*1010 Petitioner was organized in 1928 by the Texas Corporation and Empire Gas & Fuel Co., for the purpose of constructing a pipe line from the Mid-Continent oil area to Illinois and Indiana, where subsidiaries of the two corporations had refineries. Petitioner, in order to comply with Illinois law, organized a subsidiary corporation to construct and own that part of its line located in that state. On December 1, 1932, the subsidiary was liquidated and its assets were conveyed to petitioner, which surrendered for cancellation its stock of the subsidiary, canceled the latter's indebtedness to it, and assumed the latter's indebtedness to others. Held, petitioner is taxable upon such liquidation and the assets received should be appraised at a figure giving effect to their value as a "going concern"; held, further, that a dividend declared and paid by the subsidiary to petitioner on November 30, 1932, was a liquidating dividend.
*368 This proceeding comes before the Board on respondent's determination of a deficiency of $1,274,902.41 in petitioner's*1011 income tax for the calendar year 1932. Petitioner claims an overpayment of $126,785.75. *369 The issues are: (1) Whether petitioner realized a gain or sustained a loss upon liquidation of its subsidiary corporation on December 1, 1932, and the amount thereof; and (2) whether a dividend of $312,572.50 declared and paid by the subsidiary on November 30, 1932, the day next preceding that of liquidation, was an ordinary or a liquidating dividend, the respondent contending that it was the latter.
The facts were all stipulated except the ultimate fact of fair market value itself, upon which both parties introduced expert testimony. We have found this ultimate fact and appended it to the stipulation.
FINDINGS OF FACT.
In the fall of 1928, the Texas Corporation and Empire Gas & Fuel Co., whose subsidiary corporations were producers of crude oil in the Mid Continent area, agreed to cooperate in the construction of a pipe line system principally for the joint requirements of their subsidiaries for the transportation of crude oil from the Mid-Continent area to the refineries of their subsidiaries in Illinois and Indiana. Accordingly, on October 31, 1928, they organized petitioner*1012 under the laws of the State of Delawere, with an authorized capital stock of $18,000,000, divided into 720,000 shares of common stock of the par value of $25 per share. Paragraph III, (1) and (2), of its certificate of incorporation reads:
III. The objects or purposes for which the corporation is formed and the nature of the business to be carried on, any one or all of which it may pursue in the United States of America and the States, districts, territories and possessions thereof and in foreign countries, are as follows:(1) To engage in and carry on the business of transporting petroleum and its products by pipe line; to construct, purchase or otherwise acquire and to own, maintain and operate, pipe lines, gathering branches, oil tanks, and water and gas lines, in order to carry on such transportation; to acquire by purchase, lease or otherwise, and to own and hold such lands, rights of way, and other property as may be necessary, useful or proper in the construction, maintenance or operation of its pipe line system, including such lands and rights of way as may be necessary, useful or proper for pumping stations, oil tanks, water and gas lines, and telegraph and telephone*1013 lines or other appurtenances in connection with said business; to use the highways, bridges, streets, alleys, or other public places in building constructing and maintaining its pipe lines, as is now or may hereafter be provided by law; to exercise the right of eminent domain when permitted by law for the purpose of acquiring such lands and rights of way as may be necessary, useful or proper in its business; and to construct, maintain and operate telegraph and telephone lines for the purpose of facilitating its said transportation business, but not for the purpose of carrying on a public telegraph or telephone business;
(2) To engage in and carry on the petroleum business and the various branches thereof, including the production, storage, transportation, purchase and sale of oil and gas and their products and by-products, and refining, treating, applying compounding and preparing them for market.
*370 Capital stock of the petitioner of the par value of $16,700,000 was issued equally to the Texas Corporation and Empire Gas & Fuel Co. at par for cash, and these two corporations controlled the petitioner through stock ownership.
The laws of the State of Illinois did not*1014 permit the petition to exercise the right of eminent domain for the purpose of acquiring lands and rights of way within the state. To overcome this obstacle, petitioner, on November 17, 1928, organized a corporation of the same name (hereinafter referred to as the subsidiary) under the laws of the State of Illinois, with an authorized capital stock of $1,000,000. Paragraph III, (1) and (2), of its certificate of incorporation are identical in language with the paragraphs already quoted above from the charter of petitioner.
The subsidiary's entire authorized capital stock of $1,000,000 was immediately issued to petitioner, for which the subsidiary was credited with $1,000,000 on the books of the petitioner; and this stock was thereafter owned by petitioner until the dissolution of the subsidiary.
Construction of a pipe line system from the Mid-Continent area to refineries of the subsidiaries of the Texas Corporation and Empire Gas & Fuel Co. at Lockport and Lawrenceville, Illinois, and at East Chicago, Indiana, was started late in 1928 and completed during October 1929. The states in which the pipe line system was constructed and the number of miles of pipe line in each state, *1015 together with the sizes of the pipes, are as follows:
| Miles of pipe | |||||
| States | 4-inch | 6-inch | 8-inch | 10-inch | 12-inch |
| Oklahoma | 57.35 | 121.37 | |||
| Kansas | 37.62 | ||||
| Missouri | 246.66 | ||||
| Illinois | 31.22 | 137.46 | 260.53 | ||
| Indiana | .01 | 3.47 | 10.47 | ||
| Total | .01 | 34.69 | 137.46 | 57.35 | 676.65 |
The subsidiary owned that part of the pipe line system constructed east of the center of the Mississippi river, including pumping stations at Heyworth, Wilmington, Virginia, Baylis, Broadwell, and Fairbury, in Illinois, and tankage, communication system, and general equipment within the States of Illinois and Indiana.
The subsidiary, on December 3, 1928, filed its first application with the Illinois Commerce Commission for a certificate of public convenience and necessity to construct and operate a pipe line in Illinois; and a certificate was granted by the commission on January 9, 1929.
