Also inside the room, police found “more than ten” pieces of mail
addressed to defendant’s name with the apartment’s address.2 The mail was
2 Son has the same first and last name as defendant. The mail did not designate
“Sr.” or “Jr.”
3
“throughout the room,” such as on the dresser, on the nightstand, in the nightstand, and
in the closet. The only clothing in the closet was male clothing. Some of the clothes
appeared older and dusty. The clothes in the closet were “larger in size.” Defendant is
“medium height and heavier build.” Son is “[t]all and thin.” The clothing in the closet
was consistent with defendant’s size. The clothing appeared to be too large for Son.
Police did not find any of Son’s property inside the apartment.
Also inside the master bedroom, police found (1) a loaded .45-caliber semi-
automatic pistol on the bed underneath two pillows; (2) a loaded .32-caliber revolver in
a nightstand drawer next to the bed; (3) a short barreled AR-15 rifle in the closet; (4) a
second short-barreled AR-15 rifle, which is a “5.56, .223 rifle,” in the closet; and (5) a
12-gauge Winchester shotgun with rounds “in the magazine tube” inside the closet.
Police also found (A) a “high capacity 30 round” AR-15 magazine; (B) a box of .223
Remington ammunition; and (C) “[a]nother box of .223 and 5.56 ammunition.” The
two boxes of ammunition were found on the top shelf in the closet. The magazine was
found in the rifle bag with the AR-15 rifles. The closet was “stacked and very
organized” with clothes and “numerous boxes.” It took the officers approximately 15
minutes to discover the AR-15s and 20 to 25 minutes to discover the Winchester.
Police also searched defendant’s SUV. Inside the center console of the SUV,
underneath the cupholder, the police found a loaded .380 semiautomatic pistol.
The police did not dust for fingerprints on the firearms or boxes of ammunition.
The firearms had serial numbers but Officer Sacca could not recall to whom the
4
firearms were registered. Police took DNA swabs of the firearms but did not send the
swabs to a lab for testing.
B. DEFENDANT’S CASE
Cheresha Martin (Conservator) lived with defendant from 2003 to 2008; they had
a romantic relationship. She was defendant’s conservator. She was not Son’s
biological mother. Conservator received and controlled defendant’s social security
funds and gave defendant his medications. The apartment where the search warrant was
executed was Conservator’s apartment. Conservator lived at the apartment with her
four children; Son did not reside at the apartment.
The master bedroom in the apartment was Conservator’s bedroom. There were
dozens of defendant’s medication bottles in the bedroom. One medication needed to be
taken “one time a day. [A second] one twice a day. [A third] one three times a day.”
Conservator gave defendant his pills in “weekly pill packs.” Defendant lives 20 to 30
minutes away from Conservator; she sees defendant twice a week.
Defendant does not sleep in the master bedroom. When asked at trial, “When
was the last time that [defendant] resided even for a short period of time in that
apartment?” Conservator replied, “Maybe last week.” Conservator later clarified that
she meant “maybe a year ago.” When defendant sleeps at the apartment, he sleeps on a
couch in the living room. The men’s clothing in the master bedroom closet belongs to
Conservator’s sons. Conservator does not allow defendant to store firearms at her
apartment. Conservator has never seen defendant with a firearm. Conservator has no
knowledge of defendant owning a firearm. Conservator also drives the SUV that
5
defendant was driving. Conservator keeps the key to her bedroom door on the keyring
with the SUV key.
DISCUSSION
A. EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE
1. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The People moved in limine to exclude evidence of a shooting in which Son was
allegedly involved. The People explained that the search warrant executed at the
apartment pertained “to a gang shooting that occurred on August 29, 2018, in which
[Son] was involved. Officers suspected [Son] fired several rounds at rival gang
members prior to being struck by gunfire in return. Officers recovered [Son’s] firearm,
a .40 Smith & Wesson H&K pistol, at the scene.” The People contended, “Besides a
cellphone recovered from [Son], no such evidence relating to the gang shooting was
found in this case.”
On May 30, 2019, the court and counsel had an off-the-record discussion, in
chambers, regarding evidentiary issues related to third-party culpability. On June 3, the
court and counsel addressed the matter on the record. Defense counsel said, “Your
Honor, it’s my intention, and this is based off the chambers conference that we had
earlier, I don’t anticipate attempting to introduce evidence that [Son] was involved in a
shooting. I don’t think I have the ability, even if I wanted to, foundation-wise to
introduce that evidence. But also it would be a tactical decision. So I think that’s
something that myself and the District Attorney are in agreement.
