Valeant Pharmaceuticals v. Mylan Pharmaceuticals

Summarize
Check Treatment

Related Cases

Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 1 Filed: 11/05/2020 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS NORTH AMERICA LLC, VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS IRELAND LTD., DOW PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, INC., KAKEN PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD., Plaintiffs-Appellants v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC., MYLAN LABORATORIES LTD., MYLAN INC., Defendants-Appellees ______________________ 2019-2402 ______________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey in No. 3:18-cv-14305-PGS-LHG, Senior Judge Peter G. Sheridan. ______________________ Decided: November 5, 2020 ______________________ THOMAS P. STEINDLER, McDermott, Will & Emery LLP, Washington, DC, argued for all plaintiffs-appellants. Plaintiffs-appellants Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC, Valeant Pharmaceuticals Ireland Ltd., Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences, Inc. also represented by IAN BARNETT BROOKS, CHRISTOPHER MICHAEL BRUNO, PAUL MICHAEL SCHOENHARD; CHARLES H. CHEVALIER, Gibbons P.C., Newark, NJ. Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 2 Filed: 11/05/2020 2 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS JOHN D. LIVINGSTONE, Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP, Atlanta, GA, for plaintiff-appel- lant Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Also represented by CORA RENAE HOLT, Washington, DC; CHARLES H. CHEVALIER, Gibbons P.C., Newark, NJ. STEFFEN NATHANAEL JOHNSON, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Washington, DC, argued for defend- ants-appellees. Also represented by ADAM WILLIAM BURROWBRIDGE; WENDY L. DEVINE, KRISTINA M. HANSON, TUNG ON KONG, San Francisco, CA. ______________________ Before NEWMAN, O’MALLEY, and TARANTO, Circuit Judges. O’MALLEY, Circuit Judge. In 2017, the Supreme Court dramatically changed the venue landscape in patent cases. See TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Grp. Brands LLC, 137 S. Ct. 1514 (2017). It held that the general venue provision in 28 U.S.C. § 1391— which provides that a corporation is deemed to “reside” in any judicial district in which it is subject to personal juris- diction—does not modify the term “resides” in 28 U.S.C. § 1400, the more specific venue statute applicable to patent cases. Specifically, it held that “resides” in § 1400(b) refers only to a corporation’s state of incorporation. That means that a corporation may be sued for patent infringement in only two categories of judicial districts: those in the state in which it is incorporated and those in which it has a reg- ular and established place of business and an act of in- fringement has occurred. TC Heartland raised more questions than it answered; we and district courts around the country have been working through those questions since 2017. Today we tackle one more. Today we answer the question of where “acts of in- fringement” under § 1400(b) occur with respect to Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 3 Filed: 11/05/2020 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS 3 infringement claims brought pursuant to the Hatch-Wax- man Act. 1 We conclude that, in cases brought under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2)(A), infringement occurs for venue pur- poses only in districts where actions related to the submis- sion of an Abbreviated New Drug Application (“ANDA”) occur, not in all locations where future distribution of the generic products specified in the ANDA is contemplated. Given this conclusion, we affirm the district court’s or- der dismissing the claims against the two U.S.-based de- fendants pursuant to Rule 12(b)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for improper venue. See Valeant Pharms. N. Am. LLC v. Zydus Pharms. (USA) Inc., No. 18-cv-13635- PGS-LHG, 2019 WL 4179832 (D.N.J. Aug. 14, 2019). For the reasons explained below, however, we vacate and re- mand the portion of the court’s order dismissing the action against the foreign defendant—as to which venue was un- questionably proper—pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), because the court failed to address the substance of that motion. I. BACKGROUND Because this appeal is primarily a venue dispute, the locations of the parties’ places of incorporation are im- portant. Less significantly, Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC, Valeant Pharmaceuticals Ireland Ltd., Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences, Inc. (“Dow”), and Ka- ken Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (collectively “Valeant” or “plaintiffs”) reside in a range of locations, including Japan, Ireland, and Delaware. On the defendants’ side, Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“MPI”) is a West Virginia corpora- tion with a principal place of business in Morgantown, West Virginia; Mylan Inc. is a Pennsylvania corporation with a principal place of business in Canonsburg, 1 The Hatch-Waxman Act is the common name for the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98–417, 98 Stat. 1585. Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 4 Filed: 11/05/2020 4 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS Pennsylvania; and Mylan Laboratories Ltd. (“MLL”) is an Indian corporation with a principal place of business in Hy- derabad, India. The parties are all players in the pharmaceutical in- dustry. Dow holds New Drug Application No. 203567 for the brand name drug Jublia®, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) on June 6, 2014. Jublia® is a medication used to treat fungal infec- tions (onychomycosis) of toenails. The active ingredient in Jublia® is efinaconazole. There are nine patents listed in the Orange Book for Jublia®. In June 2018, MPI, a generic drug company, executed an ANDA seeking approval to market a generic version of Jublia®. MPI sent the ANDA from its West Virginia cor- porate office to the FDA, located in White Oak, Maryland. The ANDA included a Paragraph IV certification that the Orange-Book-listed patents for Jublia® are invalid, unen- forceable, or would not be infringed by the ANDA product. MPI notified Valeant of the ANDA submission in August 2018. On September 26, 2018, Valeant filed suit against Mylan 2 in the District of New Jersey, alleging infringement of Dow’s Orange Book patents pursuant to the Hatch-Wax- man Act and requesting declaratory judgment of validity of the Orange Book patents. 3 The complaint contained sev- eral allegations about Mylan’s connection to New Jersey: • Each Mylan defendant “directly, or indirectly, devel- ops, manufactures, markets, and sells generic drug products throughout the United States and in this 2 We refer to appellees collectively as “Mylan.” 3 Valeant also filed complaints in the District of New Jersey against eighteen other ANDA filers. None of those filers challenged venue and the cases have been consoli- dated with trial scheduled for June 2, 2021. Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 5 Filed: 11/05/2020 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS 5 judicial district, and this judicial district is a likely destination for Mylan’s generic efinaconazole topical solution.” J.A. 147, ¶ 10 (MPI), 148, ¶ 12 (MLL), 149, ¶ 13 (Mylan Inc.). • Each Mylan defendant does business in New Jersey and is registered to do so. J.A. 147, ¶ 10 (MPI), 148 ¶ 12 (MLL), 149, ¶ 13 (Mylan Inc.). • Each defendant has previously submitted to the ju- risdiction of the court and has a place of business in New Jersey. J.A. 147–48, ¶ 10 (MPI), 148–49 ¶ 12 (MLL), 149, ¶ 13 (Mylan Inc.). • MPI applied for FDA approval of its generic drug, which will be “purposefully directed at, upon infor- mation and belief, New Jersey and elsewhere. [MPI’s] ANDA filings constitute formal acts that re- liably indicate plans to engage in marketing of the proposed generic drugs.” And MPI plans to market and sell its generic drug into New Jersey upon FDA approval. J.A. 148 ¶ 11. The next day, Valeant filed an essentially identical pro- tective suit against Mylan in the Northern District of West Virginia. See Complaint, Valeant Pharms. N. Am. LLC v. Mylan Pharms. Inc., No. 18-cv-00184-IMK, D.I. 1 (N.D. W. Va. Sept. 27, 2018). That suit is ongoing. In January 2019, Mylan moved to dismiss Valeant’s New Jersey District Court complaint against MPI and Mylan Inc. for improper venue pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(3). Mylan further moved to dismiss MLL and Mylan Inc. for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). As to venue, Mylan did not deny the ma- jority of the venue allegations in Valeant’s complaint. In- stead, it argued that venue was improper under § 1400(b) because no Mylan defendant resides in New Jersey, the only alleged act of infringement—submission of the ANDA—did not occur in New Jersey, and the Mylan Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 6 Filed: 11/05/2020 6 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS defendants do not have regular and established places of business in New Jersey. In response, Valeant argued that it is unduly narrow to limit “an act of infringement” under § 1400(b) to the act of submitting the ANDA. Valeant contended that “the Court must consider Mylan’s planned, future acts.” J.A. 760. It maintained that, in the Hatch-Waxman context, the language of § 1400(b) must be deemed to contemplate such planned future conduct. In making this argument, Mylan relied heavily on Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc., No. 17-cv-379-LPS, 2017 WL 3980155 (D. Del. Sept. 11, 2017) (holding that venue was appropriate in ANDA cases, even after TC Heartland, wherever planned future acts likely would occur). As to the Rule 12(b)(6) motion, Mylan argued that the complaint alleged that MPI alone submitted the ANDA and MPI was thus the only entity against which a case could be brought under the Hatch-Waxman Act. Valeant answered that liability for submitting an ANDA is not limited to the entity that sends the final ANDA to the FDA. J.A. 404 (cit- ing In re Rosuvastatin Calcium Patent Litig., 703 F.3d 511, 527–28 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (holding that a “submitter” can in- clude those who participate in the