Prior to the date of the organization of petitioner, and on September *371 25, 1928, a survey of the proposed location of the pipe line system in Illinois was started by the Texas Pipe Line Co. of Oklahoma, a wholly owned corporation of the Texas Corporation. *1016 The survey was completed by the subsidiary on or before September 16, 1929. Acquisition of rights of way in Illinois and Indiana was started September 26, 1928, and completed July 23, 1929. Construction of the pipe line system in Illinois and Indiana was started November 30, 1928, and completed during October 1929.
Deliveries of crude oil were first made by the subsidiary to the refineries heretofore mentioned and to connecting carriers at the points and on the dates listed as follows:
| Refinery of - | Location | Date |
| Texas Co. | Lockport, Ill. | October 11, 1929 |
| Globe Refining Co. | Lemont, Ill. | December 18, 1929 |
| Indian Refining Co. | Lawrenceville, Ill. | October 8, 1929 |
| Empire Oil & Refining Co. | East Chicago, Ill. | December 12, 1929 |
| Connecting carrier | ||
| Indiana Pipe Line Co. | Griffith, Ind. | May 18, 1930 |
| Tide Water Pipe Co., Ltd. | Stoy, Ill. | October 16, 1929 |
The following table shows by years the total number of barrels of oil transported by the subsidiary:
| Year | Barrels | Average per day | Percent of maximum capacity |
| 1929 | 1,933,362 | 23,000 | |
| 1930 | 14,939,817 | 41,980 | 71 |
| 1931 | 19,763,774 | 54,150 | 78 |
| 1932 | 17,966,593 | 42,220 | 69 |
*1017 The following table shows by years the total number of barrels of oil transported for others having no interest in the subsidiary or petitioner:
| ,1929 | 943,809 |
| 1930 | 5,779,072 |
| 1931 | 8,366,062 |
| 1932 | 7,124,582 |
The net income of the subsidiary (before deduction of Federal income taxes) during the period of its existence, as reflected by its books, was as follows:
| 1929 | $86,047.42 |
| 1930 | 1,544,921.28 |
| 1931 | 2,624,460.17 |
| 1932 (to Dec. 1) | 2,048,040.79 |
| Total | 6,303,469.66 |
*372 A detailed statement of the gross and net income of the subsidiary (before deduction of Federal income taxes) during the period of its existence, as reflected by its books, is as follows:
(Table omitted)
Federal taxes by years assessed against and paid by the subsidiary were as follows:
| Year | Rate | Amount |
| 1929 | 12% | $9,465.22 |
| 1930 | 12% | 185,390.55 |
| 1931 | 12% | 314,935.23 |
| 1932 | 13 3/4% | 282,212.35 |
| Total | 792,003.35 |
Petitioner and the subsidiary filed consolidated Federal income tax returns for taxable years prior to 1932, but for 1932 each filed a separate return. There was imposed for 1932 an additional income tax of three-fourths of 1*1018 percent, in the event consolidated returns were filed for that year.
The comparative balance sheets, as reflected by the subsidiary's books on December 31, 1929, 1930, and 1931, and on November 30, 1932, are as follows:
| Dec. 31, 1929 | Dec. 31, 1930 | Dec. 31, 1931 | Nov. 30, 1932 | |
| Assets | ||||
| Plant account | $5,996,702.94 | $6,916,859.17 | $6,923,354.77 | $6,921,332.11 |
| Supplies | 13,857.48 | 26,758.15 | 29,699.93 | 29,790.69 |
| Organization expense | 1 5,804.15 | |||
| Prepaid items | 15.00 | 299.98 | 794.65 | 1,362.55 |
| Accrued pipage | 55,469.56 | |||
| Receivables | 14,780.74 | 83,196.20 | ||
| Total | 6,010,575.42 | 6,958,698.04 | 7,037,045.55 | 7,013,759.06 |
| Liabilities | ||||
| Accrued general taxes | $1,560.00 | $41,378.54 | $48,579.17 | $47,041.70 |
| Accrued Federal income tax | 9,648.60 | 185,390.55 | 314,935.22 | 359,541.33 |
| Due parent company | 4,944,602.76 | 5,408,511.67 | 5,049,152.60 | 4,701,705.44 |
| Capital stock | 1,000,000.00 | 1,000,000.00 | 1,000,000.00 | 1,000,000.00 |
| Depreciation reserve | 54,764.06 | 323,417.28 | 624,378.56 | 899,666.44 |
| Surplus | 5,804.15 | |||
| Total | 6,010,575.42 | 6,958,698.04 | 7,037.045.55 | 7,013,759.06 |
*1019 *373 In its several Federal income tax returns, the subsidiary claimed and was allowed as a deduction against its gross income depreciation on its principal physical assets on the basis of the estimated economic life of the pipe line system, and not on the estimated physical life of the component parts thereof. The estimated physical lives of the principal component parts of the pipe line system were greater than the estimated economic life of the system as a whole.
On December 1, 1932, the estimated remaining economic life of the pipe line system of the subsidiary was approximately twenty years, based upon an average annual operation of 75 percent of maximum capacity. The pipe line system of the subsidiary, as originally designed, had a maximum daily capacity of 50,000 barrels, but during the year 1930 additional units were installed in the three original pumping stations and three intermediate pumping stations were constructed, which increased the daily capacity to 70,000 barrels. The three intermediate pumping stations were put into operation on November 1, 1930.
The total undepreciated cost of the pipe line system, including the pumping stations, tankage, communication*1020 system, and general equipment owned by the subsidiary on December 1, 1932, was $6,921,332.11; the depreciated cost was $6,021,665.67; the estimated replacement cost, without diminution for depreciation, was $5,910,000; and the estimated replacement cost, diminished by depreciation at rates allowed for income tax purposes, was $5,100,000. Neither the original cost nor the estimated cost of replacement on December 1, 1932, with and without diminution for depreciation, includes any general overhead charges such as fees for engineering and interest during the period of construction.
On December 1, 1932, at a meeting of stockholders of the subsidiary, action was taken authorizing the complete liquidation of the subsidiary and the conveyance of all of the property of the subsidiary to the petitioner, its sole stockholder.