6
“Where I think there’s some disagreement is, one, the fact that [Son] . . . was the
subject of an arrest warrant and also the subject of the search warrant of the house. I
know we discussed the search warrant of the house back in chambers. But I do want to
make it clear in the statement of probable cause for the warrant of the house [Son] is
specifically mentioned.” Defense counsel explained, “[T]he reason why this is
important is because I want to get into and I want to enter into evidence the fact that this
warrant was looking for somebody else. This warrant was looking for and was linked to
an arrest warrant for [Son]. [¶] And as discussed in chambers, this goes into the third
party culpability argument. It’s extremely relevant because the person they were
looking for barricaded himself in the house I think for about 15 minutes. So I think that
is extremely relevant. I don’t see how it overcomes the 352.
“Looking at it from a 352 analysis, I guess the prejudicial value to the People
would be confusion to the jury. But I would argue to the contrary, I think it would be
very confusing for a jury just to hear that there was a warrant for a house and they don’t
have any foundation or any kind of information leading up to what that warrant
stemmed from. I think it’s very important that they know that this warrant was relating
to my client’s son. My client’s son was found there, and my client’s son also had an
arrest warrant, especially because obviously the defense’s argument is going to be third
party culpability that the guns were not my client’s. They were someone else’s.
“And the person they were looking for is found in the house. He was alone in the
house for 15 minutes while he barricaded himself. So I don’t see any prejudicial value.
I think this is very relevant to the case. It wouldn’t be an undue burden of time. It’s not
7
like I’m calling witnesses to establish this. I intend on doing it through the DA’s own
witness. And to the contrary, I think it’s important for the jury to know this. I think it
would be confusing if they didn’t understand the circumstances behind both of the
warrants.”
The trial court asked, “What are you asking to admit? The fact that [Son] was
the subject of the warrant?” Defense counsel said, “Yes.” The People said, “[A]s we
had discussed in chambers, . . . I don’t believe the fact . . . there was an arrest warrant
for [Son], and certainly that [Son] was, quote, the subject of the warrant on the house
here, should come in at all. I don’t believe it is relevant. And especially under 352, I
think it completely confuses the issues. [¶] In terms [of] why the officers were there, I
think it is more than sufficient to be able to articulate to the jury the officers were there
to execute a valid warrant. This is not a 1538 in terms of going into all of the details as
to why they were there. And I think it’s a potential for opening up a can of worms.
“I think [defense counsel] has numerous foundational issues when it comes to
talking about [Son], the reasons why they were there, because, first of all, none of the
officers that I intend on calling up here for this trial wrote the warrant for [Son’s] arrest.
They were simply there to execute the warrant for the house for the address itself. [¶]
And that’s why Officer Sacca is here because he did—he wrote the warrant for the
house. But, again, the son doesn’t live there.”
The trial court said, “So I think that [defense counsel] is going to be able to go
into the third party culpability evidence. And based on the offer of proofs that I’ve
heard as to what’s going to be printed [sic], the evidence is going to be that [Son] was at
8
the house and tried to keep the police from getting in. That evidence alone would
suggest to me that since he’s inside the house and the guns were inside the house, that
doesn’t preclude you from making that argument.
“The problem I have with going into the reason why the officers were there is
that in essence you’re going to have to—this is a fairly limited trial in terms of
evidence. If we start to go into why they were there, that’s going to make this two-day
trial in [sic] like a two-week trial. So to me, that’s what 352 was set up to exclude.
“So the court is going to make the following finding: The Court is going to
exercise its discretion to exclude the basis for both the arrest and the search warrant
because the probative value is substantially outweighed by the prejudicial nature. In
this case, the prejudicial nature would be it has the distinct possibility of confusing the
jury and/or potentially prejudicing the case against the prosecution because of the fact
that they may be pointing the finger at [Son] because of the basis of the warrants. So
I’m going to keep that out.”
The court went on to explain, “Also, the other aspect of that is I don’t know that
you can get into it anyway because I don’t know if you have the witnesses for it. In
essence, you would have to try that case here. That’s a case that we’re not going to try.
We’re just going to try this case, that case meaning the shooting case. [¶] So the
Court’s ruling that you cannot get into the basis for why the officers were there, I don’t
think that precludes you from anything else.”
The following exchange then occurred:
9
The Court: “The other issue that came up when we discussed it in chambers was
whether or not you can bring in the evidence the fact [sic] that [Son] is a gang member.
[¶] I think you said you weren’t going to go there? Or you did want to go there; right?
“[Defense counsel]: I did want to go there, yes. And I’m going to ask that I be
allowed to introduce that evidence. [¶] And I submit.
“The Court: How would you be presenting that evidence?
“[Defense counsel]: It would be solely through Officer Sacca. He wrote in his
report that based off of his contacts that he has reason to believe that the person they
were looking for, [Son], is a Ghost Town Crips.