preparation of the ANDA and intend to directly benefit from marketing of the prod- uct identified in it)). In August 2019, the district court granted Mylan’s mo- tion to dismiss the complaint against all defendants based on improper venue. The court found that the ANDA was submitted from West Virginia, rendering venue proper there. The court then discussed the parties’ arguments about the relevance of planned future acts to the venue analysis under § 1400(b). Citing In re Cray Inc., 871 F.3d 1355, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2017), and In re ZTE (USA) Inc., 890 F.3d 1008, 1014 (Fed. Cir. 2018), for the proposition that the requirements of the venue statute are specific, unam- biguous, and not amenable to liberal construction based on Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 7 Filed: 11/05/2020 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS 7 policy concerns, the court concluded that the discussion of venue in Bristol-Myers Squibb “does not follow from a plain reading of the statute, which is clear: only where a defend- ant has committed an act of infringement may a party bring a patent suit.” Valeant Pharms., 2019 WL 4179832, at *3. Accordingly, the court concluded that the two places where an act of infringement might have occurred before the filing of the action were West Virginia and Maryland, not New Jersey. The court therefore dismissed the in- fringement claims. The district court did not separately address Mylan’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss as to MLL and Mylan Inc. or explain its rationale for dismissing MLL. It did, how- ever, insert a footnote acknowledging the argument that MLL, a foreign entity, was properly subject to venue in every judicial district. The court stated it would not con- sider MLL in the venue analysis, but noted that venue would be proper for MLL in West Virginia. Id. at *3 n.2. 4 Valeant timely filed a notice of appeal on September 10, 2019. We have jurisdiction to review the final decision of the district court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1). II. ANALYSIS This appeal presents two issues. First, as noted, we have been asked to answer a question of first impression relating to proper venue in Hatch-Waxman cases after TC Heartland. Second, we apply well-established law to the question of proper venue for patent cases brought against foreign entities. We affirm the district court’s determina- tion that venue was not proper in New Jersey as to the 4 The court also dismissed Valeant’s declaratory judgment actions. Valeant Pharms., 2019 WL 4179832, at *4. That decision is not contested on appeal. Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 8 Filed: 11/05/2020 8 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS domestic defendants. We reverse and remand, however, as to foreign defendant MLL. A. Venue in Hatch-Waxman Cases For purposes of determining whether venue is proper in a district other than one in a state in which a defendant is incorporated, a court must determine, among other things, “where the defendant has committed acts of in- fringement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1400(b). 5 Under the Hatch-Wax- man Act, it is “an act of infringement to submit [an ANDA] for a drug claimed in a patent or the use of which is claimed in a patent . . . if the purpose of such submission is to ob- tain approval . . . to engage in the commercial manufac- ture, use, or sale of a drug . . . claimed in a patent or the use of which is claimed in a patent before the expiration of such patent.” 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2). Once the act of in- fringement occurs, the patent holder may then commence an action under 35 U.S.C. § 271 for infringement. 6 The lit- igation then proceeds to address the question of whether any future distribution of the identified generic would in- fringe a valid patent claim. If so, the court shall enter an order barring the FDA from approving that distribution 5 To find that venue is proper, a court must also de- termine that a defendant “has a regular and established place of business” in the district. 28 U.S.C. § 1400(b). The district court did not reach the question of whether Mylan has a regular and established place of business in New Jer- sey. As such, we do not address that issue on appeal. 6 If the patent holder files its action within forty-five days of the ANDA submission the FDA’s authority to ap- prove manufacture and distribution of the generic identi- fied in the ANDA is stayed for thirty months so that the litigation may proceed before such activities occur. 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(5)(B)(iii). Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 9 Filed: 11/05/2020 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS 9 prior to expiration of the infringed patent. 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(4)(A). The question we must answer in this appeal, therefore, is whether the act of infringement identified in § 1400(b) occurs only when and where an ANDA-filer submits its ANDA to the FDA or occurs wherever future distribution of the generic is contemplated. We address this question in two parts. We first recount some of our pre-TC Heart- land case law discussing infringement actions under the Hatch-Waxman Act. We then address the specific argu- ments made by Valeant and Mylan as to the propriety of venue in New Jersey for this case, and how those argu- ments fare in light of the two statutory schemes at issue. 