On the same day the subsidiary (name changed to Hashul Pipe Line Co. on December 1, 1932) conveyed to the petitioner all of its property, and in return therefor the petitioner canceled the subsidiary's indebtedness to the petitioner in the amount of $4,701,705.44, assumed all the other liabilities of the subsidiary in the amount of $406,583.03, and surrendered to*1021 the subsidiary for cancelation all of the stock of the subsidiary, which had a cost of $1,000,000 in the hands of the petitioner.
*374 The Commissioner computed the profit on the said liquidation as follows:
| Assets received: | ||
| Plant account at cost | $6,921,332.11 | |
| Material and supplies at cost | 29,790.69 | |
| Accrued pipage and prepaid items at cost | 56,832.11 | |
| Value of intangibles | 8,959,445.05 | |
| Dividend received 11/30/32 | 312,572.50 | |
| Total assets received | $16,279,972.46 | |
| Less: | ||
| Liabilities assumed | $406,583.03 | |
| Depreciation reserve | 899,666.44 | |
| Advances to subsidiary | 4,701,705.44 | |
| Cost of capital stock | 1,000,000.00 | 7,007,954.91 |
| Net profit on liquidation | $9,272,017.55 |
On December 16, 1932, the subsidiary was duly and legally dissolved under authority of orders issued by the Illinois courts.
The books of account of the petitioner and the subsidiary were always kept, and their Federal income tax returns were made, on the accrual basis. Petitioner filed its return for the year 1932 with the collector at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Petitioner paid the cost of all material and the expenses necessary for the construction of that part*1022 of the pipe line system, including the aforesaid pumping stations, tankage, communications system, and general equipment, owned by the subsidiary, and also paid all operating expenses and taxes of the subsidiary, but charged on its books all of such expenditures to the subsidiary.
Contracts for the transportation of crude oil were in each instance made between the shippers and the petitioner. Petitioner collected the charges for the transportation of the crude oil at rates contained in published tariffs filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission and apportioned the charges for transportation between the points of shipment to the points of delivery to the refineries in Illinois and Indiana and to the points of delivery to connecting carriers at Stoy, Illinois, and Griffith, Indiana, between itself and the subsidiary on a pro rata mileage basis. On its books, petitioner credited the subsidiary with the share so apportioned to it.
The tariffs filed by petitioner with the Interstate Commerce Commission were similar to or identical with tariffs filed by other carriers of crude oil by pipe line from the Mid-Continent area to Illinois and Indiana refineries. The tariffs filed*1023 with the Interstate Commerce Commission by carriers of crude oil by rail from the Mid-Continent *375 area to refineries in Illinois and Indiana were approximately 50 percent higher than the tariffs filed by carriers of crude oil by pipe line.
A copy of a tentative valuation report made by the Interstate Commerce Commission covering property of the petitioner as of December 31, 1934, was put in evidence and is incorporated here by reference. The property of the subsidiary received by the petitioner in liquidation of the subsidiary is all the property shown in this report as being located in Illinois and Indiana. This report was made for rate-making purposes. The statements therein made, save and except as to the amounts of depreciation and conclusions with respect to values, are accepted by the parties as and for the purpose of this case. This tentative report is accepted as final.
The petitioner's protest against the Interstate Commerce Commission's tentative valuation report above mentioned, was also put in evidence and is incorporated here by reference.
The following excerpts from the minute book of the subsidiary reflect actions taken by its officers and directors:
*1024 Directors' meeting of January 24, 1930:
The following resolution was offered and on motion duly made and seconded was unanimously carried:
RESOLVED, that the action of the officers of this company in paying a dividend of $1.951648 per share on the outstanding capital stock of this company as of December 31st, 1929, be and the same is hereby approved.
Directors' meeting of September 25, 1930:
On motion duly made, seconded and unanimously carried, the action of the officers of this company in paying Dividend No. 2 of $5.520481 per share of 40,000 outstanding shares of the capital stock of the company as of March 31, 1930, and Dividend No. of 3 $8.213384 per share on 40,000 outstanding shares of the capital stock of the company as of June 30, 1930, was approved.
The following resolution was unanimously adopted:
RESOLVED, that the treasurer of the company be and he is hereby authorized to pay as a dividend on September 30th, 1930, the entire net profits of the company as of September 30th, 1930, to the stockholders of record on said date.
Directors' meeting of March 24, 1931:
On motion duly made, seconded and unanimously carried, the action of the officers of this*1025 company in paying Dividend No. 4 of $10.119222 per share on 40,000 outstanding shares of the capital stock of the company as of September 30, 1930, and Dividend No. 5 of $10.098089 per share on 40,000 outstanding shares of the capital stock of the company as of December 31, 1930 was ratified, approved and confirmed.
The following resolution was unanimously adopted:
RESOLVED, that the treasurer of the company be and he is hereby authorized to pay as a dividend on March 31, 1931, the entire net profits of the company as of March 31, 1931, to the stockholders of record on said date.
*376 Directors' meeting of March 22, 1932:
On motion duly made, seconded and unanimously carried, the action of the officers of the company in heretofore paying dividends, was ratified, approved and confirmed, as follows:
| Dividend No. | Paid | No. of shares | Amount paid per share | Total amount paid |
| 6 | 3-31-31 | 40,000 | $9.610367 | $384,414.71 |
| 7 | 6-30-31 | 40,000 | 15.204165 | 608,166.62 |
| 8 | 12-31-31 | 40,000 | 32.923590 | 1,316,943.62 |
On motion duly made, seconded and unanimously carried, the following resolution was adopted:
RESOLVED, that the treasurer of the company*1026 be and he is hereby authorized to pay as a dividend as of March 31, 1932, the entire net profits of the company as of March 31, 1932, to the stockholders of record on said date.
Director's meeting of November 30, 1932:
On motion duly made and seconded, the Board approved the action of the officers in heretofore paying dividends on the outstanding capital stock of this corporation as follows:
| Dividend No. | Paid | No. of shares | Amount paid per share | Total amount paid |
| 9 | 3-31-32 | 40,000 | $10.08804 | $403,521.60 |
| 10 | 6-30-32 | 40,000 | 13.413438 | 536,537.50 |
| 11 | 9-30-32 | 40,000 | 12.719938 | 508,797.50 |
On motion duly made, seconded and unanimously adopted the treasurer was authorized and directed to pay the stockholders of this company the entire net earnings of the company as a dividend.