“The Court: And I’m going to respectfully decline your request to go there as
well. [¶] Evidence is excluded under Evidence Code 352. If it poses an intolerable risk
to the proceedings or reliability of the outcome, that case is People v. Riggs, Cal.4th at
290. Evidence of gang involvement is highly inflammatory, People v. Jordan 2003 108
Cal.App.4th 349. Consequently, when the relevance of gang evidence is slight or
tangential, is the type [sic] of evidence that can intolerably affect the fairness of the
proceedings. [¶] In this case, I don’t think its relevance is particularly high, and I think
the prejudicial nature of that evidence is. So I’m going to keep that under 352 as well.”
2. ANALYSIS
a. Evidence Code section 352
i. Contention
Defendant contends the trial court erred in its application of Evidence Code
section 352 by excluding evidence “(1) [of t]he reason for the search warrant; (2) [of
10
t]he reason for the arrest warrant; and (3) [of Son’s] alleged gang membership[;] . . .
(4) [that o]ne of the guns seized at the home was recently used in a crime whereby [Son]
allegedly fired it at rival gang members; and (5) [that d]uring the records check
affiliated with the warrant, [Son] was found to live at the home searched where the guns
were found.”
ii. Law and Standard of Review
Evidence Code section 352 provides, “The court in its discretion may exclude
evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its
admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial
danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.”
“ ‘An appellate court reviews a court’s rulings regarding relevancy and
admissibility under Evidence Code section 352 for abuse of discretion. [Citation.] We
will not reverse a court’s ruling on such matters unless it is shown “ ‘the trial court
exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner that
resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ ” ’ ” (People v. Jones (2017) 3 Cal.5th
583, 609.)
iii. Reason for the Search Warrant
We start with the exclusion of evidence concerning the reason for the search
warrant.
Defendant was charged with being a felon in possession of a firearm (§ 29800,
subd. (a)(1)) and ammunition (§ 30305, subd. (a)(1)). The elements of the firearm
11
offense “are conviction of a felony and ownership or knowing possession, custody, or
control of a firearm.” (People v. Blakely (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1042, 1052.)
“[P]ossession may be imputed when the [firearm] is found in a place which is
immediately and exclusively accessible to the accused and subject to his dominion and
control, or to the joint dominion and control of the accused and another.” (People v.
Williams (1971) 5 Cal.3d 211, 215.) A defendant does not avoid conviction if his
dominion and control of the place where the firearm is located is shared with others.
(People v. Rushing (1989) 209 Cal.App.3d 618, 622; People v. Alderrou (1987) 191
Cal.App.3d 1074, 1082.)
At the trial court, defendant explained, “[T]he reason why this is important is
because I want to get into and I want to enter into evidence the fact that this warrant was
looking for somebody else. This warrant was looking for and was linked to an arrest
warrant for [Son]. [¶] And as discussed in chambers, this goes into the third party
culpability argument. It’s extremely relevant because the person they were looking for
barricaded himself in the house I think for about 15 minutes.”
The reason for the search warrant had little probative value because two people
can possess the same firearm. Evidence that police wanted to search the apartment
because they believed Son lived there and they believed Son had a firearm in the
apartment does little to explain why defendant did not jointly possess the firearms with
Son. In order for the evidence to be probative there would need to be something further
showing that Son had exclusive possession over the firearms—that defendant could not
have jointly possessed the firearms with Son. As it stands, evidence that police believed
12
Son resided in the apartment and possessed a firearm is not evidence that is probative of
defendant’s innocence—it is simply more information about a possible gun in the
apartment.
Defendant asserts the evidence was probative because his “entire defense was
that he did not live at the home, and that someone else, namely [Son], was the person
who had the guns.” The evidence pertaining to the reason for the warrant—that Son
supposedly lived in the apartment and possessed a firearm—does nothing to prove that
defendant did not live in the apartment. It also does nothing to prove that Son had
exclusive possession of the firearms in the apartment. The evidence is probative of the
fact that police believed (1) Son lived in the apartment, and (2) a gun was in the
apartment. Neither of those things are particularly helpful in establishing that defendant
lacked dominion and control over a firearm. The evidence merely shows that another
person may have lived in the apartment and a firearm may have been in the apartment.
Defendant asserts, “[T]he evidence would only serve to clarify the reality of the
situation for the jury, i.e., that the police were at the house for [Son] and believed at
least initially that he lived there.” Defendant does not explain how evidence of another
person living in the apartment would have been probative of defendant’s innocence.
For example, defendant does not point this court to further evidence that would have
demonstrated Son had exclusive possession of the firearms inside the apartment such
that people inside the apartment could not have jointly possessed the firearms. As it
stands, the search warrant evidence would have shown that Son may have lived in the
13
apartment and possessed a firearm. Without something more showing exclusive
possession, that evidence lacks probative value.
