This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.
Before
MONAHAN, STEPHENS, and DEERWESTER
Appellate Military Judges
_________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Kenneth OLAYA
Quartermaster Third Class (E-4), U.S. Navy
Appellant
No. 201900211
Decided: 16 November 2020
Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary
Military Judge:
Arthur L. Gaston III
Sentence adjudged 22 March 2019 by a general court-martial con-
vened at Naval Support Activity, Naples, Italy, consisting of officer
members. Sentence approved by the convening authority: confinement
for fifteen months, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to
E-1, and a dishonorable discharge.
For Appellant:
Captain Marcus N. Fulton, JAGC, USN
For Appellee:
Lieutenant Gregory A. Rustico, JAGC, USN
Lieutenant Joshua C. Fiveson, JAGC, USN
Judge DEERWESTER delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
Chief Judge MONAHAN and Senior Judge STEPHENS joined.
United States v. Olaya, NMCCA No. 201900211
Opinion of the Court
_________________________
This opinion does not serve as binding precedent but
may be cited as persuasive authority under
NMCCA Rule of Appellate Procedure 30.2.
_________________________
DEERWESTER, Judge:
Appellant was convicted, contrary to his pleas, of one specification of
attempted child sex trafficking, one specification of attempted enticement of
child prostitution, one specification of attempted illicit sexual conduct in a
foreign place, and one specification of patronizing prostitutes in violation of
Article 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice [UCMJ], as well as one
specification of attempted sexual assault of a child, in violation of Article 80,
UCMJ. 1
Appellant asserts two assignments of error [AOEs]: (1) the evidence is not
factually sufficient because the Government did not prove beyond a reasona-
ble doubt that the fictional child involved in the attempted sexual assault of a
child specification was less than sixteen years old and that Appellant was not
entrapped; and (2) Appellant deserves a corrected promulgating order which
accurately reflects language in the specification struck pre-trial. We find no
prejudicial error and affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant, a twenty-five-year-old Sailor assigned to USS TYPHOON (PC
5) in Bahrain, was contacted on a dating application by a woman named
“Kanya.” 2 Kanya told Appellant she was a Thai prostitute. But she was
actually a special agent with the Naval Criminal Investigative Service
[NCIS]. Kanya asked Appellant if he was interested in sponsoring a young
Thai prostitute to live with him in his apartment; he could keep a portion of
her earnings and also have sex with her as much as he desired. Appellant
1 10 U.S.C. §§ 934, 880. The military judge conditionally dismissed the attempted
enticement of child prostitution and attempted illicit sexual conduct in a foreign
place specifications based on an unreasonable multiplication of charges.
2 All names in this opinion, other than those of Appellant, the judges, and coun-
sel, are pseudonyms.
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United States v. Olaya, NMCCA No. 201900211
Opinion of the Court
expressed his interest and they switched to chatting over a more secure social
media application. When asked by NCIS about his prostitute preferences,
Appellant told Kanya he preferred a “younger” girl and she responded, “Great
I have one 16 coming from Thailand very soon.” 3 Appellant and Kanya
arranged to meet at a hotel close to Appellant’s apartment on the following
Wednesday, which was 3 January 2018. Kanya asked Appellant to bring two
condoms and 10 Bahraini Dinar 4 in a plastic bag. Appellant asked if Kanya
had any girls who were immediately available, but she replied that she did
not.
A couple of days after their initial conversation, Kanya messaged Appel-
lant and told him the child-prostitute—“Laya”—would be turning sixteen on
the day after their scheduled meeting at the hotel. Laya’s purported 16th
birthday was Thursday, 4 January 2018. Kanya told Appellant, “Laya 16th
birthday on thursday so u can bring Preisent LOL. U are Present,” 5 to which
Appellant responded “Lol that’s good.” 6
In the interim, Appellant and Kanya discussed logistics about the hotel
and other plans so he could meet the fifteen-year-old Laya for sex in a hotel
room. On Wednesday, 3 January 2018—the day of the scheduled rendez-
vous—Appellant and Kanya communicated back and forth about when
Appellant could arrive due to his work schedule. Finally, at 1856, Appellant
messaged Kanya that he was en route to the hotel in his car. He arrived,
parked, and went to the front desk for his key to Room 1105. At 1945,
Appellant messaged Kanya “Okay. She in there? Not there.” 7 At approxi-
mately 2000, NCIS special agents who were expecting Appellant, apprehend-
ed him outside of Room 1105. This was about four hours before Laya would
have turned sixteen had she been an actual person.