On November 30, 1932, the subsidiary had undistributed earnings of $312,572.50, and, pursuant to the language of the last mentioned resolution, that sum was treated by petitioner as an ordinary dividend.
Petitioner maintained a dividend income account on its general ledger in which it currently credited the dividends covered by the foregoing resolutions.
The fair*1027 market value of the assets of petitioner's subsidiary, the Texas-Empire Pipe Line Co., when distributed as a liquidating dividend to petitioner on December 1, 1932, was $11,100,000.
OPINION.
KERN: Since the second question, whether the dividend distributed on November 30, 1932, the day before the liquidation of petitioner's subsidiary, was a liquidating dividend, as respondent contends, or an ordinary one does not require extended consideration, we shall dispose of it now. If we should find it a liquidating dividend, it must *377 be treated like the distribution admittedly made in liquidation of the corporation on December 1, 1932. Section 115(a) and (c), Revenut Act of 1932, set out in the margin, 1 is here involved.
*1028 The petitioner contends that the November dividend was paid in accordance with a long established practice of its subsidiary to pay out all its earnings and profits every quarter or half year. The dates of payment of these dividends and the company's minutes authorizing the payments have ben set out fully in the findings. The revenue agent thought that the regularity of distribution indicated a beneral practice and that this last dividend was herefore not taxable, and the Interstate Commerce Commission likewise treated it as an ordinary dividend.
Respondent relies on the presumptive correctness of his determination and on the Fifth Circuit Court's decision in , affirming . Needless to say, we are not bound by the revenue agent's opinion or by the Interstate Commerce Commission's treatment of the dividend. In the Canal-Commercial Trust & Savings Bank case, the taxpayer received from a national bank $1,000,000 ostensibly as an ordinary dividend on December 30, 1920. On December 21 the directors of the taxpayer had voted to liquidate the national bank, and*1029 on December 30 they had authorized the purchase of all assets and the assumption of liabilities of the national bank. On December 31, the day after the dividend in question was voted and paid to the taxpayer, the directors of the national bank voted to liquidate by transferring all its assets to the taxpayer. The national bank had previously, in the same year, declared and paid dividends in July and December. The two banks had interlocking directorates and the taxpayer owned 95 percent of the stock of the national bank. The court pointed out that the fact that the distribution was wholly from surplus and not from capital was not decisive, but merely evidential. The distributions in , *378 and , where they were wholly from profits were, nevertheless, held liquidating dividends. As was said by the Supreme Court in , and ordinary dividend is "a distribution made by a going corporation to its shareholders in the ordinary course of business", and in the Canal-Commercial Trust & Savings Bank case the Circuit Court*1030 thought that a distribution by a national bank of its entire surplus, 200 percent, was hardly compatible with it continuing in business. The final convincing fact was the arrangement made by the national bank's 95 percent shareholder, the taxpayer, to buy the bank's assets and to liquidate its stock at the very same time that the national bank should declare and pay its dividend; a fact which, said the court, "leaves no doubt that it had been determined in advance, and that the $1,000,000 authorized to be turned over on December 30th was but a step in the final liquidation accomplished on December 31st."
The facts in the instant case are strikingly similar. Petitioner's insistence that its subsidiary was making a regular distribution of current earnings is unconvincing in the circumstances. Its distributions had all been made for the three years last past at the end of each quarter of the calendar year, so that if petitioner's theory be allowed, it would not sustain the ordinary dividend character of a distribution on November 30 which would normally have been made only on December 31. The petitioner contends that liquidation here followed the dividend of November 30, and so*1031 it did, but by only one day. There is nothing to indicate that the petitioner on November 30 intended to keep its subsidiary in operation and then changed its mind on the morrow; and, in the absence of such evidence, we must assume that dissolution was in contemplation on the eve of its being put into effect, and this assumption leads inevitably to the conclusion that dividend and dissolution were part and parcel of the same plan. We think that the Canal-Commercial Trust & Savings Bank case is controlling here, and hold accordingly.
We turn now to the question whether petitioner realized a gain, as respondent contends, or suffered a loss on the liquidation of its Illinois subsidiary. The essential question of the case, since the cost of the subsidiary's assets is stipulated, is the fair market value of the assets on distribution to petitioner. There is a preliminary legal question, however, which we must dispose of first, for if petitioner's contention with regard to it is sound, we need not proceed further.
Petitioner contends that its relation to its wholly owned subsidiary was substantially that subsisting between the taxpayer and its wholly owned subsidiary in *1032 , *379 and that in determining the tax consequences of the transactions between it and its subsidiary the separate corporate entity of the latter must be ignored and disregarded. In that case, where a large surplus had been accumulated by the subsidiary before March 1, 1913, the first effective date of the new Federal income tax, and the parent corporation caused its subsidiary to declare a dividend from this surplus and to pay it by a credit against the taxpayer's indebtedness to the subsidiary, the Supreme Court held that the dividend was not taxable to the parent corporation, basing its conclusion upon the fact that the income "in mere form only, bore the appearance of income accruing after that date [March 1, 1913], while, in truth and in substance, it accrued before; and upon the fact that the Central Pacific and the Southern Pacific were in substance identical because of the complete ownership and control which the latter possessed over the former, as stockholder and in other capacities." The matter was treated as a "paper transaction"; and, so far as the dividends represented surplus of the Central*1033 Pacific accumulated before January 1, 1913, "They were not taxable as income of the Southern Pacific within the intent and meaning of the Act of 1913." The Court was careful to point out in conclusion that "the case turns upon its very peculiar facts, and is distinguishable from others in which the identity of a controlling stockholder with his corporation has been raised. ; ." Again, six months later, in December 1918, the Supreme Court reaffirmed in somewhat similar circumstances the same principle in . There the taxpayer was a holding company owning substantially all the stock in the other corporations concerned, and decided in January 1913 to take over the previously accumulated earnings and surplus. The subsidiaries had invested their earnings in property necessary for the business and owed certain debts inter sese. The taxpayer by the transfer became the creditor of the subsidiaries and also the recipient of their earnings. The Court noted that the*1034 taxpayer did not itself do the business of its subsidiaries and have possession of their property, as in the Southern Pacific case, but thought that its principle must be taken to cover this case, saying "that the debts were all enterprise debts due to members, and that the dividends represented earnings that had been made in former years and that practically had been converted into capital."