On the prejudice side of the evaluation, defendant planned to introduce the
evidence via Officer Sacca, who wrote the search warrant. Adding questions to Sacca’s
testimony concerning the reason for the search warrant likely would not have consumed
a great deal of time. Sacca could have explained that officers were looking for Son and
a firearm. There was no need to have a mini-trial regarding the alleged crime behind
the search warrant. It is unlikely the jury would be confused by the evidence because
the evidence would only add to the background information in that it would provide
more context for law enforcement’s presence at the apartment.
Although there is little prejudice to the evidence, there is also little probative
value to the evidence. Given the lack of probative value, we conclude the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in excluding the evidence.
iv. Reason for the Arrest Warrant
Defendant contends the trial court erred by excluding evidence of the reason for
the arrest warrant. At the trial court, defendant said he planned to introduce the
evidence “through the DA’s own witness.” The prosecutor responded, “I think
[defendant] has numerous foundational issues . . . first of all, none of the officers that I
intend on calling up here for this trial wrote the warrant for [Son’s] arrest.” Officer
Sacca wrote the search warrant, but he did not write the arrest warrant.
Given this record, it appears defendant did not have evidence to offer on the
topic of the arrest warrant. Nevertheless, assuming defendant could have obtained the
14
foundational evidence necessary for the arrest warrant, the same analysis as that
pertaining to the search warrant would apply to the arrest warrant. Evidence that Son
lived in the home lacks probative value because it does nothing to show that defendant
was innocent of the charges of possessing firearms and ammunition. Therefore, if there
were evidence to present, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding such
evidence.
v. Records Check
Next, defendant contends the trial court erred by excluding evidence, which
would establish that “[d]uring the records check affiliated with the warrant, [Son] was
found to live at the home searched where the guns were found.” We see no difference
between this issue and the first issue, i.e., excluding evidence of the reason for the
search warrant. The reason police wanted to search the home was because they
conducted a record search that caused them to believe Son lived in the home. Because
we have already analyzed this issue ante, we do not repeat that analysis here.
vi. Gang Membership
Next, defendant contends the trial court erred by excluding evidence of Son’s
alleged gang membership. Defendant intended to have Officer Sacca testify that “[h]e
wrote in his report that based off of his contacts that he has reason to believe that . . .
[Son] is a Ghost Town Crips.” Defendant did not explain what hearsay exception
would apply to that evidence, nevertheless we will proceed on the assumption that a
hearsay exception would have been applied to this evidence.
15
Son’s gang membership has little probative value because it provides no insight
into where defendant resided and whether defendant had some control over the firearms
and ammunition in the apartment. On the prejudice side of the scale, it is unlikely the
evidence would have consumed a great deal of time, because if it could have been
introduced through Officer Sacca via a hearsay exception, then no extra witnesses
would have been needed. As to undue prejudice, gang evidence “can be ‘highly
inflammatory’ ” (People v. Simon (2016) 1 Cal.5th 98, 125); however, in this case, the
gang membership pertains to a person other than defendant.
One might fear that the prosecution would suffer some prejudice due to the gang
evidence, in that the jury might assume Son was the primary owner of the guns due to
his gang membership. However, as explained ante, even assuming Son was a gun-
owning gang member who lived in the same apartment as defendant, none of that
establishes that Son had exclusive control over the guns in the apartment. Therefore,
that evidence is not probative of defendant’s innocence because Son and defendant can
jointly possess a firearm. Because the gang evidence had scant probative value, we
conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the evidence.
vii. Seized Gun
Next, defendant contends the trial court erred by excluding evidence establishing
that “[o]ne of the guns seized at the home was recently used in a crime whereby [Son]
allegedly fired it at rival gang members.” In the trial court, defendant’s attorney said, “I
don’t anticipate attempting to introduce evidence that [Son] was involved in a shooting.
I don’t think I have the ability, even if I wanted to, foundation-wise to introduce that
16
evidence. But also it would be a tactical decision.” Given that defendant did not seek
to introduce evidence of Son’s involvement in a shooting, we see no ruling that we can
review. Because it appears the trial court did not exclude evidence of the shooting, we
will not examine the issue. (See People v. Navarette (2003) 30 Cal.4th 458, 497
[evidentiary issue forfeited unless raised in the trial court].)
B. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
Defendant contends the exclusion of the foregoing evidence violated his
constitutional rights to present a defense and to a fair trial. The People contend
defendant forfeited the constitutional issue by failing to raise it in the trial court.
Defendant asserts constitutional objections would have been futile given the trial court’s
exclusion of the evidence under Evidence Code section 352.
It is a “ ‘well-established procedural principle that, with certain exceptions, an
appellate court will not consider claims of error that could have been—but were not—
raised in the trial court.’ ” (People v. Stowell (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1107, 1114.) An
exception to the forfeiture rule provides that an issue will not be forfeited if an objection
would have been futile. (People v. Abbaszadeh (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 642, 648.)
“ ‘As a general matter, the “[a]pplication of the ordinary rules of evidence . . .
does not impermissibly infringe on a defendant’s right to present a defense.”