1. Statutory and Legal Backdrop Prior to 2017, defendants hoping to transfer Hatch- Waxman cases to a different district generally objected to a plaintiff’s chosen venue on personal jurisdiction grounds. We definitively resolved those arguments in Acorda Ther- apeutics Inc. v. Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc., 817 F.3d 755 (Fed. Cir. 2016), where we held that planned future acts were sufficient to justify the exercise of specific personal jurisdiction over a defendant in ANDA cases. In Acorda, we held that planned future interactions with the state in the form of marketing activities met the constitutional minimum requirements for personal jurisdiction. Id. at 760. While we did not address any statutory venue ques- tions and specifically disclaimed having done so, this hold- ing was important to the then-extant venue analysis because, at that point in time, our case law effectively had equated personal jurisdiction with venue by incorporating the definition of “reside” in the general venue statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1391(c)(2), into § 1400(b). See VE Holding Corp. v. Johnson Gas Appliance Co., 917 F.2d 1574, 1584 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (holding that changes to the general venue statute meant that, in patent cases, corporations reside in every venue where personal jurisdiction is proper). Thus, Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 10 Filed: 11/05/2020 10 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS if personal jurisdiction over an ANDA filer could be ob- tained in any district where that filer intended to market the generic product described in the ANDA, then venue un- der § 1400(b) would be proper in the same district because the ANDA filer would be deemed to “reside” there for venue purposes as well. The practical significance of Acorda was markedly con- tracted when the Supreme Court changed the venue land- scape for patent cases in TC Heartland. That decision not only overturned VE Holding and its progeny, it reopened the effectively resolved question of where Hatch-Waxman cases could be venued. When faced with other questions growing out of TC Heartland, we have narrowly construed the requirements of venue in patent cases. In Cray, for example, we narrowly construed § 1400(b)’s requirement of a “regular and estab- lished place of business.” 871 F.3d at 1361 (“[T]he require- ment of venue is specific and unambiguous; it is not one of those vague principles which, in the interests of some over- riding policy, is to be given a liberal construction.” (quoting Schnell v. Peter Eckrich & Sons, Inc., 365 U.S. 260, 264 (1961))). We held that (1) there must be “a physical, geo- graphical location in the district from which the business of the defendant is carried out”; (2) the defendant’s pres- ence “must for a meaningful time period be stable, estab- lished”; and (3) “it must be a place of the defendant.” Id. at 1362–63 (emphasis in original). In In re Google LLC, we further reinforced the narrowness of the venue inquiry by clarifying that the venue statute excludes “agents’ activi- ties, such as maintenance, that are merely connected to, but do not themselves constitute, the defendant’s conduct of business . . . .” 949 F.3d 1338, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2020); see also id. at 1346 (“[T]he Supreme Court has cautioned against a broad reading of the venue statute.”). Consist- ently, we have warned that “[c]ourts should be mindful of [the specific and unambiguous nature of venue] in applying the statute and be careful not to conflate showings that Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 11 Filed: 11/05/2020 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS 11 may be sufficient for other purposes, e.g., personal jurisdic- tion or the general venue statute, with the necessary show- ing to establish proper venue in patent cases.” Cray, 871 F.3d at 1361. We have had no chance since TC Heartland to address the question of where infringement occurs in an ANDA case, however. 7 District courts have struggled with the question and two competing views have emerged. The first significant case to address the question was Bristol-Myers Squibb, 2017 WL 3980155. There, the district court iden- tified what it called “an almost impenetrable problem” of reconciling the venue statute’s use of the present perfect tense (“where the defendant has committed acts of 7 The question of where infringement occurs in the Hatch-Waxman context is unique in its lack of pre-TC Heartland guidance. We answered the “where” question with respect to traditional acts of infringement years ago in extraterritorial infringement cases. See, e.g., Trans- ocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc. v. Maersk Contrac- tors USA, Inc., 617 F.3d 1296, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (stating