It will be observed that in both these cases a factor which weighed heavily with the Court and which is not present here was that the dividends distributed were from earnings accumulated before the effective date of the first income tax act.
*380 After its decisions in the Southern Pacific & Gulf Oil Co. cases the Supreme Court has taken occasion in several later cases to limit expressly their effect to the special facts presented therein. ; . In the latter case the Court said: ", and *1035 (the latter covered in principle by the first), can not be regarded as laying down any general rule authorizing disregard of corporate entity in respect of taxation. These cases presented peculiar situations, and were determined upon consideration of them * * *." In view of these repeated and expressed limitations placed by the Supreme Court upon its decisions in these cases, we take it that they will only be applied to other cases having identical facts. From an examination of , in the light of the recent decision of the Supreme Court in , we consider the general rule to be that, if a taxpayer creates a corporation for its own purposes and enjoys advantages from the corporate life which it has created, then it must accept the tax consequences and the corporate entities will not be disregarded in order to save it from such consequences. It is our opinion that the instant proceeding should be governed by the general rule and is not subject to the narrow exception limited to the facts of *1036 , and
It need scarcely be pointed out that petitioner's claim of a loss on the liquidating distribution of its subsidiary's assets is at complete variance with its contention that parent and offspring were one for tax purposes. On its own theory, therefore, we could not allow the refund claimed. On the theory which we believe to be the correct one in the circumstances, that parent and subsidiary were distinct corporate entities for tax purposes, whether there was a gain or loss will depend upon the value of the assets of the subsidiary distributed in the taxable year. Serious consideration need not be given to the petitioner's argument that there was here a de facto merger of the subsidiary into the taxpayer such as happened in , for the facts here will not sustain such a claim.
We turn, then, to the valuation question. There is no dispute over the basis for the computation, but only upon the correct method to be applied. Respondent urges that the fair market value of the assets*1037 of the subsidiary as a going concern when distributed to petitioner on December 1, 1932, was $11,100,000. Two expert witnesses were put on the stand to sustain this contention. We shall examine later the method employed. Petitioner, on the other hand, argues (1) that its pipe line system as a whole (including the Illinois and *381 Indiana assets received upon liquidation of its subsidiary) had at the end of 1934, after the system had been thoroughly established, as its only intangible asset a going concern value of not more than $497,435; and that if it be assumed that a part of this intangible value could be attributed to the Illinois and Indiana assets on the basis of relative investments, the intangible value attributable to the Illinois and Indiana assets was not more than $203,948. This figure is reached by taking the Interstate Commerce Commission value for all of petitioner's assets determined for 1934 of $14,503,918 (see Exhibit C) as the ultimate total, and computing going concern value (that is, as petitioner used the term, the element of intangible value derived solely from the operation of the subsidiary as a going concern and not this intangible value plus the*1038 value of the physical assets) by averaging original cost and reproduction cost, deducting depreciation, and deducting a further $75,000 for working capital. The petitioner next contends (2) that the physical assets received by petitioner on liquidation had no greater value than the cost of reproduction less depreciation, which it puts at $5,100,000; that (3) on the basis of sales of comparable assets within a short time of the period of liquidation, the assets received by petitioner were not worth more than $5,186,210.80. Finally (4) petitioner argues that if any intangible asset was received by petitioner on liquidation, it had no fair market value which could be determined and hence that no gain was realized. We shall examine these contentions more precisely after reviewing the respondent's arguments, and need add only that petitioner denies that A.R.M. 34, C.B. 2, p. 31 (1920), or Hoskold's formula has any application in the premises.
This great discrepancy in the calculation of fair market value on the basic date is accounted for wholly by respondent's contention that the subsidiary's assets had a going concern value on that date which would more than double their reproduction*1039 cost. There appears to be no material dispute on reproduction cost. This contention rests on the theory that there was an intangible value to be determined from the subsidiary's earnings, which are set out in full in the stipulated findings.
Summarized, these findings show an average annual number of barrels of oil transported by the subsidiary in the 3 years next preceding the basic date of from 15 to 19 2/3 millions, the highest point being reached in 1631; and of these, an average number of barrels transported for others having no interest in either the subsidiary or petitioner of from 5 2/3 to 8 1/3 millions. The subsidiary's net income, before deduction of Federal income taxes, in the same period ran from 1 1/2 to 2 2/3 million dollars. A detailed statement of its gross income and net income in those years may be found in the findings and need not be set out here. It is agreed that the pipe line had a daily capacity *382 of 70,000 barrels, and a probable life of 20 years more, on an annual average of operation of not more than three-fourths of its maximum capacity.
The respondent urges that the Interstate Commerce Commission's tentative report, agreed by the*1040 parties to be treated as final, as of December 31, 1934, which, was, of course, made for rate-making purposes, does not measure the fair market value as of the basic date. The Interstate Commerce Commission valuation was $14,503,918 for all of petitioner's assets, including the Illinois and Indiana assets of the subsidiary here in question. Respondent points out that the petitioner made a protest against the lowness of this valuation, and petitioner responds that the protest was pro forma and merely to save to itself any rights in the future. The following paragraphs of petitioner's protest are those relied on by respondent:
(4) FINDING OF GOING-CONCERN VALUE ERRONEOUSLY OMITTED. - The carrier protests that the Commission while stating that it has given consideration to going-concern value, has failed to make any finding of such value or to show to what extent, if at all, such value was taken into account in the determination of the final value fund. Thus the Commission failed to give recognition to the requirement of law that there is an element of value in the assembled and established plant of this carrier, which was and is doing business and earning money, over one not*1041 thus advanced, and that such value should be separately shown and explained. It has by such error, greatly reduced the sum which it should find as the final value of the carrier's property.