[Citations.] Although completely excluding evidence of an accused’s defense
theoretically could rise to this level, excluding defense evidence on a minor or
subsidiary point does not impair an accused’s due process right to present a defense.’ ”
(People v. Boyette (2002) 29 Cal.4th 381, 427-428.)
17
Defendant does not inform us why it would have been futile to present the trial
court with a different legal theory. In particular, defendant fails to explain why, if he
had informed the trial court that this was all the evidence he had to support his defense,
the trial court would not have listened to such an argument. Defendant assumes that
because the trial court ruled against him under Evidence Code section 352, then it
would have ruled against him on a constitutional theory as well. Without more
explanation as to why the trial court would be so unyielding, we find defendant’s
argument to be unpersuasive. We conclude defendant forfeited the issue by failing to
raise it in the trial court.
Nevertheless, if defendant had not forfeited the issue, we would find no error.
As explained ante, the excluded evidence had little probative value in relation to
defendant being innocent of the charges. If defendant had used the excluded evidence
to establish that Son was a gun-owning gang member who lived in the apartment, then
that would not demonstrate defendant’s innocence because two people can jointly
possess a firearm. (See People v. Nieto (1966) 247 Cal.App.2d 364, 368 [“joint or
constructive possession, custody or control of the guns”].) Defendant has not shown
that the trial court excluded evidence of Son’s exclusive possession of the firearms. As
a result, the excluded evidence lacked probative value, which means it pertained to a
minor or subsidiary point and did not implicate defendant’s constitutional right to
present a defense. Therefore, the trial court did not violate defendant’s constitutional
rights.
18
C. POSSESSION INSTRUCTION
1. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
a. Information
The charges against defendant concerned possession of the following: in Count
1, a “Short Barrelled [sic] AR-15 (EP Armory)”; in Count 2, a “Short Barrelled [sic]
AR-15 (Anderson Manc)”; in Count 3, a “12-Guage [sic] Shotgun”; in Count 4, a “.45
caliber handgun”; in Count 5, a “.380 caliber handgun”; in Count 6, a “.32 caliber
handgun”; and in Count 7, “ammunition and reloaded ammunition.”
b. CALCRIM No. 2510
The trial court proposed to instruct the jury with CALCRIM No. 2510, which
concerns possession of a firearm by a felon. No objections were raised to the
instruction. The instruction provided: “The defendant is charged in Counts 1 – 6 with
unlawfully possessing a firearm in violation of Penal Code Section 29800(a)(1). [¶] To
prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People must prove that:
“1. The defendant possessed a firearm;
“2. The defendant knew that he possessed the firearm;
“AND
“3. The defendant had previously been convicted of a felony.
“A firearm is any device designed to be used as a weapon, from which a
projectile is expelled or discharged through a barrel by the force of an explosion or
other form of combustion. [¶] A firearm does not need to be in working order if it was
designed to shoot and appears capable of shooting.
19
“Two or more people may possess something at the same time. [¶] A person
does not have to actually hold or touch something to possess it. It is enough if the
person has control over it or the right to control it, either personally or through another
person.
“You may consider evidence, if any, that the defendant was previously convicted
of a crime only in deciding whether the People have proved this element of the crime.
[¶] Do not consider such evidence for any other purpose. [¶] The People allege that
the defendant possessed the following firearms:
“Count 1: Short Barreled AR-15
“Count 2: Short Barreled AR-15
“Count 3[:] 12-Gauge Shotgun
“Count 4[:] .45 Caliber Handgun
“Count 5[:] .380 Caliber Handgun
“Count 6[:] .32 Caliber Handgun
“You may not find the defendant guilty unless all of you agree that the People
have proved that the defendant possessed at least one of the firearms, and you all agree
on which firearm he possessed.”
c. Closing Argument
During the prosecutor’s closing argument, she said, “As to Counts 1 through 6, I
have to prove that the defendant possessed a firearm, the defendant knew he possessed a
firearm, and the defendant had previously been convicted of a felony.”
20
During defense counsel’s closing argument, he said, “Even if you believe that he
had access to that home or that bedroom or he had control over its items, the District
Attorney has not proven that he knew that he had control over those firearms.” Defense
counsel continued, “[O]nce again, the DA has to prove that he knew that he possessed
those firearms.”
d. Verdict Forms
The jury was given separate verdict forms for each count. Each verdict form
listed the one weapon at issue in that count. For example, the Count One verdict form
read: “We, the jury in the above-entitled action, find the defendant, TONY JOE
BUCKNER, GUILTY of the crime of POSSESSION OF [A] FIREARM BY A
FELON, to wit, Short Barreled AR-15 (EP Armory), in violation of Penal Code Section
29800(a)(1), as to Count 1 of the Information.”
