*2275 Decedent took out certain policies of insurance on his own life, in all of which policies he had the right to change beneficiaries up until the date of his death. The policies were taken out prior to the passage of the Revenue Act of 1918. The beneficiaries who received the proceeds of the policies were named after the passage of the Revenue Act of 1921, and the decedent died while that act was in force. Held that the excess of the proceeds of the policies over the sum of $40,000 should be included in decedent's gross estate.
*1012 This proceeding is for the redetermination of an alleged deficiency in estate tax amounting to $819.63. The petitioners allege error on the part of the respondent in including in decedent's gross estate *1013 the proceeds of certain life insurance policies payable to specific beneficiaries. The facts were stipulated.
FINDINGS OF FACT.
Herbert E. Cushman died December 27, 1923. At the time of the decedent's death the amount of insurance payable to specific beneficiaries, that is, to beneficiaries*2276 other than decedent's estate or executor, under policies taken out by decedent on his own life, amounted to $96,179.61. The dates on which the insurance policies in question were taken out, and the amounts payable thereon at the date of the decedent's death, are as follows:
| Aug. 10, 1904 | $20,204.27 |
| Aug. 11, 1905 | 10,955.00 |
| June 27, 1908 | |
| June 14, 1912 | 25,008.31 |
| June 27, 1912 | |
| Dec. 18, 1910 | $10,973.46 |
| Aug. 16, 1912 | 9,038.57 |
| June 27, 1913 | 20,000.00 |
| Total | 96,179.61 |
The right to change beneficiaries was specifically reserved to the decedent up to the date of his death with respect to all of the foregoing policies of insurance with the exception of the one taken out December 18, 1910. That policy, payable in the amount of $10,943.46, became payable to decedent's estate upon the death of decedent's wife on May 20, 1922. However, on May 29, 1922, the policy was assigned by decedent to his daughters, with power of revocation retained, but which power was never exercised. The beneficiaries, at the date of decedent's death, under all the other policies were named by him subsequent to the passage of the Revenue Act of 1921.
Upon the date of the decedent's*2277 death, through the right to change the beneficiaries, he had the power to surrender and cancel all the policies in question, to pledge them as securities for loans, and to dispose of them and their proceeds for his own benefit. In computing the estate tax due from the petitioners the respondent included in the gross and net assets of decedent $56,179.61 of the insurance payable under the policies in question to specific beneficiaries.
OPINION.
SMITH: The issue before us is whether the respondent properly included the sum of $56,179.61 in the decedent's gross estate. Section 402 of the Revenue Act of 1921 provides:
That the value of the gross estate of the decedent shall be determined by including the value at the time of his death of all property, real or personal, tangible or intangible, wherever situated -
* * *
(c) To the extent of any interest therein of which the decedent has at any time made a transfer, or with respect to which he has at any time created a *1014 trust, in contemplation of or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after his death (whether such transfer or trust is made or created before or after the passage of this Act), *2278 except in case of a bona fide sale for a fair consideration in money or money's worth. * * *
* * *
(f) To the extent of the amount receivable by the executor as insurance under policies taken out by the decedent upon his own life; and to the extent of the excess over $40,000 of the amount receivable by all other beneficiaries as insurance under policies taken out by the decedent upon his own life.
Counsel for petitioners, on brief, contends that insurance proceeds paid to a specific beneficiary as the result of the death of an insured during the existence of the Revenue Act of 1921, under a policy of insurance taken out by the insured prior to the enactment of any estate-tax law, are not subject to an estate tax as part of the insured's gross and net estates, even though the insured retains the right to change the beneficiary up to the date of his death, and even though the beneficiary is actually named by the insured after the passage of the Revenue Act of 1921, section 402(f) of that act not being retroactive to cover such a transaction.
In support of this contention counsel for petitioners argues, rather negatively, that the proper conclusion to be drawn from a consideration*2279 of , , and , is that the proceeds of the insurance policies taken out by a decedent long prior to the enactment of the estate-tax laws are not to be included in his gross estate subject to an estate tax, even though the insured retained the right to change beneficiaries up to the date of his death.
He points out that in , the policies were all taken out prior to the enactment of the Revenue Act of 1918, which act was in effect at the time of the decedent's death, and that the beneficiaries were all named prior to the enactment of that act. He shows that in , the policies were all taken out subsequent to the passage of the Revenue Act of 1921, which act was in effect at the time of decedent's death. In the case at bar all the beneficiaries were named prior to the passage of the Revenue Act of 1921, and the insured retained the right to change all beneficiaries up to the date of his death. *2280 With respect to , he claims that, unlike the other two cases, it did not involve the taxability of the proceeds of insurance policies, but involved a question as to whether the corpus of certain trusts should be included as part of the decedent's estate and taxed.
However, with respect to , the Court of Claims, in , said:
*1015 Plaintiff's contention is obviously based upon what we conceive to be a misconception of the meaning of certain language appearing in the opinion of the court in that case, to wit:
"Not only are such doubts avoided by construing the statute as referring only to transactions taking place after it was passed, but the general principle 'that the laws are not to be considered as applying to cases which arose before their passage' is preserved, when to disregard it would be to impose an unexpected liability that if known might have induced those concerned to avoid it and to use their money in other ways. * * *"
The "transactions taking place after it was passed" obviously refer*2281 to transactions with respect to the policies after they were taken out. In that case it was sought to impose the estate tax upon life insurance on the life of the testator, payable, either by original contract or by assignment, to the wife and daughter. The testator, prior to the enactment of any estate tax act, had divested himself and his estate of every vestige of interest in said policies or the proceeds thereof, and these are the transactions which the court was considering when it used the language quoted above. * * *
In , we said:
Petitioners' arguments against the application of the taxing statute so as to include in decedent's estate the proceeds of insurance policies taken out prior to the enactment of the law are disposed of by the principles laid down in , and . The former case holds that the proceeds of insurance policies on decedent's life taken out while the Revenue Act of 1921 was in effect should be included in the gross estate, and the principles established*2282 in that case are applied in the Northern Trust Co. case to revocable trusts created before the enactment of the statute, because "a transfer made subject to a power of revocation in the transferor, terminable at his death, is not complete until his death" and hence the taxing act" is not retroactive since his death follows the passage of the statute."
In the Weiller case, supra, the statutory provisions under consideration were those contained in the Revenue Act of 1924, which specifically provided, inter alia, that the section of that act corresponding to section 402(f) of the Revenue Act of 1921 should apply to transfers, trusts, estates, interests, rights, powers, etc., whether made, created, arising, existing, exercised, or relinquished before or after the enactment of the Revenue Act of 1924. When viewed in the light of the principles enunciated in , and , we can see no difference between the Weiller case and the instant proceeding, and we are of the opinion that the respondent properly included the sum of $56,179.61 in decedent's gross*2283 estate.
Judgment will be entered for the respondent.