* * *
(6) FINAL VALUE ERRONEOUSLY FOUND. - The carrier protests that the Commission has erroneously found final value of the carrier's property in that: (a) such final value which it has determined is based, among other things, upon the erroneous findings and improper methods hereinabove described, and (b) such final value has been determined without reporting separately other values and elements of value, and an analysis of the methods of valuation employed, together with the reasons for the differences between such value and each of the cost values which the Commission has found. Thus the Commission has found final value of the carrier's properties to be much less than their true value. More specifically the Commission (Page 7) has failed to show how much it has allowed for appreciation, depreciation, and going-concern value, in determining the final value found. It has likewise failed to state what is meant by "all other matters" which it refers to as having been considered. It attempts*1042 no explanation as to why its final value of property owned and used in $14,500,000 while its findings of original cost, cost of reproduction new, and cost of reproduction new less depreciation are different. The Commission further errs in restricting its findings of final value to final value for "rate-making purposes", and thus fails to make the findings required by law. [Stipulation, Exhibit D, pp. 6-8.]
The authorities relied on by respondent to support this point will be discussed later.
The respondent then launches into the positive evidence adduced to sustain his theories. He put on the stand two expert witnesses. The first testified to a fair market value of $12,300,000, reached by disregarding 1929 and 1930 earnings on the ground that the pipe line was *383 then not in full operation and did not become so until the new pumping stations were installed on November 1, 1930. He considered earnings for 1931 and 1932, deducted and estimated Federal tax at the rate of 13 3/4 percent (in force in 1932) and a further amount for expenses as a going concern, since all of the subsidiary's operating expenses were paid by petitioner, and arrived at an average annual rate*1043 of $2,050,000, to which he applied a time-earnings factor of 6. This factor was determined by consideration of market conditions on December 1, 1932, such as the yield of bonds of various classes and other factors relating to commercial paper, the earnings of companies which paid dividends without reduction in those years, and the market on which the company's stock would have had to be sold if it had been an independent going concern at the time. This computation resulted in a time-earning factor of 8, for which he conservatively substituted 6.
The other witness testified to a fair market value of $11,100,000. He took stipulated net income for the eleven months of 1932, and on it computed average annual earnings for 1931 and 1932, which he found to be, before deduction for Federal taxes, $2,429,343. He took the average operating capacity of 73 1/2 percent in prior years, and the stipulated life of 20 years, based on a 75 percent maximum capacity operation, and concluded on these data that the average earnings for 1931 and 1932 were conservatively representative of the stipulated expectancy of the system. The next question was segregation of the subsidiary from petitioner's*1044 system, one of the results of which would be a probable demand by the western line, by reason of its strategical situation in relation to the origin of shipments, of 20 percent of the tariff as a fee, with a consequent reduction of income; or in result that an average annual transportation revenue of $3,064,025 would be reduced by $612,805. A further allowance of $50,000 was made for executive officers of the independent company, and an allowance for Federal taxes, and the final figure of $1,523,639 emerged as a reasonable expectation of future annual net earnings. Taking this figure, he applied Hoskold's formula to obtain present worth. He stated that: "Therefore, on the basis of an economic life of 20 years, as stipulated, I have taken 20 times the anticipated income of $1,523,639, which amounts to $30,472,780 over a period of 20 years. Applying the factor for compound discount at 10 percent, sinking fund accumulation, and 3 percent compound interest over a period of 20 years of income at the same level, or the factor .36439, I have as a product indicating the present value of this business $11,103,976 * * *." He summarized his final determination as follows:
That means this: *1045 Assuming that we have a willing buyer and a willing seller, the seller, that is, the parent company, is selling for $11,000,000 assets which it contends are worth $5,000,000, and having made that handsome profit, also will for the next 20 years receive commissions for business originated and delivered to this line annually of some $600,000.
*384 So, it does not look like a disastrously bad deal for the seller.
On behalf of the buyer, it means he has expended $11,000,000 upon which he should receive annually earnings of $1,100,000 for a period of 20 years and still have left his $11,000,000 which does not seem like a bad deal for the buyer.
The respondent's witnesses appeared to be fully qualified professionally to give expert testimony in such matters. The only fact raised by petitioner in derogation of their competence was that neither had even been engaged in the pipe line business.
The testimony of petitioner's witnesses may be briefly summarized. J. L. Culbertson, petitioner's chief engineer, testified solely as to replacement cost, and stated that he had never heard of any pipe line company paying more for a part of a pipe line system than its replacement*1046 cost in the condition at the time. C. M. Scott, chief engineer for another pipe line company, testified to the same general effect; and so did J. N. Hunter, general superintendent for another oil company. The petitioner's evidence stops here, but in argument it raises the question of comparable sales of pipe line assets at about the same time, the only evidence of which is drawn from the Interstate Commerce Commission's valuation reports put in evidence by petitioner solely to establish the valuation which the commission put upon the assets of petitioner's subsidiary. Regardless of the admissibility of these reports for this purpose, however, we think that the data to be drawn from these reports are entirely insufficient to sustain any argument of "sales of comparable assets." While the reports are competent evidence of the market value of such assets, if properly presented, the sales therein mentioned lose all significance unless all the vital factors, many of which are lacking, are known; and hence we do not stop to discuss them.
The whole question narrows down, therefore, to whether reproduction cost or going concern value is the proper method of determining the value of the*1047 subsidiary's assets on the basic date. If the former is proper, the Interstate Commerce Commissioner's valuation is of great importance; if the latter rate is proper, we think that respondent has fairly made his case.