2. ANALYSIS
a. Defendant’s Contention
Defendant takes issue with the portion of the jury instruction that lists the counts
and their associated firearms and then reads, “You may not find the defendant guilty
unless all of you agree that the People have proved that the defendant possessed at least
one of the firearms, and you all agree on which firearm he possessed.” Defendant
contends, “[T]he court modified the instruction for possession to literally tell the jury
that it only need to unanimously agree once as to one firearm in order to convict
appellant as to all of the firearms. Said instruction was plainly wrong.” Defendant
contends that permitting the jury to find him guilty of all six counts based upon the
21
finding that he possessed one firearm violated his constitutional rights because it
permitted “the jury to convict without a proper finding that the element has been proved
beyond a reasonable doubt.”
b. Forfeiture
The People contend defendant forfeited this issue by failing to object to the jury
instruction in the trial court. The People assert, “When a defendant fails to request a
modification to a standard jury instruction, he forfeits any claim of error on appeal that
the wording of the instruction is defective. [Citation.] In other words, when a proposed
instruction correctly states the law but the defendant believes it is misleading or
confusing under the specific facts of the case, he is obliged to offer corrections or
clarifications of the instruction to avoid forfeiting the issue on appeal. [Citation.]”
“ ‘Generally, a party may not complain on appeal that an instruction correct in
law and responsive to the evidence was too general or incomplete unless the party has
requested appropriate clarifying or amplifying language.’ ” (People v. Guiuan (1998)
18 Cal.4th 558, 570.) However, defendant is not arguing that the instruction was either
too general or incomplete; he is asserting the instruction is legally incorrect.
Specifically, defendant is contending the trial court erred by instructing the jury that if it
found defendant possessed one firearm then it could find defendant guilty of possessing
all six firearms. Because defendant is asserting the instruction misstated the law and
22
violated his constitutional rights, the issue has not been forfeited. (People v. Smithey
(1999) 20 Cal.4th 936, 976, fn. 7.)3
c. Standard of Review
We apply the de novo standard of review. (People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th
1158, 1210.) Our first task is ascertaining the relevant law. Second, we determine the
meaning of the instruction and whether there is a reasonable likelihood the jury
understood the instruction in the manner presented by defendant. Third, “ ‘we
determine whether the instruction, so understood, states the applicable law correctly.’ ”
(People v. Kelly (1992) 1 Cal.4th 495, 525-526.)
d. Analysis
The applicable law is “that before a jury may convict a defendant of a criminal
offense, it must find that the prosecution has proved all elements of the offense beyond
a reasonable doubt.” (People v. Aranda (2012) 55 Cal.4th 342, 349.)
The form jury instruction reads, “[The People allege that the defendant
(owned/purchased/received/possessed) the following firearms: . You may not find the defendant guilty
unless all of you agree that the People have proved that the defendant
(owned/purchased/received/possessed) at least one of the firearms, and you all agree on
3 Defendant contends that if his trial counsel forfeited the issue of instructional
error, then his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance. We have concluded the
issue was not forfeited. Therefore, we do not examine the alternative issue of
ineffective assistance of counsel.
23
which firearm (he/she) (owned/purchased/received/possessed).]” (CALCRIM No.
2510.)
The Bench Notes for CALCRIM No. 2510 provide, “If the prosecution alleges
under a single count that the defendant possessed multiple firearms and the possession
was ‘fragmented as to time . . . [or] space,’ the court has a sua sponte duty to instruct on
unanimity. (People v. Wolfe (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 177, 184-185.) Give the
bracketed paragraph beginning ‘The People allege that the defendant possessed the
following firearms,’ inserting the items alleged.”
The instruction given by the trial court in the instant case provided in part: “The
People allege that the defendant possessed the following firearms:
“Count 1: Short Barreled AR-15
“Count 2: Short Barreled AR-15
“Count 3[:] 12-Gauge Shotgun
“Count 4[:] .45 Caliber Handgun
“Count 5[:] .380 Caliber Handgun
“Count 6[:] .32 Caliber Handgun
“You may not find the defendant guilty unless all of you agree that the People
have proved that the defendant possessed at least one of the firearms, and you all agree
on which firearm he possessed.”
The trial court used an optional part of the jury instruction that it should not have
used in this case. The trial court used a portion of the instruction that is meant to be
used when multiple firearms are alleged in a single count. That is not the situation
24
presented in this case. In this case, each count concerns a single firearm. Therefore, the
jury did not need a unanimity instruction because there were not multiple weapons
allegations within a single count.
By giving the unanimity portion of the instruction, which provides defendant
could be found guilty if he possessed “at least one of the firearms,” while also giving
the jury a list of six counts that each list one firearm, the trial court implied that if the
jury found defendant possessed one firearm, then it could find him guilty of all six
firearm counts.