3 Pros. Ex. 4 at 2.
4 The Bahraini Dinar is the national currency of the Kingdom of Bahrain.
5 Id. at 6.
6 Id.
7 Id. at 12.
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Opinion of the Court
II. DISCUSSION
A. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
We review Appellant’s convictions for legal and factual sufficiency de
novo. 8 The test for factual sufficiency is whether “after weighing the evidence
in the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally
observed the witnesses, [this Court is] convinced of [A]ppellant’s guilt beyond
a reasonable doubt.” 9 In conducting this unique appellate function, we take “a
fresh, impartial look at the evidence,” applying “neither a presumption of
innocence nor a presumption of guilt” to “make [our] own independent
determination as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required
element beyond a reasonable doubt.” 10 When conducting this review, we are
“limited to the evidence presented at trial.” 11 Proof beyond a reasonable doubt
does not mean, however, that the evidence must be free from conflict. 12
When testing for legal sufficiency, we look at “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable
factfinder could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable
doubt.” 13
To sustain an attempt conviction under Article 80, UCMJ, the Govern-
ment must prove beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) that Appellant made a
certain overt act; (2) that amounted to more than mere preparation; (3) that
apparently tended to effect the commission of a crime; and (4) that the act
was done with specific intent to commit an offense under the UCMJ. 14 Here,
the underlying offense was sexual assault of a child.
8 UCMJ art. 66; United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002).
9 United States v. Rosario, 76 M.J. 114, 117 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (citation, internal
quotation marks, and emphasis omitted).
10 Washington, 57 M.J. at 399.
11 United States v. Pease, 75 M.J. 180, 184 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (quoting United States
v. Beatty, 64 M.J. 456, 458 (C.A.A.F. 2007)).
12 United States v. Goode, 54 M.J. 836, 841 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2001).
13 United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324 (C.M.A. 1987) (citing Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); see also United States v. Robinson, 77 M.J. 294, 297-98
(C.A.A.F. 2018)
14 10 U.S.C. § 880.
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Opinion of the Court
We have previously held that a substantial step must be “an act that is
strongly corroborative of the firmness of the accused’s criminal intent.” 15 It
must “unequivocally demonstrat[e] that the crime will take place unless
interrupted by independent circumstances.” 16 Travel has traditionally
constituted a substantial step in prosecution for child sex assault cases. 17
Appellant challenges whether the Government proved beyond a reasona-
ble doubt that the fictitious victim in this case was under sixteen when he
was apprehended. Confusion as to the age resulted from a poorly planned
NCIS sting operation in which Appellant was originally told the fictitious
victim was sixteen years old, but then later told she actually was about to
turn sixteen the day after the arranged meeting. Complicating the operation
even more, the fictitious victim was to arrive in Bahrain from Thailand, on 3
January 2018, which was the day before she turned sixteen. Appellant
correctly points out that there is a four hour time difference between
Thailand and Bahrain, such that 0001 in Thailand is 2001 the day before in
Bahrain. Although the original meeting was planned for 1730 (Bahrain time)
on 3 January, Appellant did not actually arrive at the hotel until 1945, when
he was arrested outside the fictitious victim’s hotel room.
Although the contrived time of the fictitious victim’s birthday made it
difficult for the Government to prove its case, we are convinced it established
all the required elements beyond a reasonable doubt. Appellant knew the
fictitious victim was only fifteen years old four days before their meeting.