that the analysis for determining the location of an offer for sale should focus on “the location of the future sale that would occur pursuant to the offer”); Litecubes, LLC v. N. Light Prods., Inc., 523 F.3d 1353, 1369–70 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (holding that an infringing sale may occur in more than one location as a sale has both a physical and a con- ceptual dimension to it); NTP, Inc. v. Research in Motion, Ltd., 418 F.3d 1282, 1317 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“The use of a claimed system under section 271(a) is the place at which the system as a whole is put into service, i.e., the place where control of the system is exercised and beneficial use of the system obtained.”); id. at 1318 (“[A] process cannot be used ‘within’ the United States as required by section 271(a) unless each of the steps is performed within this country.”). Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 12 Filed: 11/05/2020 12 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS infringement” (emphasis added)) with the Hatch-Waxman scheme, which focuses on potential future acts. Id. at *6– 7. Ultimately, the court reasoned that, because the actual substance of ANDA litigation is not about the documents filed with the FDA but about whether potential future con- duct would infringe a valid patent, it must be those future acts that are relevant to the venue analysis. Id. at *8. The court concluded that “[t]he submission of an ANDA is a stand-in that serves to move forward in time the infringe- ment and invalidity challenges that otherwise would come later in time, such as after approval or marketing of the ANDA drug.” Id. And, though acknowledging that it was not controlling of the issue presented, the court noted that our Acorda decision supported the result reached. Id. at *8–10. When faced with the same question a few months later, one district court in the District of New Jersey adopted the reasoning in Bristol-Myers Squibb. See Celgene Corp. v. Hetero Labs Ltd., No. 17-cv-3387-ES-MAH, 2018 WL 1135334, at *3 (D.N.J. Mar. 2, 2018). On that basis, it de- nied a motion to dismiss for improper venue filed by some of the generic defendants in that case. A district court in the Northern District of Texas re- spectfully disagreed with the Delaware court’s reasoning. Galderma Labs., L.P. v. Teva Pharms. USA, Inc., 290 F. Supp. 3d 599, 606–09 (N.D. Tex. 2017). The court con- cluded both that § 1400(b) requires a past infringement and that the plain language of the Hatch-Waxman Act does not identify any act of infringement other than the ANDA submission. Id. at 607–08. The court reasoned that, be- cause the potential future acts that the Hatch-Waxman act anticipates are speculative—many actions never happen precisely because of the litigation—they cannot control the venue of the action. Id. at 608. Noting that Cray warned away from conflating the personal jurisdiction and venue analyses, the court held that only the locations where the Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 13 Filed: 11/05/2020 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS 13 ANDA materials were prepared and from which it was sub- mitted are relevant to the venue analysis. Id. at 608–09. The district court’s opinion in this case took a position akin to that taken by the district court in the Northern Dis- trict of Texas. We agree with the district court that venue is improper in New Jersey as to MPI and Mylan Inc. For the reasons discussed below, we hold that venue in Hatch- Waxman cases must be predicated on past acts of infringe- ment—i.e., acts that occurred before the action alleging in- fringement was filed. And we hold those acts occur only in districts where actions related to the ANDA submission oc- cur. 2. Venue Was Not Available in New Jersey for MPI and Mylan Inc. We review whether venue is proper under § 1400(b) de novo. Westech Aerosol Corp. v. 3M Co., 927 F.3d 1378, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2019). This is an issue unique to patent law and is therefore governed by Federal Circuit precedent. ZTE, 890 F.3d at 1012. We begin our analysis with the plain language of the statutes. At least by the time briefing was complete in this appeal, both parties agreed that § 1400(b) requires a past act of infringement. See Appellees’ Br. 14–21; Appellants’ Reply Br. 5. Specifically, “has committed acts of infringe- ment,” a present perfect phrase, counsels that the acts ac- cused of infringement must have already occurred. This understanding is supported by Congress’s choice of words for the rest of the provision. Congress included two phrases that are plainly in the present tense (“where the defendant resides” and “where the defendant . . . has a regular and established place of business”), indicating that its choice to place the infringement in the past was intentional. The heart of the dispute, therefore, is the nature and scope of the act of infringement defined by 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2). Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 14 Filed: 11/05/2020 14 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS As noted, the Hatch-Waxman Act makes it “an act of infringement to submit [an ANDA] for a drug claimed in a patent or the use of which is claimed in a patent . . . if the purpose of such submission is to obtain approval under such Act to engage in the commercial manufacture, use, or sale of a drug . . . claimed in a patent or the use of which is claimed in a patent before the expiration of such patent.” 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2). A plain language reading of this pro- vision directs us to the conclusion that it is the submission of the ANDA, and only the submission, that constitutes an act of infringement in this context. Valeant makes several arguments as to why we should understand § 271(e)(2) as encompassing more. None persuade us to reach a different conclusion. Valeant first argues that the Hatch-Waxman act of in- fringement is “artificial” and, therefore, requires us to look to planned future conduct to define what is really infring- ing. Appellants’ Br. 21–25. The Supreme Court, our court, and district courts have referred to the ANDA submission as an “artificial act of infringement.” See, e.g., Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc., 496 U.S. 661, 678 (1990); Acorda, 817 F.3d at 760; Belcher Pharms., LLC v. Int’l Medication Sys., Ltd., 379 F. Supp. 3d 326, 330 (D. Del. 2019). The Hatch-Waxman Act itself never says the act that consti- tutes infringement is artificial, however. It speaks in real terms—submission of the ANDA is the infringing act. It does so, moreover, after declaring other acts, which other- wise may have been infringing, to be non-infringing when undertaken solely for purposes of requesting regulatory ap- proval to market a drug—i.e., solely for purposes of submit- ting the ANDA. 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1). Thus, the statute “artificially” declares certain very real acts of infringement to be non-infringing acts and other acts that would not oth- erwise constitute infringement to be acts of infringement. But, in both instances the result is real; the statute deline- ates which acts may or may not give rise to a cause of action under the Hatch-Waxman Act. The language used by Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 15 Filed: 11/05/2020 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS 15 courts to characterize Hatch-Waxman cases does not change that an ANDA submission is a real, albeit statuto- rily created, act of infringement. See Eli Lilly, 496 U.S. at 678 (The Hatch-Waxman Act creates “a highly artificial act of infringement that consists of submitting an ANDA.” (em- phasis added)). Valeant next focuses on the nature and substance of Hatch-Waxman litigation and argues that the act of in- fringement must encompass more than just submission of the ANDA. Appellants’ Br. 24–25. As noted, it is true that the judicial inquiry on the merits once an action has been commenced considers the ANDA defendant’s potential fu- ture conduct—i.e., whether the conduct in which that de- fendant would like to engage would infringe a valid patent. The content of the litigation does not, however, turn poten- tial future acts into past infringement. Under the plain language of the statute, the only past infringing act is the ANDA submission, which creates the right to bring suit in the first instance. The result of virtually all Hatch-Wax- man litigation is, moreover, that no post-submission in- fringement happens. Sales and offers for sale of the ANDA product are either non-infringing as determined through the litigation, or such acts typically never occur. In that ordinary circumstance (where there is no at-risk market entry of the generic), the only concrete locations that will ever be touched by a non-hypothetical past act of infringe- ment are those connected to the submission of the ANDA itself. Valeant also argues that congressional intent supports its interpretation. Appellants’ Br. 34–39. Valeant argues that Congress must have meant to allow venue in all the places that might have been available had a generic en- tered the market at-risk. The statute does not say that, however. Importantly, the Supreme Court told us several things in TC Heartland. First, that its own decision in Fourco Glass Co. v. Transmirra Products Corp., 353 U.S. 222 (1957), made clear that Congress enacted § 1400(b) in Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 16 Filed: 11/05/2020 16 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS 1948 to be a standalone venue statute for patent cases. TC Heartland, 137 S. Ct. at 1519. Second, that the term “re- sides” in the first clause of § 1400(b) was meant to have the same meaning in 1948 as the term “inhabits” had in the earlier version of that statute—i.e., that corporations were only subject to suit in patent cases under the first clause of § 1400(b) in their state of incorporation. Id. Third, that Congress expressed no intention to alter either clause of § 1400 in 1988 when it enacted amendments to the general venue statute and made that intention even clearer when it enacted the current version of the general venue statute in 2011. Id. at 1521. Given this guidance, we similarly must assume