We pondered if one might understand the phrase “find the defendant guilty” as
referring to a single count, such that the jury would understand the instruction as
requiring proof of one firearm per count. However, that interpretation fails due to the
phrase “at least one of the firearms.” The phrase “at least one of the firearms,” by its
plain terms directs the jury to consider the firearm counts as a group. It indicates that if
the jury finds defendant possessed “at least one of the firearms” then it can “find the
defendant guilty” and refers to “Counts 1 – 6,” which implies defendant could be found
guilty of all six counts.
That interpretation of the instruction was enforced by the prosecutor who used
“firearm” in its singular form despite grouping together Counts 1 through 6. For
example, during closing argument, the prosecutor asserted, “As to Counts 1 through 6, I
have to prove that the defendant possessed a firearm, the defendant knew he possessed a
firearm, and the defendant had previously been convicted of a felony.” The
prosecutor’s argument, like the jury instruction, can be understood as requiring proof of
25
possession of one firearm for “Counts 1 through 6,” as opposed to proof of possession
of a different firearm for each count.
The People assert the jury would have understood the instruction as requiring
proof of six firearms for the six counts because “CALCRIM No. 2510 correctly defines
the elements of the crime.” The jury instruction, as given to the jury, defined the
elements as follows: “The defendant is charged in Counts 1-6 with unlawfully
possessing a firearm in violation of Penal Code Section 29800(a)(1). [¶] To prove that
the defendant is guilty of this crime, the People must prove that:
“1. The defendant possessed a firearm;
“2. The defendant knew that he possessed the firearm;
“AND
“3. The defendant had previously been convicted of a felony.”
This portion of the instruction is closer to the correct law because it refers to
“crime” and “firearm” in the singular, i.e., one firearm per count. One could read the
sentence as providing that for each crime/count it needs to be shown that defendant
possessed one firearm.
The People further assert that the listing of each firearm with its corresponding
count, within the instruction, was helpful because it indicated to the jury “for example,
that in order to find [defendant] guilty of count one, it had to find he possessed the short
barreled AR-15.” This portion of the People’s argument is not persuasive. The list of
firearms and their corresponding counts, combined with the instruction that defendant
could be found guilty if he “possessed at least one of the firearms,” gives the impression
26
that defendant could be found guilty of all six counts if he possessed one of the firearms
on the list.
In sum, it is possible, that if jury focused only on the first segment of CALCRIM
No. 2510, then it may have understood that evidence of one firearm per count was
required to find defendant guilty. However, if the jury focused on the last segment of
CALCRIM No. 2510, then it may have understood that evidence of one firearm could
be used to convict defendant of all six firearm counts. Given that the last segment of the
instruction was, by its plain language, incorrect in the law, and that the prosecutor
reinforced that incorrect legal statement during closing argument, we conclude there is a
reasonable likelihood the jury misapplied the law. (People v. Wallace (2008) 44 Cal.4th
1032, 1075 [reasonable likelihood the jury “misapplied the instruction”].)
The trial court erred by instructing the jury that, if it found defendant possessed
one firearm, then it could find defendant guilty of possessing six firearms. The trial
court’s error denied defendant his right to have the jury find every element of the
charged offenses. That instructional error “is serious constitutional error that impacts a
defendant’s fundamental right to a jury trial.” (People v. Merritt (2017) 2 Cal.5th 819,
821.) The failure to properly instruct on an element of an “ ‘offense is amenable to
harmless error analysis.’ ” (Id. at p. 827.) We examine “whether it is clear beyond a
reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have rendered the same verdict absent the
error.” (Id. at p. 831.)
The jury found defendant guilty of possessing ammunition that was located in the
bedroom. Because the jury found defendant possessed the ammunition, we know the
27
jury rejected defendant’s theory that it was Conservator’s bedroom, and the jury
accepted the prosecutor’s theory that the bedroom belonged to defendant. Based upon
the flawed instruction, the jury also found that defendant possessed at least one firearm.
Thus, the jury found that defendant had dominion and control over the bedroom, per the
ammunition verdict, and that defendant owned at least one firearm.
Switching to the evidence pertaining to the five firearms in the bedroom,
defendant said to Son, “ ‘And lock my door,’ something along those lines to lock my
door.” The only locked door in the apartment was the door to the bedroom in which the
firearms were located. The jury found that the bedroom belonged to defendant as
demonstrated by the ammunition verdict. The jury’s finding was supported by (1) mail
inside the bedroom that was addressed to defendant; (2) prescription medication inside
the bedroom that bore defendant’s name; and (3) the clothes in the bedroom closet that
matched defendant’s size. The foregoing is strong circumstantial evidence supporting
the jury’s finding that the bedroom belonged to defendant. (See, e.g., People v. Rushing
(1989) 209 Cal.App.3d 618, 620-622 [documents bearing the defendant’s name and
signature in a bedroom are circumstantial evidence of dominion and control over the
premises].)