Once he learned she was fifteen, and that he would be her “birthday present,”
he replied “LOL that’s good.” He then spent the next several days requesting
pictures; asked Kanya if she was in Bahrain yet, and proposed meeting her
earlier in the day of the scheduled meeting. Appellant then clarified what he
was to bring, and headed toward the hotel around 1900 due to an unexpected
call-back from work. Once he arrived, he immediately went to the front desk
15 United States v. Williamson, 42 M.J. 613, 616 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 1995)
(citing United States v. Byrd, 24 M.J. 286 (C.M.A. 1987)).
16 United States v. Wincklemann, 70 M.J. 403, 407 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (quoting
United States v. Goetzke, 494 F.3d 1231, 1237 (9th Cir. 2007)).
17 See, e.g., United States v. Beltran, No. 201500270, 2017 CCA LEXIS 96 (N-M.
Ct. Crim. App. Feb. 14, 2017) (unpublished op.); United States v. Grina, No.
201700008, 2018 CCA LEXIS 61 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. Feb. 8, 2018) (unpublished
op.); (United States v. Keeter, No. 201700119, 2018 CCA LEXIS 474 (N-M. Ct. Crim.
App. Oct. 3, 2018) (unpublished op.).
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Opinion of the Court
as directed, and then went to Room 1105—also as directed. It is there that he
was apprehended.
Appellant committed all elements of the offense prior to the fictitious
victim’s 16th birthday. 18 Once he decided to travel to the room, he took a
substantial step that amounted to more than mere preparation. The Court of
Appeals for the Armed Forces has “recognized that a substantial step could
be comprised of something as benign as travel, arranging a meeting, or
making hotel reservations.” 19 Appellant did two of these three, and was
instructed to make use of the hotel reservations. He did all of this while the
fictitious prostitute was still only fifteen, regardless of the time zone used to
calculate the exact moment of her fictitious sixteenth birthday.
The case against Appellant was strong. His own words were captured by
the NCIS special agent during the investigation and admitted into evidence.
He was apprehended in the arranged hotel, immediately outside the room
where the NCIS special agent told him a fifteen-year-old girl was waiting to
have sex with him. Though he did not have the two condoms he was told to
bring, he did bring all other items discussed prior to the meeting. After
carefully reviewing the record of trial and considering all of the evidence in a
light most favorable to the prosecution, we are convinced a rational factfinder
could have found Appellant attempted to sexually assault a child under the
age of sixteen. Also, having weighed all the Government and Defense
evidence admitted at trial and made allowances for not having personally
observed the witnesses, we too are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of
Appellant’s guilt to the charges and specifications.
B. Entrapment
At trial, Appellant asserted the affirmative defense of entrapment. The
military judge properly instructed the members under Rule for Courts-
Martial [R.C.M.] 916(g). On appeal, Appellant again claims the Government
entrapped him and therefore his convictions are both legally and factually
insufficient. Because we find the Government did not induce Appellant into
his actions, and Appellant acted according to his predisposition, he was not
entrapped.
18 Even if this Court were to find the fictitious victim turned sixteen at 2000 in
Bahrain, as Appellant has urged, all elements of the offense were committed prior to
2000, while the fictitious victim was still only fifteen.
19 United States v. Hale, 78 M.J. 268, 272 (C.A.A.F. 2019).
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Opinion of the Court
1. Inducement
For the Government to entrap someone, it must first engage in some kind
of inducement. 20 Inducement requires more than the Government simply
providing the “opportunity or facilities to commit the crime” but must rise to
the level of “conduct that creates a substantial risk that an undisposed
person or otherwise law-abiding citizen would commit the offense.” 21
Inducement may take the form of pleas, coercion, threats, or fraudulent
representations.
Appellant argues the Government agent posing as “Kanya” induced him
to action. Specifically, Appellant points out that the NCIS special agent
proposed the arrangement, and first told Appellant that the prostitute was
already sixteen years old. Only after an agreement was made to meet the
prostitute did the girl’s age get lowered to fifteen. As such, Appellant
contends the Government did not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that
Appellant had a predisposition to commit the offense and was not induced.