that, when Congress enacted the Hatch-Wax- man Act in 1984, it did so with a clear understanding of where § 1400(b) allowed patent actions to be commenced at that time. And, we must assume that, when it excepted Hatch-Waxman cases from the new joinder provisions for patent cases enacted in 2011, Congress understood that it was not sub silentio also excepting Hatch-Waxman cases from 1400(b). As the Court noted in TC Heartland, when Congress intends to effect a change as sweeping as a revi- sion to § 1400(b), “it ordinarily provides a relatively clear indication of its intent in the text” of the statute. Id. at 1520 (citing United States v. Madigan, 300 U.S. 500, 506 (1937)). We can glean no such clear guidance from the text of the Hatch-Waxman Act. Valeant further contends that the second clause of the patent venue statute, allowing venue where an act of in- fringement occurs if the accused infringer has a regular and established place of business, is rendered superfluous by a plain-language reading of the statute. Appellants’ Br. 25–26. Surely, a statute should be interpreted to give all of its provisions meaning. Corley v. United States, 556 U.S. 303, 314 (2009). But Valeant’s argument fails to recognize that the second clause retains meaning in every other type of patent infringement case and will be operative in every Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 17 Filed: 11/05/2020 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS 17 Hatch-Waxman case where the ANDA is submitted from a venue different than the submitter’s place of incorporation. Next, Valeant argues that we should hold that an ANDA submission is a nationwide act of infringement based on a “conceptual” aspect beyond the literal act de- fined in the statute. Appellants’ Br. 28; Appellants’ Reply Br. 16–21. It cites Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drill- ing, Inc. v. Maersk Contractors USA, Inc., 617 F.3d 1296, 1309–11 (Fed. Cir. 2010), where we considered which loca- tions can logically be said to be the locations of sales and offers for sale in patent cases. We held that those acts can occur in more than one location. The analysis looks to both the location of the parties at the time of contracting and to the location of anticipated performance. Valeant argues for a similar, but markedly more expansive, analysis in this case. Valeant would have us hold that the literal act of in- fringement—submission of the ANDA—encompasses a vast “conceptual” element of nationwide infringement in every judicial district. While we have held that sales and offers for sale have both physical and conceptual elements, see Litecubes, LLC v. N. Light Prods., Inc., 523 F.3d 1353, 1369–70 (Fed. Cir. 2008), the conceptual elements in those cases were connected to common law understandings of “sales” and “offers for sale.” There is no analogous common law here that would compel a conclusion that submitting an ANDA has a purely conceptual effect of causing in- fringement everywhere in the United States. To reach such a broad interpretation of the infringing act, without any textual hook in the statute, would be a bridge too far. Valeant does have strong policy reasons for adopting its reading of the statutes. For example, a generic company may “game” the system to avoid venue in certain jurisdic- tions. Appellants’ Reply Br. 20. And brand name drug companies may “be required to file and maintain largely identical suits in multiple districts” causing an increase in time and expense to resolve the cases and “result[ing] in inconsistent judgments.” Bristol-Myers Squibb, 2017 WL Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 18 Filed: 11/05/2020 18 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS 3980155, at *12 n.17. While intuitively persuasive, these policy arguments cannot trump the plain language of § 271(e)(2) and the requirements of § 1400(b). We are, as we must be, guided in our analysis by controlling precedent stating that venue is not amenable to such policy concerns. See Cray, 871 F.3d at 1361 (quoting Schnell, 365 U.S. at 264). Congress can revise the two statutes to the extent it finds these, or other, policy concerns compelling; all we can do is give the statutes their current plain meaning. Finally, Valeant looks to Acorda. Appellants’ Br. 29– 33. Acorda did not, however, address proper venue—a question of statutory interpretation. It was focused on the narrow constitutional question of whether minimum con- tacts were present for purposes of personal jurisdiction based on the ANDA submission. We held that submission with an intent to distribute the generic product in a given state was sufficient for personal jurisdiction purposes. Acorda, 817 F.3d at 762. Acorda said nothing about whether an act of infringement had already occurred in any such state or venue. While our then-current venue law meant Acorda had a big impact on the venue analysis in Hatch-Waxman cases, we did not address venue in the case. And, though our venue law has changed, we cannot stretch Acorda to reach that issue now. As we indicated then, we would be remiss to treat venue and personal ju- risdiction as the same inquiry. See id. at 763. Accordingly, we hold