Further, for some of the 15 minutes when Son was barricaded in the apartment,
he could be seen through a window; the window was not in the master bedroom. Also,
the guns in the closet were behind neatly stacked boxes, bottles of cologne, and dusty
but “very organized” clothes. Given that objects in the closet were dusty, neat, and well
organized, and Son was not in the master bedroom for at least some of the 15-minute
28
standoff, the evidence reflects that Son did not place the firearms in the closet while
barricaded in the apartment.
In sum, given (1) the jury found that the ammunition in the bedroom belonged to
defendant; (2) the jury found that defendant possessed at least one firearm; and (3) the
variety of evidence, e.g., mail, medicine, and clothes, indicating the bedroom belonged
to defendant, we conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that, absent the error, a rational
jury would have rendered the same verdicts concerning the firearms in the apartment.
The firearm that comprised the charge in Count 5 was the gun that was found in
defendant’s vehicle. Defendant was stopped while driving the vehicle in which the
Count 5 gun was found. Also, the vehicle was registered to defendant. The foregoing
evidence is strong evidence indicating that defendant had dominion and control over the
firearm in the vehicle. Additionally, the jury found that defendant possessed
ammunition and at least one firearm, which indicates the jury rejected defendant’s
theory of the case. Given the strong evidence and the jury’s rejection of defendant’s
theory, we conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that, absent the error, a rational jury
would have rendered the same verdict concerning the firearm in the vehicle.
Defendant contends the error is structural and requires reversal per se. Our
Supreme Court has held that the failure to instruct on an element of an offense is
amenable to a harmless error analysis. (People v. Merritt, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 827.)
Accordingly, we are not persuaded that the error is reversible per se. (See Auto Equity
Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court of Santa Clara County (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 456 [inferior
courts must follow the decisions of higher courts].)
29
In the alternative, defendant contends the trial court’s error was prejudicial
because defendant “presented strong evidence to support his defense that he did not live
in the home.” The jury found defendant possessed the ammunition located in the
bedroom, which reflects the jury rejected defendant’s theory that he did not live in the
apartment. Because the jury rejected defendant’s defense, we find his argument about
the strength of his case to be unpersuasive.
Defendant contends the evidence of defendant possessing the firearm in the
vehicle was contradicted in that there were multiple passengers in the car when
defendant was seen driving it and defendant shared the vehicle with Conservator.
Defendant also presumes that Son had access to the vehicle. The evidence that other
people may have shared the space with defendant does not mean that defendant did not
also possess the firearm. Defendant was physically in the vehicle with the firearm and
had legal ownership over that vehicle. Further, the jury found defendant possessed at
least one firearm because the instruction informed it that, to find defendant guilty, it
needed to find “defendant possessed at least one of the firearms.” Given the strength of
the evidence indicating that defendant had control over the firearm in the vehicle, and
the jury’s finding that defendant possessed at least one firearm, we are not persuaded by
defendant’s argument.
D. UNANIMITY INSTRUCTION
Defendant contends the trial court erred by not instructing the jury on unanimity
when “[t]he prosecution attempted to show [defendant] possessed six different guns in
30
various places.” Defendant contends “the jury may have convicted [him] without
reaching a unanimous verdict as to which guns [he] possessed.”
“A unanimity instruction is required if there is evidence that more than one crime
occurred, each of which could provide the basis for conviction under a single count.”
(People v. Grimes (2016) 1 Cal.5th 698, 727.)
In the instant case, the jury was repeatedly informed that there was only one
firearm alleged per count. The jury instruction on the firearm possession charges listed
one firearm per count, the verdict forms listed one firearm per count, and the
prosecutor’s closing argument listed one firearm per count. The jury was not presented
with possession of multiple firearms alleged in a single count.
Even with the erroneous unanimity instruction that was given within the
possession instruction (CALCRIM No. 2510), the jury was not told that multiple
firearms were alleged within a single count. When the instruction informed the jury that
defendant could be found guilty if “the People have proved that defendant possessed at
least one of the firearms,” it went on to read, “and you all agree on which firearm he
possessed.” In sum, the jury was repeatedly informed that there was one firearm alleged
per count and the jury was informed that it needed to agree on the firearm that defendant
possessed. Therefore, we are not persuaded that the trial court erred.
E. CUMULATIVE ERROR
Defendant contends that when the trial court’s errors are added together their
cumulative prejudicial effect requires reversal of the judgment. We have found one
error and concluded that it was harmless. Because there was a single error, we do not
31
have multiple errors to cumulate. (People v. Duff (2014) 58 Cal.4th 527, 562 [“nothing
to cumulate”].) Accordingly, we go no further with the cumulative error contention.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
MILLER
Acting P. J.
We concur:
FIELDS
J.
RAPHAEL
J.
32