In reviewing the conversations, we do not agree with Appellant’s charac-
terization. When the NCIS special agent suggested Appellant house a Thai
prostitute in his Bahrain apartment, he immediately accepted. Once NCIS
told Appellant to switch the conversation to a more secure platform,
Appellant immediately did so, again showing interest for both the girl and
the arrangement. When the basic arrangement was agreed to, Appellant
asked several questions about specifics, to include whether Kanya had
additional girls that could live with him. When asked whether he preferred
younger or older prostitutes, Appellant immediately replied “younger.” When
told Laya would actually only turn sixteen after they met to have sex,
Appellant replied “LOL,” and asked to meet with the now-fifteen-year-old
prostitute earlier than the arranged time. For an additional three days after
learning that Laya was only fifteen, Appellant clarified what he needed to
bring to the meeting; asked for several pictures of the young prostitute; and
tried to negotiate an earlier time on the day of the arranged meeting.
Even if Appellant’s view of the communications was accurate, this would
still not rise to the level of Government inducement. We do not agree that an
undisposed person or an ordinary law-abiding person would be induced to
sexual contact with a fifteen-year-old girl merely by an invitation to profit
20 United States v. Howell, 36 M.J. 354, 359-60 (C.M.A. 1993).
21 United States v. Hall, 56 M.J. 432, 436-37 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citations and
internal quotation marks omitted).
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Opinion of the Court
from her earnings. We further do not agree that an undisposed person would
be induced to sexual contact with a fifteen year old with a gift of an expensive
hotel room in Bahrain.
2. Predisposition
A predisposition is demonstrated when “a person accepts a criminal offer
without being offered extraordinary inducements.” 22 The Government is not
required to have evidence of an accused’s criminal activity before approach-
ing. 23 Here, we find no “extraordinary inducements” in the communications
between the NCIS special agent and Appellant. The overall tone of the
conversation was a straightforward agreement to house a “younger”
prostitute that Appellant was told was about to turn sixteen. The Govern-
ment did not use an elaborate or confusing scheme, in which an innocent
person could inadvertently cross the threshold of misconduct. 24
It was Appellant and not NCIS who requested to meet the fifteen year old
multiple times. It was Appellant who repeatedly wanted to see pictures of the
child prostitute, clarified what items he was to bring, and whether Kanya
had other younger prostitutes for him to both sleep as well as live with. It
was Appellant who chose to arrive the day before the girl’s 16th birthday to
have sex with her, after discussing the possibility of moving the date to the
following day. Appellant’s own actions demonstrated his predisposition to the
criminal conduct.
C. Error in Promulgating Order
The court-martial order [CMO] does not accurately reflect Appellant’s
findings. Pursuant to a motion for a minor change made by the Government,
the military judge narrowed the language of Specification 4 of Charge I, by
striking the language “between March 2017 and”—leaving a specific month
and date of the alleged violation vice a range. 25 The CMO does not reflect this
minor change. Although we find no prejudice from this scrivener’s error,
22United States v. Bell, 38 M.J. 358, 360 (C.M.A. 1993) (quoting United States v.
Evans, 924 F.2d 714, 718 (7th Cir. 1991)).
23 Id. (citing United States v. Swets, 563 F.2d 989, 991 (10th Cir. 1977), cert.
denied, 434 U.S. 1022 (1978)).
24See, e.g., Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540 (1992) (finding the govern-
ment enticed appellant into purchase of explicit materials in complicated scheme
mixing legal and political materials with illegal explicit materials).
25 R. at 162.
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Opinion of the Court
Appellant is entitled to have court-martial records that correctly reflect the
content of his proceeding. 26
III. CONCLUSION
After careful consideration of Appellant’s assigned error, the record of
trial, and the parties’ submissions, we conclude the findings are correct in
law and fact. Accordingly, the findings are AFFIRMED.
The supplemental CMO shall reflect an accurate summary of Appellant’s
pleas and findings. The CMO shall except out the words “between March
2017 and,” from Specification 4 of Charge I.
Chief Judge MONAHAN and Senior Judge STEPHENS concur.
FOR THE COURT:
RODGER A. DREW, JR.
Clerk of Court
26 United States v. Crumpley, 49 M.J. 538, 539 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 1998).
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