that, in Hatch-Waxman cases, venue is not proper in all judicial districts where a generic product specified in an ANDA is likely to be distributed. It is proper only in those districts that are sufficiently related to the ANDA submission—in those districts where acts oc- curred that would suffice to categorize those taking them as a “submitter” under § 271(e). We find ourselves bound by the plain language of the statutes and a directive from the Supreme Court that venue “is not one of those vague principles which, in the interest of some overriding policy, Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 19 Filed: 11/05/2020 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS 19 is to be given a liberal construction.” Schnell, 365 U.S. at 264 (internal quotation marks omitted). The district court found that no act involved in the sub- mitting of the ANDA occurred in New Jersey. Valeant does not challenge that finding on appeal. We therefore affirm the district court’s dismissal of MPI and Mylan Inc. for im- proper venue. 8 B. Venue Is Proper for MLL in New Jersey The district court decision clearly articulates, and it is undisputed, that MLL is properly subject to venue in any judicial district, including the District of New Jersey. See Valeant Pharms., 2019 WL 4179832, at *3 n.2; see also In re HTC Corp., 889 F.3d 1349, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2018). The court’s conclusion dismissing the complaint as to all de- fendants after only evaluating Mylan’s venue argument is, therefore, incongruous. Mylan invites us to affirm on an alternative basis by holding, in the first instance, that Va- leant failed to state a claim against MLL and that the dis- trict court likely understood that fact. Appellees’ Br. 44– 46. Whether MLL can be held answerable to claims of 8 The district court’s suggestion that an act of in- fringement for purposes of this case may have occurred in the District of Maryland where the FDA received the ANDA is not challenged in this appeal. While it may well be that the District of Maryland satisfies the test for venue that we have laid out here, we do not resolve that question. We also do not define what all relevant acts involved in the preparation and submission of an ANDA might be, leaving those questions for other cases where the precise contours are presented and briefed. We do agree with the Delaware district court, however, that acts protected by the safe har- bor provisions in § 271(e) are non-infringing for all pur- poses, including venue. See Bristol-Myers Squibb, 2017 WL 3980155, at *7, 11. Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 20 Filed: 11/05/2020 20 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS infringement in this case turns on whether MLL’s involve- ment in the submission of the ANDA is sufficient for it to be considered a “submitter,” and thus, amenable to suit. See Rosuvastatin, 703 F.3d at 527–29. For purposes of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must decide whether Vale- ant plausibly alleged sufficient involvement on the part of MLL. See, e.g., Galderma, 290 F. Supp. 3d at 615–18; Cephalon, Inc. v. Watson Pharms., Inc., 629 F. Supp. 2d 338, 349 (D. Del. 2009). Mylan points to paragraph 29 of the complaint and says Valeant unambiguously asserted that only MPI was involved in submitting the ANDA. Ap- pellees’ Br. 44 (citing J.A. 153, ¶ 29). But, as Valeant notes, there are eight other paragraphs in the complaint assert- ing that “Mylan”—defined to encompass all three enti- ties—“submitted” the ANDA and materials related to it. J.A. 154–64, ¶¶ 35, 46, 57, 68, 79, 90, 101, 112. The district court may well find that these paragraphs are sufficient to state a claim against MLL, despite the phrasing in para- graph 29, or that leave to amend to clarify any apparent confusion would be appropriate. We thus reverse the dis- trict court’s venue-based dismissal of MLL and remand for further consideration. 9 III. CONCLUSION While, as noted, we are sympathetic to the policy con- cerns associated with limited venue for Hatch-Waxman cases, especially those relating to lost judicial efficiencies in the handling of these mostly multi-defendant cases, we are compelled to our conclusion by the plain language of 9 The district court also did not answer whether a claim under § 271(e) has been stated against Mylan Inc. Because we affirm the dismissal of Mylan Inc. under Rule 12(b)(3), we do not address the district court’s failure to consider the motion as to that entity under Rule 12(b)(6). Case: 19-2402 Document: 72 Page: 21 Filed: 11/05/2020 VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS v. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS 21 the two statutes at issue. 10 We therefore affirm the district court’s dismissal of Valeant’s complaint as to MPI and Mylan Inc. for improper venue. As to MLL, because venue is proper in New Jersey for any foreign defendant, we re- verse the district court’s dismissal and remand. AFFIRMED-IN-PART, REVERSED-IN-PART, AND REMANDED COSTS No costs. 10 While cumbersome for these types of cases, 28 U.S.C. § 1407 is at least a viable path for consolidation of these cases for pretrial purposes.