There can be no doubt that, on the authorities, going concern value of the business as an organic whole, as opposed to the inert value of its several assets, and independent of franchises or good will, is recognized as real. ; ; ; . This is true for tax purposes as well as for rate-making purposes. The principle, as there applied in the case of a state direct property tax on a corporation doing an interstate business, was succinctly stated by Holmes, J., in :
* * * On the other hand, it can tax property permanently within its jurisdiction although belonging to persons domiciled elsewhere and used in commerce *385 among the States. And when*1048 that property is part of a system and has its actual uses only in connection with other parts of the system, that fact may be considered by the State in taxing, even though the other parts of the system are outside of the State. The sleepers and rails of a railroad, or the posts and wires of a telegraph company, are worth more than the prepared wood and the bars of steel or coils of wire, from their organic connection with other rails or wires and the rest of the apparatus of a working whole. This being clear, it is held reasonable and constitutional to get at the worth of such a line in the absence of anything more special, by a mileage proportion. The tax is a tax on property, not on the privilege of doing the business, but it is intended to reach the intangible value due to what we have called the organic relation of the property in the State to the whole system. . * * *
Somewhat later the same great judge said, in Galveston, Harrisburg &c *1049 , which involves a state gross receipts tax:
* * * As the property of companies engaged in such commerce may be taxed, , and may be taxed at its value as it is, in its organic relations, and not merely as a congeries of unrelated items, taxes on such property have been sustained that took account of the augmentation of value from the commerce in which it was engaged. ; ; . So it has been held that a tax on the property and business of a railroad operated within the State might be estimated prima facie by gross income, computed by adding to the income derived from business within the State the proportion of interstate business equal to the proportion between the road over which the business was carried within the State to the total length of the road over which it was carried. *1050 .
* * *
* * * The State must be allowed to tax the property and to tax it at its actual value as a going concern. * * *
In the instant case petitioner collected the charges for transportation of crude oil at rates set out in published tariffs filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission and apportioned these charges between itself and its subsidiary on a pro rata mileage basis, with a credit on its books to the subsidiary for the share apportioned to it. These tariffs were substantially the same as other tariffs filed by other crude oil pipe line carriers in the Middle West area, the tariffs of railroad carriers being about 50 percent higher. The respondent points out that binding contracts for the transportation of oil were in effect on December 1, 1932, the basic date. On its contracts and under the tariffs in effect for the four years of its existence which ended on that day, the subsidiary had cleared operating profits of over $5,500,000. With these facts before him, the Commissioner emphasizes the necessity of applying the words of the statute, "fair market value," and argues that earnings*1051 constituted an important element in that value. In so far as the petitioner's argument that the value of the intangible interest, if any, was impossible to determine, *386 it relies on what was said by Learned Hand, J., in . We agree with respondent that any comfort to be taken from this decision was largely dissipated by the same learned judge a month later in . The discussion of other cases cited we think idle, since, for the reasons already given, we regard the method used by the respondent as proper if it is applicable here.
We think that further discussion of a method of valuation so long accepted by the highest court as proper, or the multiplication of citations to support so well established a rule, is entirely unnecessary. Undoubtedly going concern value, determined by reference to earnings, is the proper method to be applied here unless the situation of the taxpayer and its parent corporation is so peculiar as to take it out of the operation of the general rule. Respondent's method of valuation approved, we must also accept his computation*1052 of value; so that our sole question is whether circumstances justify the exception claimed. There is one point, however, upon which petitioner relies which must be disposed of before we proceed to the final question.
Petitioner throughout insists that the determination of the valuation of its entire assets by the Interstate Commerce Commission is binding on us. Its method of computation of the separate value of its subsidiary's assets by apportionment of this total value has already been set out in our summary of its argument, including its treatment of a so-called "going concern value" which is radically different in nature from that to which respondent in argument addresses himself, and, by the same token, different from the measure used in numerous cases decided by the Supreme Court. We have already pointed out in our resume of the arguments that petitioner itself had strenuously objected to the Interstate Commerce Commission's finding of value as insufficient, which objection it now says was merely pro forma.Whether it was so or not we need not now determine, for we have already concluded that the respondent's method of using "going concern value" is to be preferred*1053 to reproduction value, which appears to be the basis of Interstate Commerce Commission value; and it remains only to say that that commission's determination of value for rate-making purposes can not bind us in fixing value for tax purposes. Although the Interstate Commerce Commission and this Board are coordinate branches of the same Government, it does not need argument to show that the difference in our functions would not render wholly disparate valuation figures arrived at by widely distinct methods, in themselves contradictory. As we said in :
In any case such as this, requiring the determination under the income tax laws of value of property on March 1, 1913, the problem of valuation is approached *387 with little or no restriction arising from the purpose of the litigation It is, for example, unlike a proceeding to determine the value in respect of which an interstate carrier or local utility is to have its rates regulated, the theory of valuation in such a case being considered in the light of its effect upon the more important ulterior problem of public rate regulation. Under section 202 of the revenue laws, *1054 the value to be ascertained is, in terms, absolute, the only purpose being to measure the tax by the gain above the value on March 1, 1913. * * *
To state petitioner's argument in its proper perspective it is necessary once more to glance at the origins of petitioner and its subsidiary. In 1928 the Texas Corporation and the Empire Gas & Fuel Co., two corporations whose subsidiaries were producers of crude oil in the Mid-Continent belt, agreed to cooperate in the construction of a pipe line system, mainly to meet the requirements of their subsidiaries. On October 31 of that year they accordingly organized the petitioner, whose stock they halved between them and thereafter controlled, in order to carry out this purpose. The subsidiary of petitioner here in question was brought into being as an Illinois corporation on November 17, 1928, to act as a pipe line carrier in that state, the petitioner not having the legal power under Illinois law to exercise the right of eminent domain. Construction of a pipe line in Illinois and Indiana was accordingly started late in 1928 and finished in October 1929. The petitioner's subsidiary owned, therefore, a portion of a much larger pipe line*1055 system, its own pipes beginning east of the center of the Mississippi River and extending into Illinois and Indiana, with six pumping stations in the former state, and tankage and general equipment in both states. These facts, petitioner contends, constitute the subsidiary's system only a "plant facility", a link in the greater system, which extended from Oklahoma to Illinois and Indiana, and was controlled by petitioner and petitioner's corporate overlords. Petitioner's subsidiary's business was only what the subsidiary got from these overlords; it "originated no business, entered into no contracts for the transportation of crude oil, and had no contacts whatever with the public." It did, indeed, have contracts with others, but these, petitioner says, were negotiated and controlled by petitioner. The Interstate Commerce Commission fixed tariffs for its carriage of oil, but this, petitioner says, was a mere bookkeeping matter, not a gauge or limitation on profits to the subsidiary. Its earnings, therefore, while taxable to it as income, were, so petitioner urges, merely the result of a more or less arbitrary apportionment on a straight mileage basis by its corporate owners, were*1056 returned to those owners as dividends, and in no way represented an intangible asset to the subsidiary. These earnings, since the subsidiary had no independent commercial existence, could add nothing to the value of the subsidiary's physical assets. The capitalization of earnings as an intangible asset, it is said, can be made only *388 where there is a reasonable expectation that those earnings will continue for a reasonably certain time, which is here fixed by the respondent as 20 years of the physical life of the assets. And, the argument continues, even if the future earnings could be accurately forecast, the assets of the subsidiary could not have been sold at a going concern value for the reason that future earnings, as past earnings, would be derived solely from the subsidiary's corporate owners. No purchaser could be found, in other words, to pay more than the reproduction value of the physical assets less depreciation, for he could not reasonably expect a return on his investment greater than the present value of the physical assets at the prevailing interest rate. Any attempt by the new owner, it is finally said, to extort higher rates from petitioner and its*1057 allied corporations, the sole users of the system, would be met, it is safe to conjecture, by the petitioner's replacement of the old carrier by a new system.
This contention leaves out of account, it should be pointed out, the very important fact that for petitioner to have the advantage of reproduction cost in respect of its subsidiary, it must be assumed that it could have obtained the issuance by the Illinois Commerce Commission of a certificate of public necessity and convenience to build a new pipe line which could perform its own carriage contracts and thus avoid the extortionate demands of the purchaser of its old pipe line in that state. But petitioner has not shown that such a certificate would issue to it on demand. True, there is no evidence that it would not issue, but in matters involving a state's public policy, where the act sought is discretionary and not ministerial, we may not lightly assume, without positive evidence, that any application will be granted. In view of respondent's determination, the burden of presenting such evidence is upon petitioner. This it has failed to do. We do not rest our decision, however, on this ground alone, for a much more fundamental*1058 principle is here involved.
We have already indicated in our discussion of petitioner's contention that the subsidiary's liquidating dividend was to be treated as falling within the principle of , that a basic principle of tax law, as declared in , is that a corporation and its sole shareholder are to be treated as distinct entities. See . Upon this rule we now have engrafted the doctrine of , that, where a natural person or a corporation has created or acquired control of another distinct tax entity, it may not avail itself of the legal separateness of personality of its creature from itself to save itself from the incidence of taxation. The Supreme Court said in that case:
The taxpayer cites as a precedent for treating the taxpayer and his solely owned corporation as separate entities. *389 In that case the corporation sold stock to the sole stockholder, the estate of P. A. B. Widener. *1059 The transaction showed a book profit and the corporation sought a ruling that a sale to its sole stockholder could not result in a taxable profit. This Court concluded otherwise and held the identity of corporation and taxpayer distinct for purposes of taxation. In the Commonwealth Improvement Co. case, the taxpayer, for reasons satisfactory to itself voluntarily had chosen to employ the corporation in its operations. A taxpayer is free to adopt such organization for his affairs as he may choose and having elected to do some business as a corporation, he must accept the tax disadvantages.
On the other hand, the Government may not be required to acquiesce in the taxpayer's election of that form for doing business which is most advantageous to him. The Government may look at actualities and upon determination that the form employed for doing business or carrying out the challenged tax event is unreal or a sham may sustain or disregard the effect of the fiction as best serves the purposes of the tax statute. To hold otherwise would permit the schemes of taxpayers to supersede legislation in the determination of the time and manner of taxation. It is command of income and*1060 its benefits which marks the real owner of property.
We are of the opinion that that principle applies here; that the petitioner, having organized the subsidiary for its own purposes and presumably for its own advantage, may not plead the latter's substantial identity with petitioner, the parent corporation, but must endure the tax consequences which flow from the existence of the two separate corporations. Having set up a pipe line company for its own purposes, regulated by tariffs approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission and sufficiently high to prevent rival producers from availing themselves of the new facility, but which in fact earned substantial revenue from outside contracts, petitioner may not be heard now to complain that the respondent regards its pipe line company, as it has chosen to treat it itself, as a distinct taxable entity, whose value must be determined according to the recognized method of valuing assets of corporations and not by an exceptional rule invoked at the parent corporation's pleasure. No hardship, in fact, results from such a recognition of actualities and the revenue is saved from what would otherwise constitute an imposition.
We have*1061 therefore found as an ultimate fact that the assets of petitioner's subsidiary had a fair market value of $11,100,000 on their distribution in liquidation to petitioner.
Reviewed by the Board.
Decision will be entered under Rule 50.
MURDOCK AND MELLOTT concur only in the result.
ARUNDELL did not participate in the consideration of or decision in this report.
Footnotes
1. Included in plant account on prior balance sheets. ↩
1. SECTION 115. DISTRIBUTION BY CORPORATIONS.
(a) DEFINITION OF DIVIDEND. - The term "dividend" when used in this title (except in section 203(a)(4) and section 208(c)(1), relating to insurance companies) means any distribution made by a corporation to its shareholders, whether in money or in other property, out of its earnings or profits accumulated after February 28, 1913.
* * *
(c) DISTRIBUTIONS IN LIQUIDATION. - Amounts distributed in complete liquidation of a corporation shall be treated as in full payment in exchange for the stock, and amounts distributed in partial liquidation of a corporation shall be treated as in part or full payment in exchange for the stock. The gain or loss to the distributee resulting from such exchange shall be determined under section 111, but shall be recognized only to the extent provided in section 112. In the case of amounts distributed in partial liquidation (other than a distribution within the provisions of section 112(h) of stock or securities in connection with a reorganization) the part of such distribution which is properly chargeable to capital account shall not be considered a distribution of earnings or profits within the meaning of subsection (b) of this section for the purpose of determining the taxability of subsequent distributions by the corporation. ↩